Taking Inventory of ACRP Research and the Next Challenges Facing the Airport Industry (2013) / Chapter Skim
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AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Responsible Senior Program Officer: Michael R Salamone January 2014 C O N T E N T S Introduction, 1 Background, 1 Submission of Research Problem Statements That Matter, 4 Inventory of ACRP's Published Research, 7 ACRP Research Field 2 -- Environment (Water)
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2Considering the research needs of the airport industry, the AOC identifies the highest priority problem statements from the research ideas submitted and allocates available research money. Research projects are selected for their anticipated results, potential value, and relevance to the industry.
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Table 3 ACRP research projects and funds allocated by research field. 2005–2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total Research Field # $ # $ # $ # $ # $ # $ # $ 01–Administration 18 6,647,104 0 -- 2 750,000 2 700,000 3 1,000,000 3 1,450,000 28 10,547,104 02–Environment 17 5,523,143 13 4,948,520 10 4,249,862 6 2,175,000 4 1,175,000 13 5,433,424 63 23,504,949 03– Policy and Planning 18 6,121,587 6 1,997,668 4 1,349,897 1 400,000 2 450,000 5 2,550,000 36 12,869,152 04–Safety 10 2,837,775 1 300,000 3 1,150,000 3 825,000 2 550,000 1 400,000 20 6,062,775 05–Security 1 298,459 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- 1 350,000 0 -- 2 648,459 06– Human Resources 2 247,386 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- 2 247,386 07–Design 6 2,477,417 1 400,000 1 496,888 3 800,000 0 -- 1 450,000 12 4,624,305 08–Construction 1 150,000 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- 1 150,000 09–Maintenance 1 224,818 0 -- 1 500,000 6 1,600,000 2 740,000 2 550,000 12 3,614,818 10–Operations 9 3,493,296 1 599,976 1 399,840 4 1,250,000 5 1,450,000 3 1,250,000 23 8,443,112 11– Special Projects 62 4,940,000 30 2,410,000 22 1,208,947 23 1,950,000 23 2,666,000 22 2,616,576 182 15,791,523 Total 145 32,960,985 52 10,656,164 44 10,105,434 48 9,700,000 42 8,381,000 50 14,700,000 381 86,503,583
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4is expected to yield a strategic analysis of gaps in knowledge and practice, helping direct how ACRP research anticipates and meets industry needs. ACRP projects have always originated from problem statements submitted by grassroots sources within the aviation industry.
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5ACRP research ideas and problem statements come from many sources, but most oen are submied by airport industry praconers. Guidance for those preparing a research problem statement for ACRP emphasizes the following points: Problem statements undergo consecuve levels of review, including: o An inial review by ACRP program officers, who check for potenal overlap with other ACRP projects and comment on the suggested funding amount; o Assessment by one or more TRB aviaon related standing commiees who provide feedback on the merits of each problem statement; o Examinaon by one or more review panels made up of industry praconers, who evaluate each statement and make funding recommendaons; and o A final review by AOC members of all the problem statements, culminang in a meeng at which the AOC members select which problem statements address the most pressing issues and will produce the most useful research results for the airport community.
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6Figure 2 PowerPoint: "Developing a Successful Problem Statement." Figure 3 Screenshot from ACRP video, "Developing a Successful Problem Statement." The PowerPoint slides and the instructional video are available for download from the World Wide Web by clicking on the following links: • http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/acrp/ Problem Statement Guidance Revised-mrs.pdf • https://vimeo.com/64584244
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7INVENTORY OF ACRP'S PUBLISHED RESEARCH An inventory of ACRP's published research was seen to be the first step toward identifying research gaps that may exist in practical knowledge and innovative practice for airports. Creation and analysis of such an inventory would also help identify and highlight existing research that can help practitioners throughout the airport industry.
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8Page. The topic is addressed on one page or a series of pages, but is not an entire section or chapter of the document.
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9including the airport board, local elected officials, community members, and consultants. Management.
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10 • Resource Type. Takes inventory of the type of document or resource (e.g., project report, synthesis of practice, RRD, LRD, WOD, IOP, or electronic tool)
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11 addressing the topic at a different level of detail or by addressing a different audience. Because the framework allowed the team to consider more than one classification, the data review provided a multifaceted description of the ACRP's published research results that could be demonstrated through the various categories.
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12 to this industry, and as a result, meeting the knowledge and information needs of the aviation community has required specialized research. The other sub-topics fall somewhere between the two ends of the spectrum, where research and information from non-airport contexts is applicable, but specialized research is still required to address aspects of the topic that are unique to airports.
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13 concern deicing issues. This sub-topic is also very closely related to others within the water topic.
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14 • Both of the monitoring and assessment research projects are driven by deicing issues. These observations are consistent with and reflect the industry's need for information and guidance regarding deicing in response to increasing regulatory pressure for controlling discharges of deicing stormwater, and especially the EPA's development of national Effluent Limitation Guidelines for aircraft and airfield deicing runoff.
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15 Figure 5 Scorecard -- stormwater. not include groundwater resources or the quality of potable and non-potable water at airports.
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16 Observations. All of the ACRP research concerning water conservation addresses the sub-topic as part of one of the larger topics of sustainability or airport contracts.
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17 conservation program can be built and implemented. Accordingly, the following preliminary list of research needs in this sub-topic has been identified: • Develop industry guidance on planning water conservation efforts tailored to aviation facility-specific context and needs.
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18 Environmental -- Water Wastewater This sub-topic includes topics related to the treatment, disposal, or recycling of wastewaters generated by airport facilities and activities, such as toilets, aircraft and vehicle maintenance, and other industrial activities. The scorecard for wastewater is presented as Figure 9.
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19 text addresses airside, terminal, and landside areas and organizational issues in fairly equal proportion. The audience predominantly consists of management and technical/ professional staff, but includes external sectors in one instance.
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20 to airports as a wastewater issue. This sub-topic has some overlap with the water conservation sub-topic.
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21 Environmental -- Water Water Monitoring and Assessment Water monitoring and assessment includes research related to collecting and interpreting measurements of water quality and flow in various contexts at and adjacent to airports to support environmentally relevant objectives. The scorecard for water monitoring and assessment is presented as Figure 10.
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22 The literature in this category consists of one project report that includes a tool for selecting appropriate monitoring technologies. The audience for this work is professional airport staff and consultants.
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23 • Airport financial management, • Economic development and revenue generation, • Airport planning, • Sustainability, • Public relations and communications, and • Safety management systems (SMS)
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24 airport, including airside, terminal, landside, and off-airport, as well as an airport's organization as a whole. By nature, planning efforts are usually the responsibility of airport management and technical staff; however, they are not usually geared toward individuals who would fit into the trainee category.
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25 ment subjects are not addressed in this section. The scorecard for airport management is presented as Figure 13.
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26 Numerous ACRP publications were classified within this sub-topic. Nearly 20 published ACRP resources and another 20 active and pending projects relate to airport management at some level.
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27 classified as airside, terminal, and landside. These documents have been written mainly for both management and external audiences.
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28 covered in terms of the volume of information available, additional resource types could be beneficial -- specifically the development of additional tools an airport manager or finance director can use to complete necessary financial management tasks. Not surprisingly, the audience for the majority of the available resources is airport management, and the resources relate to the airport organization as a whole.
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29 it relates specifically to airports, the majority of the published ACRP resources on financial management are directed at small airports; therefore, a need for financial management resources for large airports may exist. Additional suggestions for future research include: • Tools airport managers can use to help with the fiscal management of airports, specifically: Understanding opportunities for airport revenue; Developing an airport capital improvement plan (CIP)
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30 The project team identified 13 published ACRP resources and another 13 projects in progress that are related to economic development and revenue generation. Third-party development and non-aeronautical uses have been discussed only briefly in ACRP resources published to date, with the exception of parking (which is considered a non-aeronautical use)
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31 external audiences. Contextually, research has been evenly spread across airside, landside, terminal, and the airport organization as a whole.
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32 to connect airport planning to other planning and legislative efforts at the local and regional level. The disconnect between airport planning and traditional community planning efforts has been detrimental to many airports.
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33 • A best practice guide on developing ALPs and master plans to be used in conjunction with FAA's AC 150/5070.6B; • A primer on the role of ALPs and master plans for an external audience; • A survey of state legislative actions related to aviation planning; • Best practices on meeting FAA compliance nuances (e.g., land use within runway protection zones [RPZs]
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34 Policy and Planning Public Relations Public relations covers material related to all aspects of airport public relations and communications with the following entities: the traveling public, tenants, communities, elected/government officials, and other agencies. Public relations and communications also include the use of social media and intelligent transportation systems (ITS)
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35 Summary. For an airport to remain a viable part of its local community -- and meet its service, financial, land use, and other goals -- it is important that the airport be able to maintain positive relationships with a host community, airport tenants, government entities, and the general public.
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36 are aimed at helping an airport foster positive relations through traditional methods, such as attending local meetings and hosting airport events, or emerging methods, such as social media and other communication technologies. The two main audiences for the resources published to date are management and external individuals or organizations.
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37 Policy and Planning Safety Management Systems This sub-topic covers the evolving subject of SMS, which affects all areas of an airport. The scorecard for SMS is presented as Figure 19.
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38 the greatest number of resources aimed at trainees; however, management is still the audience for the majority of resources. Contextually, this concept is focused on the airport organization as a whole, followed by airside areas.
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39 reach, and hiring practices. Also included are resources related to wages and benefits in the aviation industry, including industry trends and comparison with other industries.
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40 Development Practices contains the most specific treatment of recruitment and staffing subjects. Most of the resources focus completely on this topic area and are written for airport management and external audiences, including airlines.
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41 Observations. Training is included as a portion of the research topics associated with airport operations and will likely continue to be addressed this way.
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42 industry, which will in turn create new demand for research and training. This is an area that could be reviewed annually for problem statements across all context areas -- airside, terminal, landside, and organizational.
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43 Human Resources Work Environment This sub-topic addresses HR as it relates to creating a positive work environment/ culture to boost productivity, employee satisfaction, and employee retention. The scorecard for work environment is presented as Figure 23.
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44 This sub-topic appears in four different ACRP synthesis publications but is addressed only briefly in each as an element of an airport practice or facility plan. In each case, the primary audience is management and the context is organizational.
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45 no doubt, been addressed by other sources of labor and employment research. It is suggested that further consideration be given to the question of whether the existing literature transfers directly to the airport work environment or whether the topic is ripe for additional, airport-specific research.
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46 preparation in this category, given the unique operating environment of airports, coordination with off-airport agencies that provide emergency assistance is suggested. In an emergency, airport personnel may be called upon to interact with law enforcement, fire fighting, medical, and military resources as well as the Red Cross or community social service agencies, communications networks, and local utilities.
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47 Human Resources Organizational Structures The sub-topic Organizational Structures relates to the management structure within an airport, to the airport board, and to associated opportunities (i.e., funding, legislative, or legal resources) , as well as privatization.
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48 sub-topic also covers the associated opportunities for funding, legislative functions, legal resources, and the subject of privatization. This sub-topic is important in part because organizational structures have a direct impact on the bottom-line goals of an organization as well as on financial performance, including access to local tax revenues and staffing options.
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49 ing, and lighting. It is important to note that research cataloged under some of these sub-topics also may also be listed under fields or sub-topics, such as ACRP Research Field 3 -- Policy and Planning.
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50 Operations -- Airside Fueling This sub-topic covers fueling subjects of concern or interest to operations staff. The scorecard for fueling is presented as Figure 27.
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51 To date, the available ACRP literature related to this sub-topic consists of four project reports and one WOD, all of which is related specifically to alternative fuel use at airports. No tools are provided in this category, and with the exception of alternative fuel use, minimal research has been completed on the fueling process and safe practices.
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52 to safe fueling practices. The main audience for the published resources is an even split between management and external individuals or organizations, with limited application to technical/professional staff and trainees.
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53 Resources containing knowledge and practice related to planning and responding to IROPS situations are cataloged in this section of the inventory. Resources for fostering collaborative and cooperative relationships with service providers are included.
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54 new area of focus for research, only two ACRP documents have been published on it; however, the published resources are thorough in their investigation and provide crucial guidance to airport operators and service providers, particularly ACRP Report 65: Guidebook for Airport Irregular Operations (IROPS) Contingency Planning.
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55 airlines, commercial cargo services, and government agencies (e.g., fire fighting, military, natural resources)
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56 private/commercial airlines, commercial cargo services, and government agencies (e.g., fire fighting, military, natural resources)
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57 Although only five resources were cataloged under this sub-topic, it appears to be well covered to meet current needs. The main audience is technical/professional staff, followed by management.
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58 • Maintenance of Engineered Material Arresting Systems (EMASs) , approach/ departure surfaces, and mitigation of obstructions; and • Coordination of construction activities within safety areas (best practices)
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59 Summary. Resources on the knowledge and practice related to the control and mitigation of wildlife on and adjacent to airport property are cataloged under this sub-topic.
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60 surprising, because managing wildlife hazards requires a combination of techniques both on and off the airfield. Observations.
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61 Growth of Regional Air Service and Global Airline Alliances. With the exception of North America, every region of the world experienced an increase in seat capacity between 2000 and 2011.
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62 more balanced global system has strong domestic demand in several regions that today feed increasing numbers of international flights, enabled by longer range aircraft and market liberalization. FAA Funding.
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63 (PFCs) also have faced significant pressure in recent years (see Figure 38)
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64 by economic threat and uncertainty. In this environment, many small commercial service and general aviation airports have experienced severe losses in service, even as other airports have found themselves dealing with capacity constraints and congestion.
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65 airports are competing with other airports for service and aeronautically related business. A strategic approach is needed to prioritize regional airports (to concentrate air service opportunities to fewer airports)
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66 enhanced use of new technology. Knowledge and practice are both needed to understand and implement new models of alternative project delivery, such as construction management at risk (CM at risk)
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67 the industry. Yet, it appears necessary to prioritize regional general aviation airports in order to concentrate resources and traffic in sensible ways.
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68 stormwater/deicing technologies to reduce discharge of deicing fluids to the environment; • Alternative anti-icing runway systems; • Sea level rise and shoreline protection for airports; • Aerial deposition of brakes, rubber, and metals on airport runways; and • Best practices for investigating, responding to, and tracking noise complaints. Government Regulators and Service Providers Improvement is needed in how the aviation industry manages uncertainty with forecasts, an area with implications for the National Airspace System (NAS)
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69 funding sources for capital projects, and the business model clearly has begun to change from a public model to one that has many attributes of a commercial business. For many smaller commercial service and general aviation airports, funding uncertainties and steeper declines in traffic and operations threaten their continued existence.
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70 Lessons learned from Superstorm Sandy and other disruptive events; and Competition among airports in overlapping catchment areas for air service and for economic development (related aeronautical industries)
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71 door-to-door perspective -- getting from point A to point B Given this challenge, strategic priorities for research address the following areas: • Airport planning and intermodal movement of passengers and goods (both on- and off-airport)
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72 system perspective rather than a program management focus; Communicating benefits (e.g., benefits to the environment) to the community; and Collaboration with the RTCA on NextGen and SMS.
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73 sive approach that looks at the benefits of NextGen to the entire community and the goals it has for the airport. Therefore, efforts to adopt new airspace arrival and departure procedures at airports require new methods to engage surrounding communities successfully.
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74 developments both currently and projected for the future; and (3) case studies of PBN implementation to document best practices of FAA, airline, and airport collaboration and to determine, where possible, if the potential benefits of PBN procedures are being realized.
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75 from this project will guide future problem statement solicitations and help ensure that ACRP can continue to attract quality research ideas. The initial inventory of ACRP research, a forthcoming continuation of the research inventory, and a subsequent analysis of gaps in industry knowledge and practice offer a promise of potential utility to inform the AOC and the ACRP on topics that are most needed by the airport industry.
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Transportation Research Board 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 These digests are issued in order to increase awareness of research results emanating from projects in the Cooperative Research Programs (CRP)
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