Mapping Voids, Debonding, Delaminations, Moisture, and Other Defects Behind or Within Tunnel Linings (2013) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 379-386
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From page 379... ...
379 a p p e N D I x W Detecting Delaminations and Voids Delamination-like anomalies were detected by the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) at three test sites in two different tunnels.
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380 Figure W.1. BAM-HL1, GPR: C-scan showing anomaly at depth, z 12 in.
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381 Figure W.4. BAM-HL1, ultrasonic echo: B-scans to evaluate extent of anomaly within tunnel lining: (a)
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382 Figure W.6. BAM-CPB1, ultrasonic echo: (a)
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383 Figure W.8. BAM-CPB1, ultrasonic echo: 3-D image of volume positioned to reveal backwall and anomaly, with B-scan positioned at x 29 in., C-scan at z 24 in., and D-scan at y 7 in.
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384 Figure W.10. BAM-CPB3, ultrasonic echo: D-scan at y 16 in.
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385 Figure W.13. BAM-CPB3: Individual D-scans at y 15 in.
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386 Figure W.15. BAM-HL2, GPR: C-, D-, and B-scans showing reflections caused by presence of a surface crack.
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