Mapping Voids, Debonding, Delaminations, Moisture, and Other Defects Behind or Within Tunnel Linings (2013) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 387-393
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From page 387... ...
387 a p p e N D I x x Data acquisition The basic principles of photogrammetry are illustrated in Figure X.1: once a pair of photographs is acquired, the same point, P, is identified on each photograph, and the spatial coordinates of point P on the object (the ground in this case) are calculated by tracing two rays from the focal points Ol and Or of each photograph, respectively, through the pixels that represent point P on each photograph.
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388 Residuals are also calculated on: • Scale bars (scaled models) : Table X.3 gives the residuals at the scale bars used at the Liberty Tunnel.
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389 Table X.2. Residuals and Active Points for Pictures Taken at Liberty Tunnel RMS Error (pixels)
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390 Table X.4. Residuals at Scale Bars Used at Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel (Road Enclosure)
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391 Figure X.6. Backside view of spalling by ventilation shaft to better appreciate depth and extent of spalling.
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392 Figure X.12. Detail of shotcrete cracks on left wall by southern portal with digitized cracks toggled off.
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393 Table X.5. Example of Surveyed Crack Report for a Final Lining Center X (ft)
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