Marine Highway Transport of Toxic Inhalation Hazard Materials (2012) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 3-12
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3 After reviewing the research recommendations set forth in NCFRP Project 17 (published as NCFRP Report 5: North American Marine Highways) , the project panel determined that a follow-up study should be completed on identifying promising long-term markets for the domestic maritime sector.
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4Transportation has determined is capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property when transported in commerce, and has designated as hazardous under Section 5103 of federal hazardous materials transportation law (49 U.S.C. 5103: implemented in 49 CFR, Part 105.5)
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5 nitrogen and weighs 5 lb/gal when carried at 114 psi; anhydrous ammonia transported in barges typically weighs 6.83 lb/gal when maintained at -33.3°C (-27.4°F)
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6There has been some discussion in the marketplace and regulatory arena about replacing anhydrous ammonia with another product to reduce the handling risk; however, there are numerous economic and logistical challenges to replacing anhydrous ammonia. Anhydrous ammonia is the least costly and most effective source of nitrogen fertilizer for American farmers.
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7 • Pulping wood and as a casein dispersant in the coating of paper. • Nitrogen needed for yeast and microorganisms for the food and beverage industry.
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8of all chlorine is used to produce vinyl for products such as wire and cable, pipe, flooring, siding, windows, and doors. Chlorine plays a role in the production stream of some important end products including refrigerants, aerosols, silicones, silicone rubber, plastics, solvents, polyethers, varnishes, foams, chlorinated rubber, polyurethane, detergents, dyes, insecticides, pesticides, disinfectants, bleaches, and white pigment enamel.
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9 parcel size of individual shipments. Where possible, economics generally favor bulk transportation of basic materials such as ammonia and chlorine, which inherently favors high- volume modes such as marine or rail.
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10 gas feedstock prices, but large-scale production of downstream nitrogen products (UAN, urea, nitric acid) continued at Geismar using ammonia feedstock imported from Trinidad.
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11 New shale gas plays have been discovered in recent years, and oil and gas production activities are underway. Since the cost of ammonia is primarily determined by the cost of natural gas, this could potentially affect the location of production facilities.
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12 Economic factors favor rail transportation of chlorine, and indeed the vast majority of chlorine shipments in the United States are shipped by rail. The other safe and practical mode for long-distance transportation of chlorine is barge, which is considered safer than rail but is less available and more restricted in its ability to reach many origins and destinations.
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