Carbon Footprint of Supply Chains: A Scoping Study (2013) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 14-34
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2 REVIEW OF CURRENT PROGRAMS A review of current methodologies for measuring GHG emissions should begin with the guidelines developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
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compounds (NMVOCs) , halocarbons (HFCs, PFCs)
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their impact difficult. For this reason there is no GWP attributed to those gases, and they are not used in measuring the annual national emissions17.
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(1) A similar approach for is used for Tier 1 estimates of CH4 and N2O.
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this type of data, and it can serve as a check on the reported fuel consumption numbers.
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Though emissions from international shipping are not accounted for in developing national inventories, the methods defined for water-borne navigation are applicable to estimating the emissions of international shipping. CIVIL AVIATION Sources of emissions for civil aviation are all civil commercial airplanes, including general aviation such as agricultural aircraft, private jets, and helicopters.
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First, the IPCC Guidelines are established with national inventories in mind, and there is a focus on separating emissions sources and avoiding double counting. This creates difficulty where transportation occurs at the intersection of different sectors.
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MODELS AND SIMULATION These approaches generally use mathematical or computer models to estimate the fuel consumption and emissions of a vehicle engine under different operating conditions. The power of many of the tools in this category allow for calculation of very detailed results.
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expressed in grams of CO2 per twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU)
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CNG, LGN, H2 Gas, H2 Liquid, and LPG. Activity data can be entered based on the number of vehicles, miles driven, and MPG efficiency.
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SUMMARY Based on a review of current programs and methods, there is not a single preferred approach to estimating carbon emissions from transportation. The choice of different approaches represents a range of levels of detail in the output and required information of the input.
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physical network. A hyper-network expands this to include other decisions such as the mode choice, by representing the use of different modes with different abstract links36.
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activities. While each stakeholder takes a network approach to the transportation decision, the view of the network is quite different.
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Figure 3: Network Operator View If the network were expanded to include not just transportation, but logistics activities as well, the operations at the terminals could be further modeled using additional links. This is shown in Figure 4.
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routings of the goods. Finally, the aggregation of these individual routing decisions provides the macro level view for planners and policy makers.
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DEPTH The standard for LCA, the accepted methodology for measuring carbon footprints, is a cradle-to-grave approach, where all inputs are traced back to their origin as raw materials and then followed until end of life. Most tools estimate the emissions from electricity generation and fuel combustion based solely on the emissions released during fuel consumption.
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The recent adoption of the EN 1625849 standard for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from transportation in Europe provides a guideline for establishing a definition of transportation in the supply chain. Given the global nature of supply chains and the challenges for multi-national corporations to meet multiple standards, the standards set by EN 16258 should be carefully considered.
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LIFE CYCLE PHASES The EN 16258 standard states that the energy operational processes shall include: • for fuels: extraction or cultivation of primary energy, refining,transformation, transport and distribution of energy at all steps of theproduction of the fuel used; • for electricity: extraction and transport of primary energy, transformation,power generation, losses in electricity grids.The inclusion of both the direct emissions from fuel combustion and from upstream processes is generally defined as well-to-wheel (WTW) emissions.
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Inclusion of upstream energy processes is also not consistent across tools. While some tools do include these emissions, the majority do not.
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reported. Some tools may also include total energy in the output, but for most tools focused on GHG emissions this is not included.
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