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From page 63... ... 63 The recent use of byproducts in a range of highway applications found in the literature and agency surveys is summarized in Table 35. Although various byproducts are indicated as being used with specific highway applications, some of the information was only found in research publications that reported only initial laboratory experimentation. Read the entire page →
From page 64... ... 64 TABlE 35 SuMMAry OF TyPES OF ByPrOducTS rESEArcHEd And/Or uSEd In HIgHWAy APPlIcATIOnS Type of Byproduct A sp ha lt C on cr et e or A sp ha lt Su rf ac e T re at m en ts Po rt la nd C em en t Po rt la nd C em en t C on cr et e U nb ou nd a nd S em iB ou nd A pp lic at io ns Fi lle r A sp ha lt R ep la ce m en t o r M od if ie r A gg re ga te R ep la ce m en t M ix C lin ke r SC M M or ta r A gg re ga te R ep la ce m en t St an da rd M ix U H PC H PC SC C C L SM So un d R ed uc tio n Pr ec as t Fl ow ab le F ill Fi ll R ip R ap B as e St ab ili ze d B as e D us t C on tr ol Cement Kiln Dust X X X X X X X Coal Combustion Bottom Ash X X X Coal Combustion Fly Ash X X Coal Combustion Type C Fly Ash X* Read the entire page →
From page 65... ... 65 TABlE 35 (continued) Non-Ferrous Slag, Copper X X Quarry Byproduct, Fines X X Quarry Byproduct, Limestone Fines X X Quarry Byproduct, Sand Size X X Quarry Byproducts, Screenings X X Non-Ferrous Slag, Nickel X Non-Ferrous Slag, Phosphorous X Non-Ferrous Slag, Zinc X X Paper Byproduct, Boiler Ash X X Paper Byproduct, Lime Mud X Paper Byproduct, Lime Grit X X Paper Byproduct, Sludge X X PCC, Fresh X PCC, Returned but Hardened X X RAP X X X X RCA, Construction Demolition Waste X X X RCA, In-Place Recycling X RCA, Plant Recycling X X X X Roofing Shingles, Manufacturer X X X Roofing Shingles, Tear-Offs X X X Scrap Tires, TDA X X X X X X X X X Sulfate Byproducts, Fluorogypsum X X Sulfate Byproducts, Phosphorous X X X X SCM = supplementary cementitious materials; UHPC = ultra-high performance concrete; HPC = high-performance concrete; SCC = self-consolidating concrete; CLSM = controlled low-strength material; FGD = flue gas desulphurization; FBC = fluidized bed combustion; GGBFS = granulated ground blast furnace slag; ACBFS = air-cooled blast furnace slag; BOF = basic oxygen furnace; EAF = electric arc furnace; PCC = portland cement concrete; RCA = recycled concrete aggregate; TDA = tire-derived aggregate. Read the entire page →
From page 66... ... 66 Material Tested AASHTO Method Title Aggregate MP16 Reclaimed concrete aggregate for use as coarse aggregate in hydraulic cement concrete T103 Standard method of test for soundness of aggregates by freezing and thawing T104 Standard method of test for soundness of aggregate by use of sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate T11 Standard method of test for materials finer than No. Read the entire page →
From page 67... ... 67 Cement and Asphalt Concrete (HMA) specimens by means of the Superpave gyratory compactor T313 Standard method of test for determining the flexural creep stiffness of asphalt binder using the bending beam rheometer (BBR) Read the entire page →
From page 68... ... 68 Material Tested ASTM Method Title Environmental D3987 Standard test method for shake extraction of solid waste with water D4874 Standard test method for leaching solid material in a column apparatus D4972 Standard test method for pH of soils Aggregate C117 Standard test method for materials finer than 75-µm (no. Read the entire page →
From page 69... ... 69 D92 Standard test method for flash and fire points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester D979 Standard practice for sampling bituminous paving mixtures C1012 Standard test method for length change of hydraulic cement mortars exposed to a sulfate solution. C143 Standard test method for slump of hydraulic-cement concrete C150 Standard specification for portland cement C1556 Standard test method for determining the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient of cementitious mixtures by bulk diffusion C191 Standard test methods for time of setting of hydraulic cement by Vicat Needle C204 Standard test methods for fineness of hydraulic cement by air-permeability apparatus C305 Standard practice for mechanical mixing of hydraulic cement pastes and mortars of plastic consistency C452 Standard test method for potential expansion of portland cement mortars exposed to sulfate C109 Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars [using 2-in. Read the entire page →
From page 70... ... 70 D6103 Standard test method for flow consistency of controlled low strength material (CLSM) C33 Standard test method for direct shear test of soils under consolidated drained conditions D1557 Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soils using modified effort D1566 Standard test methods for density and unit weight of soil in place by the sand cone method D1633 Standard test methods for compressive strength of molded soil-cement cylinders D1883 Standard test method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) Read the entire page →
From page 71... ... 71 G57 Standard test method for field measurement of soil resistivity using the Wenner four electrode method D5050 Standard guide for commercial use of lime kiln dusts and portland cement kiln dusts C593 Standard specification for fly ash and other pozzolans for use with lime for soil stabilization C595 Standard specification for blended hydraulic cements C618 Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete D5239 Standard practice for characterizing fly ash for use in soil stabilization D618 Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete E2201 Standard terminology for coal combustion products (withdrawn 2011) E2277 Standard guide for design and construction of coal ash structural fills C148 Standard test methods for polariscopic examination of glass containers C25 Standard test method for chemical analysis of limestone, quicklime, and hydrated lime D5120 Standard test method for inhibition of respiration in microbial cultures in the activated sludge process D2007 Standard test method for characteristic groups in rubber extender and processing oils and other petroleum-derived oils by the clay-gel absorption chromatographic method D297 Standard test methods for rubber products-chemical analysis D5054 Standard test method for rubber chemicals-diphenyl guanidine (DPG) Read the entire page →
From page 72... ... 72 • Some of the byproducts used to replace virgin materials may have substantially different particle sizes, which may or may not influence the efficiency of the plant particulate emissions removal system. • Highway applications routinely monitor and pay on units of mass and/or volume. Read the entire page →
From page 73... ... 73 nonstandard rolling pattern or equipment sequencing could be considered. Additional testing during construction may be needed by the agency to ensure that performance-related characteristics such as air voids and initial pavement profiles are acceptable. Read the entire page →
From page 74... ... 74 range from $3 to $15/ton for plants where the byproduct producer owns the landfill, which increases to $10 to $35/ton when using a third-party landfill. • When permitting is based on environmental issues, using environmentally friendly byproducts and processes can result in significant carbon dioxide reduction credits (noted in phone interviews) Read the entire page →
From page 75... ... 75 • Standard test method adjustments needed to properly evaluate byproduct and highway application product properties and performance. • Threshold values for standard material and application test method results. Read the entire page →
From page 76... ... 76 Stove piping refers to the lack of generators and users understanding of each other's needs and limitations. Each stakeholder group is limited to an understanding of the processes of their own industries. Read the entire page →
From page 77... ... 77 In Phase Two, the byproduct producer needs to provide the initial characterization of each waste stream. If the byproduct producer intends to market for a specific highway application it will be important to directly address the key material properties needed for the agency application. Read the entire page →
From page 78... ... 78 most well-defined type of byproduct is fly ash, which has specifications for Type c and Type F However, each byproduct type yields application products with differences in the performance of individual application; that is, fly ash has different impacts on Pcc versus stabilized base performance characteristics. Read the entire page →

From page 63...

... 63 The recent use of byproducts in a range of highway applications found in the literature and agency surveys is summarized in Table 35. Although various byproducts are indicated as being used with specific highway applications, some of the information was only found in research publications that reported only initial laboratory experimentation.