Methodology for Determining the Economic Development Impacts of Transit Projects (2012) / Chapter Skim
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104 APPENDIX A: REFERENCES Sections 1-4 Acemoglu, D., and J Angrist.
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105 Brülhart, M., and N
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106 Ellison, G., and E
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107 Hansen, E
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108 Jaffe, A
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109 Ozbay, K., D Ozmen-Ertekin, and J
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110 Stephanedes, Y., and D.M. Eagle.
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111 Section 6 (Case Studies)
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112 22. Utah Department of Workforce Services, 2010.
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113 APPENDIX B: MSA MODEL RESULTS TABLE B-1: Total track mile models for employment density (1)
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114 Constant 1015.5 1008.1 1049.5 1057.0 4132.7 4143.0 3697.3 3691.9 (2.11)
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115 Table B-2: Total track mile models for employment density (NYC omitted)
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116 Number of observations 353 353 350 350 353 353 350 350 Adjusted R-squared 0.455 0.453 0.454 0.447 0.375 0.375 0.316 0.304 widstat test statistic 49.60 40.75 49.60 40.75 sargan test statistic 10.72 10.03 2.005 1.739 sarganp test statistic 0.00471 0.00663 0.367 0.419
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117 Table B-3: Track miles per square mile of MSA land area, employment density models (1)
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118 Number of observations 354 354 351 351 354 354 351 351 Adjusted R-squared 0.457 0.456 0.348 0.358 0.483 0.482 0.385 0.391 widstat test statistic 27.79 30.15 27.79 30.15 sargan test statistic 6.190 7.531 0.0477 0.000937 sarganp test statistic 0.0453 0.0232 0.976 1.000
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119 Table B-4: Track miles per square mile of MSA land area, employment density models (NYC omitted)
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121 Table B-5: Track miles per capita, population models (1)
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122 % of population white -14492.7 -15082.1 7091.0 5940.3 -13687.2 -14173.8 -3993.5 -4675.6 (2005-2007 ACS)
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123 Table B-6: Track miles per square mile of urbanized area, population models (1)
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124 % of population white -10236.1 -10126.6 -2855.4 -3234.1 -11972.5 -11866.2 -4065.1 -4280.6 (2005-2007 ACS)
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125 Table B-7: Total track miles, heavy rail instrumented dependent variable Employment density, UZA Employment density, UZA Employment density, principal city Employment density, principal city Population Population lag2 lag4 lag2 lag4 lag2 lag4 Comm. Rail Track miles, 2yr lag 1.046355 -8.164 14616.2 (1.00)
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126 Table B-8: Track miles per square mile CBSA, heavy rail instrumented dependent variable Employment density, UZA Employment density, UZA Employment density, principal city Employment density, principal city Population Population lag2 lag4 lag2 lag4 lag2 lag4 Comm. rail per sq mi CBSA, 2yr lag 9142.658 -24599.2 -5411201.7 (1.63)
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127 Table B-9: Seat capacity per capita models (1)
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128 widstat test statistic 45.89 65.86 196.3 263.8 sargan test statistic 0.565 0.465 0.601 1.228 sarganp test statistic 0.754 0.793 0.740 0.541
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129 Table B-10: Rail revenue mile models, employment density (1)
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130 sargan test statistic 6.928 8.163 0.437 0.262 sarganp test statistic 0.0313 0.0169 0.804 0.877
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131 Table B-11: Rail revenue mile models, employment density (NYC omitted)
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132 sargan test statistic 7.098 8.663 0.366 0.203 sarganp test statistic 0.0288 0.0131 0.833 0.903
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133 Table B-12: Rail revenue mile models, population (1)
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134 Table B-13: Total revenue mile models, employment density (1)
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135 sargan test statistic 4.027 1.962 1.436 0.373 sarganp test statistic 0.133 0.375 0.488 0.830
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136 Table B-14: Total revenue mile models, employment density (NYC omitted)
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137 sargan test statistic 0.510 0.385 9.154 4.716 sarganp test statistic 0.775 0.825 0.0103 0.0946
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138 Table B-15: Total revenue mile models, population (1)
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139 TABLE B-16 Productivity models with two instruments, based on Abel et al.
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140 Stock & Yogo 10% 19.93 19.93 19.93 19.93 19.93 19.93 19.93 19.93 Sargan 0.235 0.524 2.021 1.567 1.209 0.777 3.001 2.432 Sargan (P)
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141 TABLE B-17 Productivity model with robust s.e., ordinary and two-stage least squares regressions (3 instruments) Robust SE (1)
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142 Constant 9.7 54 9.674 -4.821 -4.877 9.383 9.370 -4.711 -4.785 (60 .77 )
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143 TABLE B-18, PART 1: Full sub-sector model results - wages (logged)
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144 TABLE B-18, PART 2: Full sub-sector model results - wages (logged)
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145 TABLE B-18, PART 3 – Full sub-sector model results - wages (logged)
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146 TABLE B-19 Instrumental variable analysis of sub-sectors, with 3 instruments and robust s.e. Log of wages Log of wages Log of wages Log of wages Log of wages Log of wages dependent variable Manufacturing (31)
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147 APPENDIX C REVIEW OF ACADEMIC LITERATURE The purpose of this review of academic literature is to describe and critique theoretical and empirical research on the economic impacts of transit investments.
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148 The implications of accessibility-driven changes in household and firm behavior are quite complex. Our focus here is to explain what is meant by "accessibility" and to emphasize that almost all subsequent economic benefits and costs associated with transportation projects flow from changes in accessibility.
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149 guidelines already exist for estimating development impacts, because these are crucial inputs to estimating those additional economic impacts. The land market will respond to accessibility increases if firms and households value it, and, crucially, if regulations and governments permit intensified development and/or intensified occupancy of existing development.
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150 cities, particularly large cities, and thus also promote the realization of agglomeration economies" (Eberts and McMillen 1999)
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151 regions. Thus transportation investment could cause agglomeration (that is, a spatial concentration of firms)
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152 Why Firms and Households Agglomerate Duranton and Puga (2004) elaborate on motivations for agglomeration.
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153 appropriate jobs, to take on riskier positions in more innovative firms. Labor market pooling reduces risk for both employers, who need to respond to positive demand shocks, and employees, who mitigate their risk of unemployment by locating near industrial agglomerations.
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154 cost for households can make job searching easier and commuting less costly, with effects on labor participation and hence on agglomerations. We paraphrase from Eberts and McMillen (1999)
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155 turnover in those industries, which is costly, can be in the range of 8% to 12% per year. The authors assume that the turnover leads to unemployment spells, instead of retirements and new employment (e.g.
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156 without net economic impacts, unless imperfect competition lowers productivity and reduces output. Labor Taxation and Work Travel Transportation improvements likely affect individual decisions about whether to work, how much to work, or where to work.
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157 more detail. Finally, we focus on new and more relevant research attempting to discriminate between direct accessibility effects and other additional effects like increasing agglomeration economies.
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158 occur (see, e.g., Cervero and Landis 1997)
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159 growth, rather than the other way around. Other studies controlling for this potential endogeneity find little bias, on average (Melo, et al.
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160 parameter within the production function. Often, concentration is measured by total employment, total employment by industry, or total output.
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161 agglomeration effects from returns to scale. The framework makes it possible to identify direct (irrespective of labor and capital productivity)
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162 Competition Empirical work on the effects of transportation on increasing competition tends to look at the effect of employment, plant size, and the number of plants, both inside and outside the industry (Rosenthal and Strange 2004, pp.
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163 Much harder to come by are widely accepted estimates of aggregate demand elasticities. Harris (1998)
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164 tradeoffs firms make between proximity to numerous other firms in the same industry; suppliers; inputs; labor force; and markets. Distinguishing by Industry Some but not all literature discriminates by industry when calculating agglomeration economies, but "the variation across industries suggests that one ought to estimate agglomeration economies separately" (Rosenthal and Strange 2004: 2134)
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165 Most production function studies of transport or agglomeration use very large-scale measures (citywide) , with a few exceptions as noted above.
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166 relative to it; and second, it enables an analysis of agglomeration economies at a spatial level independent of artificial administrative or statistical boundaries. A more flexible spatial treatment of agglomeration has further attractions.
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167 APPENDIX D: SUMMARY OF INTERVIEWS Interviews - Sections 1, 2, and 3 The focus of the interviews was on how and whether state and regional agencies in the United States and Britain estimate the economic benefits of their transit projects, either for their internal purposes, to discriminate between potential projects, or to provide additional arguments for a favored project. In this appendix we organize a summary of their responses in the following categories: the use of economic benefit measures, and what types are used; what data sources are used; what documentary sources or documentary guidance is relied upon; and who conducts the analysis.
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168 Name Title Organization State/Nation Mark Soronson Vice President HDR/S.R. Beard and Assoc.
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169 regression analysis, which allowed the model developers to eliminate a large number of nonsignificant explanatory variables. A number of respondents in the UK said that the types of benefit measures used varied depending on the scale of investment as well as the client or audience of the study.
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170 from relocation when looking on a regional scale. In the United Kingdom, it was noted that models that are not national in scope do not fully reflect economic reality with regard to movement and trade.
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171 Guidebooks and Reports Interview subjects in the US were unable to identify an accepted national standard of practice for economic benefit estimation. A few respondents noted that agencies are reluctant to accept methods from other regions.
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172 Methods There was little consensus on whether identifying modeling variables and procedures, or providing parameter estimates, would be a better approach for estimating economic impacts of transit investments. Some respondents suggested that the outcome of this project should include parameter estimates or multiplier tables for agencies to produce forecasts of economic benefit factors so that agencies should not be required to produce parameters or multipliers themselves.
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173 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1. Have you ever been directly involved in any major transit investment projects such as New Starts, Small Starts, or another major investment?
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174 SKIP TO 21 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- (Note that this section is for those with no direct experience with New Starts, Small Starts or other major transit investments.)
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175 International Interview Script Purpose of interview : 1. To obtain information about what practitioners expect to be the economic benefits of transit projects, and how they (or their consultants)
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176 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1. Have you ever been directly involved in any major public transport investment projects?
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177 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- (Note that this section is for those with no direct experience with major public transport investments.)
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178 Interviews- Section 5 (Case Studies) Interview Script Start by asking about the person's role, their involvement in transit development – let them guide the discussion as much as possible.
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179 APPENDIX E: REVIEW OF PRACTICE REPORTS AND GUIDANCE Governments, transportation agencies, and other public and private organizations estimate the economic impacts of proposed transit investments in order to prioritize funding, argue for or against projects, and to evaluate whether investments have been an effective use of public funds. Here we describe how the economic impacts of transit investments are calculated in practice, with examples from the US, the UK and the Netherlands.
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180 FTA (2008) recently published a Proposed New Starts Economic Development Criterion, which lays out a method and reporting requirements for a new, stand-alone economic development criterion that would first apply starting with FY 2011 projects.
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181 vehicle capital and operating expense savings from modal shift (including pedestrian share) ; monetized reductions in pollution, greenhouse gases, and accidents from decreased automobile travel; increased business revenue from higher transportation system efficiency and an expanded labor pool; increased retail spending; fiscal impacts from tax revenue increases; project construction-related economic impacts (wages, employment, GRP)
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182 Input-Output Models Input-output models focus on the interrelationships of sales and purchases among sectors of the economy by using multiplier effects. Regional input-output models can be used to estimate the impacts of transportation investments on the economy.
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183 accessibility) is the agglomeration elasticity used in the UK guidance on wider economic benefits.
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184 Chicago Metropolis 2020 The Chicago Metropolis 2020 study analyzed the potential economic impact of four public transit investment planning scenarios: decline (stable capital and operating funding) , maintain (stable level of service with attendant capital and operating support)
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185 out those developments that could not be attributable to DART station proximity (e.g. drivethrough fast food restaurants)
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186 NJ Transit Retail and Recreational New Jersey Transit conducted a rider survey-based evaluation of the retail and recreational spending attributable to ridership on New Jersey Transit lines. The study aggregated the responses to these surveys to estimate the total economic impact of transit-based spending on local revenues and taxes.
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187 Within each of these areas there are a number of sub-objectives about which the UK guidance provides detail on how to assess and quantify. Some sub-objectives are qualitatively assessed, but this does not imply they are less important than those that receive a quantitative analysis.
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188 analysis. Formal guidance already exists for the assessment of regeneration benefits in DfT (2003)
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189 all transportation projects, two of the measures are most important for public transportation projects: the agglomeration benefits associated with increased employment density, and the potential increase in employment (and reductions in time to find employment) from greater accessibility to jobs.
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190 changes in accessibility via transport improvements. The guidance suggests that an integrated land-use/transport model could be used to further investigate endogenous changes to residential and employment location, as a sensitivity analysis of the static case.
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191 definition of effective density induces a downwards bias on the agglomeration elasticity values for the most urbanized wards. Graham notes that from the point of view of transport appraisal, the use of the generalized cost based elasticity estimates may actually be less appropriate than those based on straight-line distance.
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192 consideration, especially when considering the distributional impacts of investment and how transport costs disproportionately affect lower income employees. One critical input necessary for evaluating this effect is an estimate of the elasticity of labor supply with respect to wages, on the assumption that reduced travel times have the same effect as an increase in wages (of course, wages may decrease to reflect decreased cost of access; which is a problem with this assumption)
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193 Deficiencies in Existing Practice It may be desirable that FTA guidelines for determining land development impacts be combined with the additional economic impacts related to agglomeration and labor search. Most of these effects, however, are highly dependent on how the land market responds.
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194 APPENDIX F: ELASTICITY ESTIMATES TABLE F 1 Elasticities of employment density and population w.r.t. transit, specific to each MSA Elasticities of employment density Population Total track miles Track miles per sqm CBSA area Total track miles per capita Track miles per sqm UZA area Albuquerque, NM 0.0359 - 0.1228 0.0217 - 0.1055 4.6664 - 10.2513 4.3644 - 8.1623 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA 0.0347 - 0.1187 0.0232 - 0.1131 0.1359 - 0.2985 0.107 - 0.2002 Baltimore-Towson, MD 0.0523 - 0.1789 0.1124 - 0.5472 1.1883 - 2.6105 1.1516 - 2.1538 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 0.0054 - 0.0184 0.0192 - 0.0934 0.4033 - 0.8861 0.3557 - 0.6653 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC 0.0251 - 0.0857 0.0454 - 0.2208 0.2625 - 0.5767 0.1982 - 0.3707 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI 0.3691 - 1.2632 0.2871 - 1.3977 0.6079 - 1.3355 0.7484 - 1.3996 Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH 0.0262 - 0.0896 0.0733 - 0.3568 0.6265 - 1.3763 0.5673 - 1.0609 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 0.082 - 0.2805 0.0511 - 0.249 0.1697 - 0.3727 0.1953 - 0.3653 Denver-Aurora, CO 0.024 - 0.0821 0.0161 - 0.0784 0.4407 - 0.9681 0.63 - 1.1783 Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX 0.0106 - 0.0364 0.0067 - 0.0326 0.0347 - 0.0763 0.0395 - 0.0739 Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR 0.0039 - 0.0135 0.0054 - 0.0263 0.5926 - 1.3018 0.5035 - 0.9417 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA 0.244 - 0.835 0.2822 - 1.3738 0.2351 - 0.5164 0.5024 - 0.9397 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 0.0082 - 0.0282 0.0101 - 0.0492 0.3306 - 0.7262 0.3058 - 0.572 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL 0.0547 - 0.187 0.0598 - 0.2912 0.252 - 0.5536 0.3779 - 0.7068 Minneapolis-St.
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195 St. Louis, MO-IL 0.0284 - 0.097 0.0184 - 0.0895 0.46 - 1.0106 0.4033 - 0.7543 Salt Lake City, UT 0.0101 - 0.0347 0.006 - 0.0291 1.2244 - 2.6898 1.6626 - 3.1093 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA 0.0702 - 0.2402 0.0938 - 0.4564 0.8115 - 1.7827 0.9443 - 1.7661 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA 0.0822 - 0.2812 0.1864 - 0.9072 0.8182 - 1.7975 1.3531 - 2.5306 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 0.0947 - 0.3239 0.1982 - 0.9646 3.8473 - 8.4519 6.813 - 12.7416 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 0.0456 - 0.156 0.0434 - 0.2111 0.6135 - 1.3477 0.6078 - 1.1368 Tampa-St.
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196 TABLE F 2 Productivity elasticities (average payroll and GDP per capita) w.r.t principal city employment density, for two track mile measures Employment agglomeration elasticities Total track miles Track miles per sqm CBSA area Average payroll GDP per capita Average payroll GDP per capita Albuquerque, NM 0.002 - 0.014 0.0055 - 0.0166 0.0012 - 0.012 0.0033 - 0.0142 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA 0.0019 - 0.0135 0.0053 - 0.016 0.0013 - 0.0129 0.0035 - 0.0153 Baltimore-Towson, MD 0.0029 - 0.0204 0.0079 - 0.0242 0.0062 - 0.0624 0.0171 - 0.0739 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 0.0003 - 0.0021 0.0008 - 0.0025 0.0011 - 0.0107 0.0029 - 0.0126 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC 0.0014 - 0.0098 0.0038 - 0.0116 0.0025 - 0.0252 0.0069 - 0.0298 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI 0.0205 - 0.144 0.0561 - 0.1705 0.0159 - 0.1593 0.0436 - 0.1887 Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH 0.0015 - 0.0102 0.004 - 0.0121 0.0041 - 0.0407 0.0111 - 0.0482 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 0.0045 - 0.032 0.0125 - 0.0379 0.0028 - 0.0284 0.0078 - 0.0336 Denver-Aurora, CO 0.0013 - 0.0094 0.0036 - 0.0111 0.0009 - 0.0089 0.0024 - 0.0106 Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX 0.0006 - 0.0042 0.0016 - 0.0049 0.0004 - 0.0037 0.001 - 0.0044 Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR 0.0002 - 0.0015 0.0006 - 0.0018 0.0003 - 0.003 0.0008 - 0.0036 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA 0.0135 - 0.0952 0.0371 - 0.1127 0.0156 - 0.1566 0.0429 - 0.1855 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 0.0005 - 0.0032 0.0013 - 0.0038 0.0006 - 0.0056 0.0015 - 0.0066 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL 0.003 - 0.0213 0.0083 - 0.0252 0.0033 - 0.0332 0.0091 - 0.0393 Minneapolis-St.
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197 Salt Lake City, UT 0.0006 - 0.004 0.0015 - 0.0047 0.0003 - 0.0033 0.0009 - 0.0039 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA 0.0039 - 0.0274 0.0107 - 0.0324 0.0052 - 0.052 0.0143 - 0.0616 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA 0.0046 - 0.0321 0.0125 - 0.038 0.0103 - 0.1034 0.0283 - 0.1225 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 0.0052 - 0.0369 0.0144 - 0.0437 0.011 - 0.11 0.0301 - 0.1302 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 0.0025 - 0.0178 0.0069 - 0.0211 0.0024 - 0.0241 0.0066 - 0.0285 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 0.0001 - 0.0007 0.0003 - 0.0008 0.0002 - 0.0021 0.0006 - 0.0025 Trenton-Ewing, NJ 0.0002 - 0.0017 0.0007 - 0.0021 0.0061 - 0.0612 0.0168 - 0.0724 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 0.0063 - 0.0441 0.0172 - 0.0522 0.0079 - 0.0789 0.0216 - 0.0934
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198 TABLE F 3 Productivity elasticities (average payroll and GDP per capita) w.r.t population, for two track mile measures Population agglomeration elasticities Total track miles per capita Track miles per sqm UZA area Average payroll GDP per capita Average payroll GDP per capita Albuquerque, NM 0.196 - 0.3526 0.2847 - 0.6489 0.1833 - 0.2808 0.2662 - 0.5167 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA 0.0057 - 0.0103 0.0083 - 0.0189 0.0045 - 0.0069 0.0065 - 0.0127 Baltimore-Towson, MD 0.0499 - 0.0898 0.0725 - 0.1652 0.0484 - 0.0741 0.0702 - 0.1363 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 0.0169 - 0.0305 0.0246 - 0.0561 0.0149 - 0.0229 0.0217 - 0.0421 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC 0.011 - 0.0198 0.016 - 0.0365 0.0083 - 0.0128 0.0121 - 0.0235 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI 0.0255 - 0.0459 0.0371 - 0.0845 0.0314 - 0.0481 0.0457 - 0.0886 Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH 0.0263 - 0.0473 0.0382 - 0.0871 0.0238 - 0.0365 0.0346 - 0.0672 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 0.0071 - 0.0128 0.0104 - 0.0236 0.0082 - 0.0126 0.0119 - 0.0231 Denver-Aurora, CO 0.0185 - 0.0333 0.0269 - 0.0613 0.0265 - 0.0405 0.0384 - 0.0746 Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX 0.0015 - 0.0026 0.0021 - 0.0048 0.0017 - 0.0025 0.0024 - 0.0047 Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR 0.0249 - 0.0448 0.0361 - 0.0824 0.0211 - 0.0324 0.0307 - 0.0596 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA 0.0099 - 0.0178 0.0143 - 0.0327 0.0211 - 0.0323 0.0306 - 0.0595 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 0.0139 - 0.025 0.0202 - 0.046 0.0128 - 0.0197 0.0187 - 0.0362 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL 0.0106 - 0.019 0.0154 - 0.035 0.0159 - 0.0243 0.0231 - 0.0447 Minneapolis-St.
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199 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA 0.0341 - 0.0613 0.0495 - 0.1128 0.0397 - 0.0608 0.0576 - 0.1118 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA 0.0344 - 0.0618 0.0499 - 0.1138 0.0568 - 0.0871 0.0825 - 0.1602 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 0.1616 - 0.2907 0.2347 - 0.535 0.2861 - 0.4383 0.4156 - 0.8065 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 0.0258 - 0.0464 0.0374 - 0.0853 0.0255 - 0.0391 0.0371 - 0.072 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 0.0011 - 0.0019 0.0016 - 0.0036 0.001 - 0.0015 0.0014 - 0.0027 Trenton-Ewing, NJ 0.1736 - 0.3124 0.2522 - 0.5749 0.1552 - 0.2377 0.2254 - 0.4375 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 0.0378 - 0.068 0.0549 - 0.1252 0.0431 - 0.0661 0.0627 - 0.1216
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200 TABLE F 4 Elasticities of employment density and population w.r.t. transit, specific to each MSA Rail revenue miles Elasticities of employment density Population Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA 0.0946 - 0.1569 0.2302 - 0.256 Baltimore-Towson, MD 0.0537 - 0.089 0.3768 - 0.4192 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 0.0098 - 0.0163 0.0959 - 0.1067 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC 0.0282 - 0.0467 0.0581 - 0.0646 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI 0.6827 - 1.1322 1.234 - 1.3725 Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH 0.0464 - 0.077 0.2681 - 0.2982 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 0.0923 - 0.1531 0.1389 - 0.1545 Denver-Aurora, CO 0.0795 - 0.1318 0.4211 - 0.4684 Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX 0.0178 - 0.0295 0.0383 - 0.0427 Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR 0.0019 - 0.0032 0.0223 - 0.0249 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA 0.5003 - 0.8297 0.7098 - 0.7895 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 0.0163 - 0.0271 0.0982 - 0.1093 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL 0.0403 - 0.0668 0.1178 - 0.131 Minneapolis-St.
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201 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 0.0056 - 0.0093 0.0291 - 0.0324 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 0.0019 - 0.0031 0.0085 - 0.0095 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 0.1749 - 0.2901 0.8638 - 0.9608
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202 TABLE F 5 Agglomeration elasticities (employment density and population)
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From page 212... ...
203 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA 0.0048 - 0.0162 0.0131 - 0.0192 0.0192 - 0.0438 0.0525 - 0.0519 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA 0.0252 - 0.0861 0.0692 - 0.1019 0.1234 - 0.2825 0.3386 - 0.3345 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 0.0022 - 0.0074 0.006 - 0.0088 0.0184 - 0.0421 0.0505 - 0.0499 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 0.0003 - 0.0011 0.0008 - 0.0013 0.0016 - 0.0037 0.0044 - 0.0044 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 0.0001 - 0.0004 0.0003 - 0.0004 0.0005 - 0.0011 0.0013 - 0.0013 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DCVA-MD-WV 0.0097 - 0.0331 0.0266 - 0.0392 0.0479 - 0.1095 0.1313 - 0.1297
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204 TABLE F 6 Total revenue miles, MSA specific elasticities (employment density and population) Total revenue mile elasticities Principal city employment density Population Abilene, TX 0.0096 - 0.0188 0.1628 - 0.1633 Albany, GA 0.0148 - 0.0289 0.1983 - 0.1989 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY 0.0422 - 0.0825 0.5231 - 0.5249 Albuquerque, NM 0.0505 - 0.0985 0.367 - 0.3682 Alexandria, LA 0.0088 - 0.0172 0.2079 - 0.2086 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ 0.0214 - 0.0419 0.179 - 0.1795 Altoona, PA 0.0038 - 0.0074 0.217 - 0.2177 Amarillo, TX 0.0121 - 0.0237 0.1648 - 0.1653 Ames, IA 0.0149 - 0.0291 0.7773 - 0.7798 Anchorage, AK 0.0333 - 0.0649 0.3604 - 0.3615 Anderson, IN 0.0105 - 0.0206 0.1377 - 0.1382 Ann Arbor, MI 0.0201 - 0.0392 0.5872 - 0.5891 Appleton, WI 0.0085 - 0.0167 0.286 - 0.2869 Athens-Clarke County, GA 0.018 - 0.0352 0.249 - 0.2498 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA 0.33 - 0.6443 0.4598 - 0.4613 Auburn-Opelika, AL 0.002 - 0.004 0.0366 - 0.0368 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC 0.0168 - 0.0327 0.0654 - 0.0656 Bakersfield, CA 0.0443 - 0.0864 0.2644 - 0.2652 Bangor, ME 0.0071 - 0.0139 0.2221 - 0.2228 Baton Rouge, LA 0.0271 - 0.0529 0.1836 - 0.1842 Battle Creek, MI 0.0075 - 0.0146 0.1696 - 0.1702 Bay City, MI 0.0167 - 0.0326 0.5833 - 0.5852 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX 0.0173 - 0.0338 0.148 - 0.1484 Bellingham, WA 0.0241 - 0.0471 0.5923 - 0.5942 Bend, OR 0.003 - 0.0059 0.0764 - 0.0767 Billings, MT 0.009 - 0.0175 0.2343 - 0.2351
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205 Binghamton, NY 0.0136 - 0.0265 0.4591 - 0.4606 Birmingham-Hoover, AL 0.0411 - 0.0803 0.1524 - 0.1529 Bismarck, ND 0.0035 - 0.0068 0.1787 - 0.1793 Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA 0.0147 - 0.0287 0.2749 - 0.2758 Bloomington, IN 0.0114 - 0.0223 0.325 - 0.326 Bloomington-Normal, IL 0.0134 - 0.0262 0.401 - 0.4023 Boise City-Nampa, ID 0.0163 - 0.0318 0.1408 - 0.1413 Bradenton-Sarasota-Venice, FL 0.0364 - 0.0711 0.3287 - 0.3297 Bremerton-Silverdale, WA 0.0332 - 0.0649 0.6071 - 0.609 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX 0.0141 - 0.0276 0.1247 - 0.1252 Brunswick, GA 0.142 - 0.2773 6.0693 - 6.0891 Canton-Massillon, OH 0.042 - 0.0821 0.3776 - 0.3789 Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL 0.0649 - 0.1267 0.313 - 0.314 Casper, WY 0.0042 - 0.0082 0.1755 - 0.1761 Cedar Rapids, IA 0.0135 - 0.0263 0.2504 - 0.2512 Champaign-Urbana, IL 0.0374 - 0.0731 0.9794 - 0.9826 Charleston, WV 0.0226 - 0.0441 0.4688 - 0.4703 Charleston-North Charleston, SC 0.0442 - 0.0862 0.2577 - 0.2585 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC 0.3679 - 0.7184 0.4347 - 0.4361 Chattanooga, TN-GA 0.0337 - 0.0658 0.2325 - 0.2333 Cheyenne, WY 0.0053 - 0.0103 0.2672 - 0.268 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI 0.8275 - 1.6157 0.8568 - 0.8596 Chico, CA 0.0154 - 0.03 0.2818 - 0.2827 Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 0.1267 - 0.2474 0.3976 - 0.3989 Clarksville, TN-KY 0.0376 - 0.0735 0.1975 - 0.1982 Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH 0.2388 - 0.4663 0.7904 - 0.793 College Station-Bryan, TX 0.0429 - 0.0838 0.5564 - 0.5582 Columbia, MO 0.0098 - 0.0191 0.2263 - 0.227 Columbia, SC 0.016 - 0.0313 0.1311 - 0.1316 Columbus, GA-AL 0.0199 - 0.0389 0.1963 - 0.1969
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206 Columbus, OH 0.0818 - 0.1597 0.2628 - 0.2636 Corpus Christi, TX 0.0494 - 0.0965 0.4121 - 0.4135 Cumberland, MD-WV 0.0042 - 0.0082 0.1641 - 0.1647 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 0.412 - 0.8044 0.3551 - 0.3562 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL 0.0496 - 0.0968 0.526 - 0.5277 Dayton, OH 0.0709 - 0.1385 0.4179 - 0.4193 Decatur, AL 0 - 0 0 - 0 Decatur, IL 0.0187 - 0.0364 0.5275 - 0.5292 Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL 0.0643 - 0.1255 0.3057 - 0.3067 Denver-Aurora, CO 0.3707 - 0.7239 1.1253 - 1.129 Des Moines, IA 0.0233 - 0.0455 0.2565 - 0.2573 Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI 0.2704 - 0.528 0.3686 - 0.3698 Dothan, AL 0 - 0 0 - 0 Dubuque, IA 0.0042 - 0.0083 0.1995 - 0.2002 Duluth, MN-WI 0.031 - 0.0606 0.3934 - 0.3947 Eau Claire, WI 0.0093 - 0.0182 0.2623 - 0.2631 El Centro, CA 0.0078 - 0.0153 0.2447 - 0.2455 El Paso, TX 0.0806 - 0.1573 0.5416 - 0.5433 Elkhart-Goshen, IN 0.0061 - 0.0119 0.1321 - 0.1325 Elmira, NY 0.0064 - 0.0126 0.5087 - 0.5103 Erie, PA 0.014 - 0.0273 0.3639 - 0.3651 Eugene-Springfield, OR 0.0422 - 0.0823 0.5866 - 0.5885 Evansville, IN-KY 0.0132 - 0.0258 0.2083 - 0.209 Fairbanks, AK 0.0078 - 0.0152 0.2341 - 0.2349 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO 0.0112 - 0.022 0.0831 - 0.0834 Flagstaff, AZ 0.0104 - 0.0202 0.3103 - 0.3113 Flint, MI 0.0491 - 0.0958 0.4586 - 0.4601 Florence, SC 0.0031 - 0.006 0.0443 - 0.0445 Fond du Lac, WI 0.0018 - 0.0036 0.1038 - 0.1041 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO 0.015 - 0.0292 0.1958 - 0.1965
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207 Fort Smith, AR-OK 0.0041 - 0.0081 0.0593 - 0.0595 Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, FL 0.0062 - 0.0121 0.151 - 0.1515 Fort Wayne, IN 0.0279 - 0.0544 0.2273 - 0.2281 Fresno, CA 0.0552 - 0.1079 0.3164 - 0.3174 Gainesville, FL 0.0516 - 0.1008 0.6733 - 0.6755 Glens Falls, NY 0.0019 - 0.0038 0.1457 - 0.1461 Grand Forks, ND-MN 0.005 - 0.0098 0.2362 - 0.2369 Grand Junction, CO 0.0149 - 0.0291 0.3212 - 0.3223 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI 0.037 - 0.0722 0.3248 - 0.3258 Great Falls, MT 0.0071 - 0.0139 0.3294 - 0.3305 Greeley, CO 0.0054 - 0.0105 0.0967 - 0.097 Green Bay, WI 0.0194 - 0.0379 0.2629 - 0.2637 Greenville, SC 0.0065 - 0.0127 0.0562 - 0.0564 Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV 0.0044 - 0.0086 0.0951 - 0.0954 Hanford-Corcoran, CA 0.0166 - 0.0324 0.3162 - 0.3172 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA 0.0063 - 0.0124 0.1997 - 0.2004 Holland-Grand Haven, MI 0.0039 - 0.0076 0.074 - 0.0742 Honolulu, HI 0.1149 - 0.2243 1.2426 - 1.2467 Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX 0.3529 - 0.6892 0.4357 - 0.4371 Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH 0.0087 - 0.017 0.1683 - 0.1688 Huntsville, AL 0.0142 - 0.0278 0.0945 - 0.0948 Indianapolis, IN 0.0876 - 0.171 0.2422 - 0.243 Iowa City, IA 0.0158 - 0.0309 0.634 - 0.636 Ithaca, NY 0.0116 - 0.0226 0.9865 - 0.9897 Jackson, MI 0.0028 - 0.0054 0.1345 - 0.135 Jackson, MS 0.0165 - 0.0322 0.1088 - 0.1091 Jackson, TN 0.0098 - 0.019 0.3013 - 0.3023 Jacksonville, FL 0.1616 - 0.3154 0.4626 - 0.4641 Janesville, WI 0.021 - 0.0411 0.4744 - 0.476 Jefferson City, MO 0.0046 - 0.0089 0.1575 - 0.158
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208 Johnson City, TN 0.0089 - 0.0174 0.1307 - 0.1311 Johnstown, PA 0.0061 - 0.012 0.2873 - 0.2882 Kalamazoo-Portage, MI 0.0241 - 0.0471 0.2866 - 0.2875 Kankakee-Bradley, IL 0.0101 - 0.0196 0.35 - 0.3511 Kansas City, MO-KS 0.148 - 0.2889 0.2903 - 0.2912 Kennewick-Richland-Pasco, WA 0.0627 - 0.1225 0.6557 - 0.6579 Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, TX 0.0193 - 0.0376 0.1285 - 0.1289 Knoxville, TN 0.038 - 0.0743 0.2366 - 0.2374 Kokomo, IN 0 - 0 0 - 0 La Crosse, WI-MN 0.0077 - 0.0151 0.3492 - 0.3503 Lafayette, IN 0.0169 - 0.033 0.4729 - 0.4745 Lafayette, LA 0.0075 - 0.0147 0.1476 - 0.1481 Lakeland, FL 0.0315 - 0.0614 0.221 - 0.2218 Lancaster, PA 0.0061 - 0.0119 0.1801 - 0.1807 Lansing-East Lansing, MI 0.0227 - 0.0443 0.4246 - 0.426 Laredo, TX 0.0255 - 0.0499 0.4275 - 0.4288 Las Cruces, NM 0.0078 - 0.0152 0.1346 - 0.135 Las Vegas-Paradise, NV 0.0934 - 0.1823 0.5415 - 0.5433 Lawrence, KS 0.0083 - 0.0161 0.3438 - 0.3449 Lawton, OK 0.0295 - 0.0577 0.3158 - 0.3168 Lebanon, PA 0.0047 - 0.0093 0.2105 - 0.2112 Lewiston-Auburn, ME 0.0029 - 0.0058 0.1218 - 0.1222 Lexington-Fayette, KY 0.0235 - 0.0459 0.2833 - 0.2842 Lincoln, NE 0.019 - 0.0371 0.308 - 0.309 Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR 0.0314 - 0.0613 0.2107 - 0.2114 Logan, UT-ID 0.0108 - 0.021 0.4275 - 0.4289 Longview, WA 0.0032 - 0.0063 0.1296 - 0.1301 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA 1.3054 - 2.549 1.061 - 1.0645 Louisville, KY-IN 0.1249 - 0.2439 0.3808 - 0.3821 Lubbock, TX 0.0226 - 0.0442 0.3552 - 0.3564
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From page 218... ...
209 Lynchburg, VA 0.0221 - 0.0431 0.2734 - 0.2743 Macon, GA 0.0199 - 0.0389 0.2822 - 0.2831 Madison, WI 0.0327 - 0.0639 0.5133 - 0.5149 Mansfield, OH 0.0045 - 0.0089 0.1138 - 0.1142 McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr, TX 0.0191 - 0.0374 0.0963 - 0.0966 Medford, OR 0.0067 - 0.0131 0.1797 - 0.1803 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 0.0912 - 0.178 0.3142 - 0.3153 Merced, CA 0.0373 - 0.0728 0.6986 - 0.7009 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL 0.4015 - 0.784 0.673 - 0.6752 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI 0.1367 - 0.2669 0.7077 - 0.71 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 0.2411 - 0.4707 0.6002 - 0.6022 Missoula, MT 0.0092 - 0.018 0.355 - 0.3561 Mobile, AL 0.0263 - 0.0513 0.1881 - 0.1887 Modesto, CA 0.023 - 0.045 0.2348 - 0.2356 Monroe, LA 0.0085 - 0.0167 0.221 - 0.2218 Morgantown, WV 0.0167 - 0.0325 0.4875 - 0.4891 Muncie, IN 0.015 - 0.0294 0.4602 - 0.4617 Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI 0.0089 - 0.0174 0.146 - 0.1465 Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC 0.0122 - 0.0237 0.189 - 0.1896 Naples-Marco Island, FL 0.0181 - 0.0354 0.236 - 0.2368 Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN 0.0653 - 0.1275 0.1763 - 0.1769 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA 0.0516 - 0.1008 0.2692 - 0.2701 New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NYNJ-PA 0.9863 - 1.9259 1.3314 - 1.3358 Niles-Benton Harbor, MI 0.0012 - 0.0024 0.0205 - 0.0206 Odessa, TX 0.0119 - 0.0233 0.3446 - 0.3457 Oklahoma City, OK 0.0451 - 0.088 0.1583 - 0.1588 Olympia, WA 0.0219 - 0.0427 0.6439 - 0.646 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA 0.0454 - 0.0887 0.2919 - 0.2928 Orlando, FL 0.128 - 0.2499 0.461 - 0.4625
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From page 219... ...
210 Oshkosh-Neenah, WI 0.006 - 0.0118 0.2066 - 0.2073 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA 0.047 - 0.0918 0.2403 - 0.2411 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL 0.0367 - 0.0716 0.151 - 0.1515 Panama City-Lynn Haven, FL 0.0164 - 0.032 0.3632 - 0.3644 Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL 0.0202 - 0.0395 0.2837 - 0.2846 Peoria, IL 0.0247 - 0.0483 0.302 - 0.303 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 0.3012 - 0.5882 0.6253 - 0.6274 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 0.3648 - 0.7122 0.549 - 0.5508 Pittsburgh, PA 0.1462 - 0.2854 0.7235 - 0.7259 Pocatello, ID 0.0058 - 0.0114 0.2045 - 0.2051 Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce, FL 0.0185 - 0.036 0.0374 - 0.0375 Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA 0.2568 - 0.5015 0.879 - 0.8819 Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY 0.0296 - 0.0577 0.2509 - 0.2517 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA 0.0792 - 0.1546 0.3551 - 0.3562 Pueblo, CO 0.0098 - 0.0191 0.2169 - 0.2176 Punta Gorda, FL 0 - 0 0 - 0 Racine, WI 0.0125 - 0.0243 0.3555 - 0.3566 Rapid City, SD 0.0038 - 0.0073 0.1052 - 0.1056 Reading, PA 0.0096 - 0.0187 0.2292 - 0.2299 Redding, CA 0.0165 - 0.0322 0.2336 - 0.2344 Reno-Sparks, NV 0.0892 - 0.1742 1.0622 - 1.0657 Richmond, VA 0.0036 - 0.007 0.0209 - 0.021 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 0.1758 - 0.3432 0.1782 - 0.1788 Roanoke, VA 0.0388 - 0.0757 0.6183 - 0.6203 Rochester, MN 0.0121 - 0.0235 0.3282 - 0.3293 Rochester, NY 0.0289 - 0.0564 0.3039 - 0.3049 Rockford, IL 0.0188 - 0.0368 0.2232 - 0.224 Rome, GA 0.0102 - 0.02 0.3026 - 0.3036 Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA 0.1798 - 0.351 0.5281 - 0.5298 Saginaw-Saginaw Township North, MI 0.0111 - 0.0218 0.2154 - 0.2161
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From page 220... ...
211 Salem, OR 0.0254 - 0.0495 0.3376 - 0.3387 Salt Lake City, UT 0.1145 - 0.2236 1.0147 - 1.018 San Angelo, TX 0.0104 - 0.0203 0.2044 - 0.2051 San Antonio, TX 0.2459 - 0.4801 0.5917 - 0.5936 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA 0.2668 - 0.5209 0.6152 - 0.6172 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA 0.5441 - 1.0624 1.5252 - 1.5302 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 0.1608 - 0.3141 0.7821 - 0.7846 San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA 0.005 - 0.0097 0.0882 - 0.0885 Sandusky, OH 0 - 0 0 - 0 Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, CA 0.0695 - 0.1357 1.0318 - 1.0352 Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA 0.0576 - 0.1125 1.5831 - 1.5883 Santa Fe, NM 0.0129 - 0.0251 0.3662 - 0.3674 Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA 0.071 - 0.1386 0.7192 - 0.7215 Savannah, GA 0.0313 - 0.0612 0.4654 - 0.4669 Scranton -- Wilkes-Barre, PA 0.0175 - 0.0341 0.2313 - 0.2321 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 0.3707 - 0.7239 1.1067 - 1.1103 Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL 0.0074 - 0.0145 0.1355 - 0.136 Sheboygan, WI 0.0086 - 0.0167 0.3156 - 0.3166 Sherman-Denison, TX 0.0065 - 0.0126 0.1184 - 0.1188 Shreveport-Bossier City, LA 0.0547 - 0.1068 0.3678 - 0.369 Sioux City, IA-NE-SD 0.0107 - 0.0208 0.2177 - 0.2184 Sioux Falls, SD 0.0085 - 0.0166 0.1888 - 0.1894 South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI 0.0292 - 0.0571 0.3392 - 0.3403 Spartanburg, SC 0.0044 - 0.0086 0.0593 - 0.0594 Spokane, WA 0.0582 - 0.1137 0.758 - 0.7605 Springfield, IL 0.0145 - 0.0282 0.3559 - 0.357 Springfield, MO 0.0134 - 0.0263 0.1534 - 0.1539 Springfield, OH 0.0045 - 0.0088 0.1024 - 0.1028 St. Cloud, MN 0.0125 - 0.0244 0.3494 - 0.3506 St.
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212 St. Louis, MO-IL 0.1727 - 0.3372 0.5219 - 0.5236 State College, PA 0.013 - 0.0253 0.5468 - 0.5486 Stockton, CA 0.0485 - 0.0948 0.3783 - 0.3796 Sumter, SC 0.0144 - 0.0281 0.3178 - 0.3188 Syracuse, NY 0.0333 - 0.0651 0.5763 - 0.5782 Tallahassee, FL 0.0221 - 0.0431 0.3202 - 0.3212 Tampa-St.
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From page 222... ...
213 TABLE F 7 Agglomeration elasticies w.r.t. total revenue miles Principal city employment density Population Average wages GDP per capita Average wages GDP per capita Abilene, TX 0.0005 - 0.0021 0.0015 - 0.0025 0.009 - 0.0186 0.0247 - 0.022 Albany, GA 0.0008 - 0.0033 0.0023 - 0.0039 0.011 - 0.0227 0.0301 - 0.0269 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY 0.0023 - 0.0094 0.0064 - 0.0111 0.029 - 0.0598 0.0795 - 0.0709 Albuquerque, NM 0.0028 - 0.0112 0.0077 - 0.0133 0.0203 - 0.042 0.0558 - 0.0497 Alexandria, LA 0.0005 - 0.002 0.0013 - 0.0023 0.0115 - 0.0238 0.0316 - 0.0282 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ 0.0012 - 0.0048 0.0033 - 0.0057 0.0099 - 0.0205 0.0272 - 0.0242 Altoona, PA 0.0002 - 0.0008 0.0006 - 0.001 0.012 - 0.0248 0.033 - 0.0294 Amarillo, TX 0.0007 - 0.0027 0.0018 - 0.0032 0.0091 - 0.0188 0.025 - 0.0223 Ames, IA 0.0008 - 0.0033 0.0023 - 0.0039 0.0431 - 0.0889 0.1181 - 0.1053 Anchorage, AK 0.0018 - 0.0074 0.0051 - 0.0088 0.02 - 0.0412 0.0548 - 0.0488 Anderson, IN 0.0006 - 0.0023 0.0016 - 0.0028 0.0076 - 0.0158 0.0209 - 0.0187 Ann Arbor, MI 0.0011 - 0.0045 0.003 - 0.0053 0.0325 - 0.0672 0.0893 - 0.0795 Appleton, WI 0.0005 - 0.0019 0.0013 - 0.0023 0.0158 - 0.0327 0.0435 - 0.0387 Athens-Clarke County, GA 0.001 - 0.004 0.0027 - 0.0048 0.0138 - 0.0285 0.0379 - 0.0337 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA 0.0183 - 0.0735 0.0502 - 0.087 0.0255 - 0.0526 0.0699 - 0.0623 Auburn-Opelika, AL 0.0001 - 0.0005 0.0003 - 0.0005 0.002 - 0.0042 0.0056 - 0.005 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC 0.0009 - 0.0037 0.0025 - 0.0044 0.0036 - 0.0075 0.0099 - 0.0089 Bakersfield, CA 0.0025 - 0.0099 0.0067 - 0.0117 0.0146 - 0.0302 0.0402 - 0.0358 Bangor, ME 0.0004 - 0.0016 0.0011 - 0.0019 0.0123 - 0.0254 0.0338 - 0.0301 Baton Rouge, LA 0.0015 - 0.006 0.0041 - 0.0071 0.0102 - 0.021 0.0279 - 0.0249 Battle Creek, MI 0.0004 - 0.0017 0.0011 - 0.002 0.0094 - 0.0194 0.0258 - 0.023 Bay City, MI 0.0009 - 0.0037 0.0025 - 0.0044 0.0323 - 0.0667 0.0887 - 0.079 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX 0.001 - 0.0039 0.0026 - 0.0046 0.0082 - 0.0169 0.0225 - 0.02 Bellingham, WA 0.0013 - 0.0054 0.0037 - 0.0064 0.0328 - 0.0677 0.09 - 0.0802 Bend, OR 0.0002 - 0.0007 0.0005 - 0.0008 0.0042 - 0.0087 0.0116 - 0.0104 Billings, MT 0.0005 - 0.002 0.0014 - 0.0024 0.013 - 0.0268 0.0356 - 0.0317
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214 Binghamton, NY 0.0008 - 0.003 0.0021 - 0.0036 0.0254 - 0.0525 0.0698 - 0.0622 Birmingham-Hoover, AL 0.0023 - 0.0092 0.0063 - 0.0108 0.0084 - 0.0174 0.0232 - 0.0206 Bismarck, ND 0.0002 - 0.0008 0.0005 - 0.0009 0.0099 - 0.0204 0.0272 - 0.0242 Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA 0.0008 - 0.0033 0.0022 - 0.0039 0.0152 - 0.0314 0.0418 - 0.0372 Bloomington, IN 0.0006 - 0.0025 0.0017 - 0.003 0.018 - 0.0372 0.0494 - 0.044 Bloomington-Normal, IL 0.0007 - 0.003 0.002 - 0.0035 0.0222 - 0.0459 0.0609 - 0.0543 Boise City-Nampa, ID 0.0009 - 0.0036 0.0025 - 0.0043 0.0078 - 0.0161 0.0214 - 0.0191 Bradenton-Sarasota-Venice, FL 0.002 - 0.0081 0.0055 - 0.0096 0.0182 - 0.0376 0.05 - 0.0445 Bremerton-Silverdale, WA 0.0018 - 0.0074 0.0051 - 0.0088 0.0336 - 0.0694 0.0923 - 0.0822 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX 0.0008 - 0.0031 0.0021 - 0.0037 0.0069 - 0.0143 0.019 - 0.0169 Brunswick, GA 0.0079 - 0.0316 0.0216 - 0.0374 0.3362 - 0.6942 0.9225 - 0.822 Canton-Massillon, OH 0.0023 - 0.0094 0.0064 - 0.0111 0.0209 - 0.0432 0.0574 - 0.0511 Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL 0.0036 - 0.0144 0.0099 - 0.0171 0.0173 - 0.0358 0.0476 - 0.0424 Casper, WY 0.0002 - 0.0009 0.0006 - 0.0011 0.0097 - 0.0201 0.0267 - 0.0238 Cedar Rapids, IA 0.0007 - 0.003 0.0021 - 0.0036 0.0139 - 0.0286 0.0381 - 0.0339 Champaign-Urbana, IL 0.0021 - 0.0083 0.0057 - 0.0099 0.0543 - 0.112 0.1489 - 0.1326 Charleston, WV 0.0012 - 0.005 0.0034 - 0.0059 0.026 - 0.0536 0.0713 - 0.0635 Charleston-North Charleston, SC 0.0024 - 0.0098 0.0067 - 0.0116 0.0143 - 0.0295 0.0392 - 0.0349 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC 0.0204 - 0.0819 0.0559 - 0.097 0.0241 - 0.0497 0.0661 - 0.0589 Chattanooga, TN-GA 0.0019 - 0.0075 0.0051 - 0.0089 0.0129 - 0.0266 0.0353 - 0.0315 Cheyenne, WY 0.0003 - 0.0012 0.0008 - 0.0014 0.0148 - 0.0306 0.0406 - 0.0362 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI 0.0458 - 0.1842 0.1258 - 0.2181 0.0475 - 0.098 0.1302 - 0.116 Chico, CA 0.0009 - 0.0034 0.0023 - 0.0041 0.0156 - 0.0322 0.0428 - 0.0382 Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 0.007 - 0.0282 0.0193 - 0.0334 0.022 - 0.0455 0.0604 - 0.0538 Clarksville, TN-KY 0.0021 - 0.0084 0.0057 - 0.0099 0.0109 - 0.0226 0.03 - 0.0268 Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH 0.0132 - 0.0532 0.0363 - 0.063 0.0438 - 0.0904 0.1201 - 0.107 College Station-Bryan, TX 0.0024 - 0.0096 0.0065 - 0.0113 0.0308 - 0.0636 0.0846 - 0.0754 Columbia, MO 0.0005 - 0.0022 0.0015 - 0.0026 0.0125 - 0.0259 0.0344 - 0.0307 Columbia, SC 0.0009 - 0.0036 0.0024 - 0.0042 0.0073 - 0.015 0.0199 - 0.0178 Columbus, GA-AL 0.0011 - 0.0044 0.003 - 0.0053 0.0109 - 0.0224 0.0298 - 0.0266
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215 Columbus, OH 0.0045 - 0.0182 0.0124 - 0.0216 0.0146 - 0.0301 0.0399 - 0.0356 Corpus Christi, TX 0.0027 - 0.011 0.0075 - 0.013 0.0228 - 0.0471 0.0626 - 0.0558 Cumberland, MD-WV 0.0002 - 0.0009 0.0006 - 0.0011 0.0091 - 0.0188 0.0249 - 0.0222 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 0.0228 - 0.0917 0.0626 - 0.1086 0.0197 - 0.0406 0.054 - 0.0481 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL 0.0027 - 0.011 0.0075 - 0.0131 0.0291 - 0.0602 0.08 - 0.0712 Dayton, OH 0.0039 - 0.0158 0.0108 - 0.0187 0.0232 - 0.0478 0.0635 - 0.0566 Decatur, IL 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL 0.001 - 0.0042 0.0028 - 0.0049 0.0292 - 0.0603 0.0802 - 0.0714 Denver-Aurora, CO 0.0036 - 0.0143 0.0098 - 0.0169 0.0169 - 0.035 0.0465 - 0.0414 Des Moines, IA 0.0205 - 0.0825 0.0564 - 0.0977 0.0623 - 0.1287 0.171 - 0.1524 Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI 0.0013 - 0.0052 0.0035 - 0.0061 0.0142 - 0.0293 0.039 - 0.0347 Dubuque, IA 0.015 - 0.0602 0.0411 - 0.0713 0.0204 - 0.0422 0.056 - 0.0499 Duluth, MN-WI 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 Eau Claire, WI 0.0002 - 0.0009 0.0006 - 0.0011 0.0111 - 0.0228 0.0303 - 0.027 El Centro, CA 0.0017 - 0.0069 0.0047 - 0.0082 0.0218 - 0.045 0.0598 - 0.0533 El Paso, TX 0.0005 - 0.0021 0.0014 - 0.0025 0.0145 - 0.03 0.0399 - 0.0355 Elkhart-Goshen, IN 0.0004 - 0.0017 0.0012 - 0.0021 0.0136 - 0.028 0.0372 - 0.0331 Elmira, NY 0.0045 - 0.0179 0.0122 - 0.0212 0.03 - 0.0619 0.0823 - 0.0733 Erie, PA 0.0003 - 0.0014 0.0009 - 0.0016 0.0073 - 0.0151 0.0201 - 0.0179 Eugene-Springfield, OR 0.0004 - 0.0014 0.001 - 0.0017 0.0282 - 0.0582 0.0773 - 0.0689 Evansville, IN-KY 0.0008 - 0.0031 0.0021 - 0.0037 0.0202 - 0.0416 0.0553 - 0.0493 Fairbanks, AK 0.0023 - 0.0094 0.0064 - 0.0111 0.0325 - 0.0671 0.0892 - 0.0794 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO 0.0007 - 0.0029 0.002 - 0.0035 0.0115 - 0.0238 0.0317 - 0.0282 Flagstaff, AZ 0.0004 - 0.0017 0.0012 - 0.002 0.013 - 0.0268 0.0356 - 0.0317 Flint, MI 0.0006 - 0.0025 0.0017 - 0.003 0.0046 - 0.0095 0.0126 - 0.0113 Florence, SC 0.0006 - 0.0023 0.0016 - 0.0027 0.0172 - 0.0355 0.0472 - 0.042 Fond du Lac, WI 0.0027 - 0.0109 0.0075 - 0.0129 0.0254 - 0.0525 0.0697 - 0.0621 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO 0.0002 - 0.0007 0.0005 - 0.0008 0.0025 - 0.0051 0.0067 - 0.006 Fort Smith, AR-OK 0.0001 - 0.0004 0.0003 - 0.0005 0.0057 - 0.0119 0.0158 - 0.0141 Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, FL 0.0008 - 0.0033 0.0023 - 0.0039 0.0109 - 0.0224 0.0298 - 0.0265
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216 Fort Wayne, IN 0.0002 - 0.0009 0.0006 - 0.0011 0.0033 - 0.0068 0.009 - 0.008 Fresno, CA 0.0003 - 0.0014 0.0009 - 0.0016 0.0084 - 0.0173 0.023 - 0.0205 Gainesville, FL 0.0015 - 0.0062 0.0042 - 0.0073 0.0126 - 0.026 0.0346 - 0.0308 Glens Falls, NY 0.0031 - 0.0123 0.0084 - 0.0146 0.0175 - 0.0362 0.0481 - 0.0429 Grand Forks, ND-MN 0.0029 - 0.0115 0.0078 - 0.0136 0.0373 - 0.077 0.1023 - 0.0912 Grand Junction, CO 0.0001 - 0.0004 0.0003 - 0.0005 0.0081 - 0.0167 0.0221 - 0.0197 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI 0.0003 - 0.0011 0.0008 - 0.0013 0.0131 - 0.027 0.0359 - 0.032 Great Falls, MT 0.0008 - 0.0033 0.0023 - 0.0039 0.0178 - 0.0367 0.0488 - 0.0435 Greeley, CO 0.002 - 0.0082 0.0056 - 0.0097 0.018 - 0.0371 0.0494 - 0.044 Green Bay, WI 0.0004 - 0.0016 0.0011 - 0.0019 0.0183 - 0.0377 0.0501 - 0.0446 Greenville, SC 0.0003 - 0.0012 0.0008 - 0.0014 0.0054 - 0.0111 0.0147 - 0.0131 Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV 0.0011 - 0.0043 0.003 - 0.0051 0.0146 - 0.0301 0.04 - 0.0356 Hanford-Corcoran, CA 0.0004 - 0.0015 0.001 - 0.0017 0.0031 - 0.0064 0.0085 - 0.0076 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA 0.0002 - 0.001 0.0007 - 0.0012 0.0053 - 0.0109 0.0145 - 0.0129 Holland-Grand Haven, MI 0.0009 - 0.0037 0.0025 - 0.0044 0.0175 - 0.0362 0.0481 - 0.0428 Honolulu, HI 0.0004 - 0.0014 0.001 - 0.0017 0.0111 - 0.0228 0.0304 - 0.027 Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX 0.0002 - 0.0009 0.0006 - 0.001 0.0041 - 0.0085 0.0112 - 0.01 Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH 0.0064 - 0.0256 0.0175 - 0.0303 0.0688 - 0.1421 0.1889 - 0.1683 Huntsville, AL 0.0196 - 0.0786 0.0536 - 0.093 0.0241 - 0.0498 0.0662 - 0.059 Indianapolis, IN 0.0005 - 0.0019 0.0013 - 0.0023 0.0093 - 0.0192 0.0256 - 0.0228 Iowa City, IA 0.0008 - 0.0032 0.0022 - 0.0037 0.0052 - 0.0108 0.0144 - 0.0128 Ithaca, NY 0.0049 - 0.0195 0.0133 - 0.0231 0.0134 - 0.0277 0.0368 - 0.0328 Jackson, MI 0.0009 - 0.0035 0.0024 - 0.0042 0.0351 - 0.0725 0.0964 - 0.0859 Jackson, MS 0.0006 - 0.0026 0.0018 - 0.003 0.0547 - 0.1128 0.15 - 0.1336 Jackson, TN 0.0002 - 0.0006 0.0004 - 0.0007 0.0075 - 0.0154 0.0204 - 0.0182 Jacksonville, FL 0.0009 - 0.0037 0.0025 - 0.0044 0.006 - 0.0124 0.0165 - 0.0147 Janesville, WI 0.0005 - 0.0022 0.0015 - 0.0026 0.0167 - 0.0345 0.0458 - 0.0408 Jefferson City, MO 0.0089 - 0.036 0.0246 - 0.0426 0.0256 - 0.0529 0.0703 - 0.0627 Johnson City, TN 0.0012 - 0.0047 0.0032 - 0.0055 0.0263 - 0.0543 0.0721 - 0.0643 Johnstown, PA 0.0003 - 0.001 0.0007 - 0.0012 0.0087 - 0.018 0.0239 - 0.0213
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217 Kalamazoo-Portage, MI 0.0005 - 0.002 0.0014 - 0.0023 0.0072 - 0.0149 0.0199 - 0.0177 Kankakee-Bradley, IL 0.0003 - 0.0014 0.0009 - 0.0016 0.0159 - 0.0329 0.0437 - 0.0389 Kansas City, MO-KS 0.0013 - 0.0054 0.0037 - 0.0064 0.0159 - 0.0328 0.0436 - 0.0388 Kennewick-Richland-Pasco, WA 0.0006 - 0.0022 0.0015 - 0.0026 0.0194 - 0.04 0.0532 - 0.0474 Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, TX 0.0082 - 0.0329 0.0225 - 0.039 0.0161 - 0.0332 0.0441 - 0.0393 Knoxville, TN 0.0035 - 0.014 0.0095 - 0.0165 0.0363 - 0.075 0.0997 - 0.0888 La Crosse, WI-MN 0.0011 - 0.0043 0.0029 - 0.0051 0.0071 - 0.0147 0.0195 - 0.0174 Lafayette, IN 0.0021 - 0.0085 0.0058 - 0.01 0.0131 - 0.0271 0.036 - 0.0321 Lafayette, LA 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 Lakeland, FL 0.0004 - 0.0017 0.0012 - 0.002 0.0193 - 0.0399 0.0531 - 0.0473 Lancaster, PA 0.0009 - 0.0038 0.0026 - 0.0045 0.0262 - 0.0541 0.0719 - 0.0641 Lansing-East Lansing, MI 0.0004 - 0.0017 0.0011 - 0.002 0.0082 - 0.0169 0.0224 - 0.02 Laredo, TX 0.0017 - 0.007 0.0048 - 0.0083 0.0122 - 0.0253 0.0336 - 0.0299 Las Cruces, NM 0.0003 - 0.0014 0.0009 - 0.0016 0.01 - 0.0206 0.0274 - 0.0244 Las Vegas-Paradise, NV 0.0013 - 0.0051 0.0035 - 0.006 0.0235 - 0.0486 0.0645 - 0.0575 Lawrence, KS 0.0014 - 0.0057 0.0039 - 0.0067 0.0237 - 0.0489 0.065 - 0.0579 Lawton, OK 0.0004 - 0.0017 0.0012 - 0.0021 0.0075 - 0.0154 0.0205 - 0.0182 Lebanon, PA 0.0052 - 0.0208 0.0142 - 0.0246 0.03 - 0.0619 0.0823 - 0.0733 Lewiston-Auburn, ME 0.0005 - 0.0018 0.0013 - 0.0022 0.019 - 0.0393 0.0523 - 0.0466 Lexington-Fayette, KY 0.0016 - 0.0066 0.0045 - 0.0078 0.0175 - 0.0361 0.048 - 0.0428 Lincoln, NE 0.0003 - 0.0011 0.0007 - 0.0013 0.0117 - 0.0241 0.032 - 0.0285 Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR 0.0002 - 0.0007 0.0004 - 0.0008 0.0067 - 0.0139 0.0185 - 0.0165 Logan, UT-ID 0.0013 - 0.0052 0.0036 - 0.0062 0.0157 - 0.0324 0.0431 - 0.0384 Longview, WA 0.0011 - 0.0042 0.0029 - 0.005 0.0171 - 0.0352 0.0468 - 0.0417 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA 0.0017 - 0.007 0.0048 - 0.0083 0.0117 - 0.0241 0.032 - 0.0285 Louisville, KY-IN 0.0006 - 0.0024 0.0016 - 0.0028 0.0237 - 0.0489 0.065 - 0.0579 Lubbock, TX 0.0002 - 0.0007 0.0005 - 0.0008 0.0072 - 0.0148 0.0197 - 0.0176 Lynchburg, VA 0.0723 - 0.2906 0.1984 - 0.3441 0.0588 - 0.1213 0.1613 - 0.1437 Macon, GA 0.0069 - 0.0278 0.019 - 0.0329 0.0211 - 0.0436 0.0579 - 0.0516 Madison, WI 0.0013 - 0.005 0.0034 - 0.006 0.0197 - 0.0406 0.054 - 0.0481
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218 Mansfield, OH 0.0012 - 0.0049 0.0034 - 0.0058 0.0151 - 0.0313 0.0416 - 0.037 McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr, TX 0.0011 - 0.0044 0.003 - 0.0053 0.0156 - 0.0323 0.0429 - 0.0382 Medford, OR 0.0018 - 0.0073 0.005 - 0.0086 0.0284 - 0.0587 0.078 - 0.0695 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 0.0003 - 0.001 0.0007 - 0.0012 0.0063 - 0.013 0.0173 - 0.0154 Merced, CA 0.0011 - 0.0043 0.0029 - 0.005 0.0053 - 0.011 0.0146 - 0.013 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL 0.0004 - 0.0015 0.001 - 0.0018 0.01 - 0.0206 0.0273 - 0.0243 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI 0.0051 - 0.0203 0.0139 - 0.024 0.0174 - 0.0359 0.0478 - 0.0426 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 0.0021 - 0.0083 0.0057 - 0.0098 0.0387 - 0.0799 0.1062 - 0.0946 Missoula, MT 0.0222 - 0.0894 0.061 - 0.1058 0.0373 - 0.077 0.1023 - 0.0911 Mobile, AL 0.0076 - 0.0304 0.0208 - 0.036 0.0392 - 0.0809 0.1076 - 0.0959 Modesto, CA 0.0134 - 0.0537 0.0366 - 0.0635 0.0333 - 0.0686 0.0912 - 0.0813 Monroe, LA 0.0005 - 0.002 0.0014 - 0.0024 0.0197 - 0.0406 0.054 - 0.0481 Morgantown, WV 0.0015 - 0.0058 0.004 - 0.0069 0.0104 - 0.0215 0.0286 - 0.0255 Muncie, IN 0.0013 - 0.0051 0.0035 - 0.0061 0.013 - 0.0269 0.0357 - 0.0318 Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI 0.0005 - 0.0019 0.0013 - 0.0023 0.0122 - 0.0253 0.0336 - 0.0299 Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC 0.0009 - 0.0037 0.0025 - 0.0044 0.027 - 0.0558 0.0741 - 0.066 Naples-Marco Island, FL 0.0008 - 0.0033 0.0023 - 0.004 0.0255 - 0.0526 0.0699 - 0.0623 Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN 0.0005 - 0.002 0.0014 - 0.0023 0.0081 - 0.0167 0.0222 - 0.0198 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA 0.0007 - 0.0027 0.0018 - 0.0032 0.0105 - 0.0216 0.0287 - 0.0256 New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA 0.001 - 0.004 0.0028 - 0.0048 0.0131 - 0.027 0.0359 - 0.032 Niles-Benton Harbor, MI 0.0036 - 0.0145 0.0099 - 0.0172 0.0098 - 0.0202 0.0268 - 0.0239 Odessa, TX 0.0029 - 0.0115 0.0078 - 0.0136 0.0149 - 0.0308 0.0409 - 0.0365 Oklahoma City, OK 0.0546 - 0.2196 0.1499 - 0.26 0.0738 - 0.1523 0.2024 - 0.1803 Olympia, WA 0.0001 - 0.0003 0.0002 - 0.0003 0.0011 - 0.0023 0.0031 - 0.0028 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA 0.0007 - 0.0027 0.0018 - 0.0031 0.0191 - 0.0394 0.0524 - 0.0467 Orlando, FL 0.0025 - 0.01 0.0068 - 0.0119 0.0088 - 0.0181 0.0241 - 0.0214 Oshkosh-Neenah, WI 0.0012 - 0.0049 0.0033 - 0.0058 0.0357 - 0.0736 0.0979 - 0.0872 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA 0.0025 - 0.0101 0.0069 - 0.012 0.0162 - 0.0334 0.0444 - 0.0395 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL 0.0071 - 0.0285 0.0194 - 0.0337 0.0255 - 0.0527 0.0701 - 0.0624 Panama City-Lynn Haven, FL 0.0003 - 0.0013 0.0009 - 0.0016 0.0114 - 0.0236 0.0314 - 0.028
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219 Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL 0.0026 - 0.0105 0.0071 - 0.0124 0.0133 - 0.0275 0.0365 - 0.0325 Peoria, IL 0.002 - 0.0082 0.0056 - 0.0097 0.0084 - 0.0173 0.023 - 0.0205 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 0.0009 - 0.0036 0.0025 - 0.0043 0.0201 - 0.0415 0.0552 - 0.0492 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 0.0011 - 0.0045 0.0031 - 0.0053 0.0157 - 0.0324 0.0431 - 0.0384 Pittsburgh, PA 0.0014 - 0.0055 0.0038 - 0.0065 0.0167 - 0.0345 0.0459 - 0.0409 Pocatello, ID 0.0167 - 0.0671 0.0458 - 0.0794 0.0346 - 0.0715 0.0951 - 0.0847 Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce, FL 0.0202 - 0.0812 0.0554 - 0.0962 0.0304 - 0.0628 0.0835 - 0.0744 Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA 0.0081 - 0.0325 0.0222 - 0.0385 0.0401 - 0.0827 0.11 - 0.098 Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY 0.0003 - 0.0013 0.0009 - 0.0015 0.0113 - 0.0234 0.0311 - 0.0277 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA 0.001 - 0.0041 0.0028 - 0.0049 0.0021 - 0.0043 0.0057 - 0.0051 Pueblo, CO 0.0142 - 0.0572 0.039 - 0.0677 0.0487 - 0.1005 0.1336 - 0.1191 Racine, WI 0.0016 - 0.0066 0.0045 - 0.0078 0.0139 - 0.0287 0.0381 - 0.034 Rapid City, SD 0.0044 - 0.0176 0.012 - 0.0209 0.0197 - 0.0406 0.054 - 0.0481 Reading, PA 0.0005 - 0.0022 0.0015 - 0.0026 0.012 - 0.0248 0.033 - 0.0294 Redding, CA 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 Reno-Sparks, NV 0.0007 - 0.0028 0.0019 - 0.0033 0.0197 - 0.0407 0.054 - 0.0481 Richmond, VA 0.0002 - 0.0008 0.0006 - 0.001 0.0058 - 0.012 0.016 - 0.0143 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 0.0005 - 0.0021 0.0015 - 0.0025 0.0127 - 0.0262 0.0348 - 0.031 Roanoke, VA 0.0009 - 0.0037 0.0025 - 0.0043 0.0129 - 0.0267 0.0355 - 0.0316 Rochester, MN 0.0049 - 0.0199 0.0136 - 0.0235 0.0588 - 0.1215 0.1615 - 0.1439 Rochester, NY 0.0002 - 0.0008 0.0005 - 0.001 0.0012 - 0.0024 0.0032 - 0.0028 Rockford, IL 0.0097 - 0.0391 0.0267 - 0.0463 0.0099 - 0.0204 0.0271 - 0.0241 Rome, GA 0.0021 - 0.0086 0.0059 - 0.0102 0.0343 - 0.0707 0.094 - 0.0837 Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA 0.0007 - 0.0027 0.0018 - 0.0032 0.0182 - 0.0375 0.0499 - 0.0445 Saginaw-Saginaw Township North, MI 0.0016 - 0.0064 0.0044 - 0.0076 0.0168 - 0.0348 0.0462 - 0.0412 Salem, OR 0.001 - 0.0042 0.0029 - 0.005 0.0124 - 0.0255 0.0339 - 0.0302 Salt Lake City, UT 0.0006 - 0.0023 0.0016 - 0.0027 0.0168 - 0.0346 0.046 - 0.041 San Angelo, TX 0.01 - 0.04 0.0273 - 0.0474 0.0293 - 0.0604 0.0803 - 0.0715 San Antonio, TX 0.0006 - 0.0025 0.0017 - 0.0029 0.0119 - 0.0246 0.0327 - 0.0292 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA 0.0014 - 0.0056 0.0039 - 0.0067 0.0187 - 0.0386 0.0513 - 0.0457
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220 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA 0.0063 - 0.0255 0.0174 - 0.0302 0.0562 - 0.1161 0.1542 - 0.1374 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 0.0006 - 0.0023 0.0016 - 0.0027 0.0113 - 0.0234 0.0311 - 0.0277 San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA 0.0136 - 0.0547 0.0374 - 0.0648 0.0328 - 0.0677 0.0899 - 0.0801 Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, CA 0.0148 - 0.0594 0.0406 - 0.0703 0.0341 - 0.0704 0.0935 - 0.0833 Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA 0.0301 - 0.1211 0.0827 - 0.1434 0.0845 - 0.1744 0.2318 - 0.2066 Santa Fe, NM 0.0089 - 0.0358 0.0244 - 0.0424 0.0433 - 0.0894 0.1189 - 0.1059 Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA 0.0003 - 0.0011 0.0008 - 0.0013 0.0049 - 0.0101 0.0134 - 0.0119 Savannah, GA 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 Scranton -- Wilkes-Barre, PA 0.0039 - 0.0155 0.0106 - 0.0183 0.0572 - 0.118 0.1568 - 0.1398 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 0.0032 - 0.0128 0.0088 - 0.0152 0.0877 - 0.1811 0.2406 - 0.2144 Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL 0.0007 - 0.0029 0.002 - 0.0034 0.0203 - 0.0419 0.0557 - 0.0496 Sheboygan, WI 0.0039 - 0.0158 0.0108 - 0.0187 0.0398 - 0.0823 0.1093 - 0.0974 Sherman-Denison, TX 0.0017 - 0.007 0.0048 - 0.0083 0.0258 - 0.0532 0.0707 - 0.063 Shreveport-Bossier City, LA 0.001 - 0.0039 0.0027 - 0.0046 0.0128 - 0.0265 0.0352 - 0.0313 Sioux City, IA-NE-SD 0.0205 - 0.0825 0.0563 - 0.0977 0.0613 - 0.1266 0.1682 - 0.1499 Sioux Falls, SD 0.0004 - 0.0016 0.0011 - 0.002 0.0075 - 0.0155 0.0206 - 0.0184 South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI 0.0005 - 0.0019 0.0013 - 0.0023 0.0175 - 0.0361 0.048 - 0.0427 Spartanburg, SC 0.0004 - 0.0014 0.001 - 0.0017 0.0066 - 0.0135 0.018 - 0.016 Spokane, WA 0.003 - 0.0122 0.0083 - 0.0144 0.0204 - 0.0421 0.0559 - 0.0498 Springfield, IL 0.0006 - 0.0024 0.0016 - 0.0028 0.0121 - 0.0249 0.0331 - 0.0295 Springfield, MO 0.0005 - 0.0019 0.0013 - 0.0022 0.0105 - 0.0216 0.0287 - 0.0256 Springfield, OH 0.0016 - 0.0065 0.0044 - 0.0077 0.0188 - 0.0388 0.0516 - 0.0459 St. Cloud, MN 0.0002 - 0.001 0.0007 - 0.0012 0.0033 - 0.0068 0.009 - 0.008 St.
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221 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 0.0007 - 0.0029 0.002 - 0.0034 0.0303 - 0.0625 0.0831 - 0.0741 Terre Haute, IN 0.0027 - 0.0108 0.0074 - 0.0128 0.021 - 0.0433 0.0575 - 0.0512 Toledo, OH 0.0008 - 0.0032 0.0022 - 0.0038 0.0176 - 0.0363 0.0483 - 0.043 Topeka, KS 0.0018 - 0.0074 0.0051 - 0.0088 0.0319 - 0.0659 0.0876 - 0.0781 Tucson, AZ 0.0012 - 0.0049 0.0034 - 0.0058 0.0177 - 0.0366 0.0487 - 0.0434 Tulsa, OK 0.0085 - 0.0342 0.0234 - 0.0406 0.0224 - 0.0462 0.0614 - 0.0547 Tuscaloosa, AL 0.0004 - 0.0018 0.0012 - 0.0021 0.0082 - 0.0168 0.0224 - 0.0199 Utica-Rome, NY 0.0029 - 0.0116 0.0079 - 0.0137 0.018 - 0.0371 0.0494 - 0.044 Victoria, TX 0.0008 - 0.0032 0.0022 - 0.0037 0.0144 - 0.0298 0.0396 - 0.0353 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC 0.0057 - 0.0229 0.0156 - 0.0271 0.0254 - 0.0525 0.0698 - 0.0622 Visalia-Porterville, CA 0.0016 - 0.0066 0.0045 - 0.0079 0.0097 - 0.02 0.0266 - 0.0237 Waco, TX 0.0003 - 0.0011 0.0007 - 0.0013 0.0038 - 0.0079 0.0105 - 0.0094 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 0.0007 - 0.0028 0.0019 - 0.0034 0.0124 - 0.0255 0.0339 - 0.0302 Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA 0.0008 - 0.0032 0.0022 - 0.0037 0.0107 - 0.0221 0.0293 - 0.0261 Wausau, WI 0.0106 - 0.0428 0.0292 - 0.0507 0.0246 - 0.0508 0.0675 - 0.0601 Wenatchee, WA 0.0012 - 0.0049 0.0033 - 0.0058 0.0119 - 0.0246 0.0327 - 0.0292 Wheeling, WV-OH 0.0007 - 0.0028 0.0019 - 0.0033 0.0114 - 0.0235 0.0313 - 0.0279 Wichita, KS 0.0268 - 0.1076 0.0735 - 0.1274 0.0758 - 0.1564 0.2079 - 0.1853 Williamsport, PA 0.0007 - 0.0028 0.0019 - 0.0033 0.0129 - 0.0266 0.0354 - 0.0315 Yakima, WA 0.0003 - 0.0013 0.0009 - 0.0016 0.0148 - 0.0305 0.0405 - 0.0361 York-Hanover, PA 0.0013 - 0.0051 0.0035 - 0.006 0.0532 - 0.1099 0.146 - 0.1301 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA 0.0004 - 0.0017 0.0012 - 0.002 0.0157 - 0.0325 0.0432 - 0.0385 Yuba City, CA 0.0013 - 0.0054 0.0037 - 0.0064 0.009 - 0.0186 0.0247 - 0.022 Yuma, AZ 0.0004 - 0.0016 0.0011 - 0.0019 0.0238 - 0.0492 0.0653 - 0.0582
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From page 231... ...
222 TABLE F 8 Seat capacity (rail and motor bus) elasticities, employment density and population Employment density Population Rail seat capacity per capita Motor bus seat capacity per capita Rail seat capacity per capita Motor bus seat capacity per capita Abilene, TX - 0.1553 - 0.1455 - 0.8586 - 0.4059 Akron, OH - 0.1686 - 0.158 - 0.3947 - 0.1866 Albany, GA - 0.1513 - 0.1418 - 0.6617 - 0.3128 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY - 0.1001 - 0.0938 - 0.4054 - 0.1916 Albuquerque, NM - 0.1291 - 0.121 - 0.307 - 0.1451 Alexandria, LA - 0.0979 - 0.0918 - 0.7535 - 0.3562 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ - 0.064 - 0.0599 - 0.1746 - 0.0825 Altoona, PA - 0.1448 - 0.1357 - 2.6967 - 1.2748 Amarillo, TX - 0.0669 - 0.0626 - 0.2964 - 0.1401 Ames, IA - 0.6619 - 0.6203 - 11.2932 - 5.3385 Anchorage, AK - 0.1682 - 0.1576 - 0.5956 - 0.2816 Anderson, IN - 0.1967 - 0.1844 - 0.8402 - 0.3972 Ann Arbor, MI - 0.13 - 0.1218 - 1.2439 - 0.588 Anniston-Oxford, AL - 0.1218 - 0.1142 - 0.6664 - 0.315 Appleton, WI - 0.082 - 0.0768 - 0.8969 - 0.424 Athens-Clarke County, GA - 0.222 - 0.208 - 1.0024 - 0.4738 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA 0.0788 - 0.2025 0.1067 - 0.1 0.2373 - 0.3265 0.0486 - 0.023 Auburn-Opelika, AL - 0.0941 - 0.0882 - 0.5551 - 0.2624 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC - 0.0749 - 0.0702 - 0.0955 - 0.0452 Austin-Round Rock, TX - 0.1422 - 0.1333 - 0.1901 - 0.0898 Bakersfield, CA - 0.0931 - 0.0873 - 0.1818 - 0.0859 Baltimore-Towson, MD 0.156 - 0.4008 0.1666 - 0.1561 1.3554 - 1.865 0.219 - 0.1035 Bangor, ME - 0.0857 - 0.0804 - 0.8747 - 0.4135 Baton Rouge, LA - 0.0661 - 0.0619 - 0.1463 - 0.0692 Battle Creek, MI - 0.1956 - 0.1833 - 1.4471 - 0.6841
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223 Bay City, MI - 0.353 - 0.3308 - 4.0312 - 1.9056 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX - 0.0913 - 0.0856 - 0.2554 - 0.1207 Bellingham, WA - 0.2543 - 0.2383 - 2.0403 - 0.9645 Bend, OR - 0.0474 - 0.0444 - 0.3915 - 0.1851 Billings, MT - 0.1679 - 0.1573 - 1.4316 - 0.6767 Binghamton, NY - 0.0959 - 0.0898 - 1.0608 - 0.5015 Birmingham-Hoover, AL - 0.0741 - 0.0695 - 0.0897 - 0.0424 Bismarck, ND - 0.116 - 0.1088 - 1.9476 - 0.9207 Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA - 0.852 - 0.7984 - 5.2016 - 2.4589 Bloomington, IN - 0.1473 - 0.1381 - 1.3722 - 0.6487 Bloomington-Normal, IL - 0.1204 - 0.1128 - 1.1738 - 0.5549 Boise City-Nampa, ID - 0.0444 - 0.0416 - 0.1257 - 0.0594 Bradenton-Sarasota-Venice, FL - 0.08 - 0.0749 - 0.2361 - 0.1116 Bremerton-Silverdale, WA - 0.4757 - 0.4458 - 2.84 - 1.3425 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX - 0.0743 - 0.0697 - 0.2148 - 0.1015 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 0.0325 - 0.0836 0.248 - 0.2324 0.3926 - 0.5403 0.4529 - 0.2141 Burlington-South Burlington, VT - 0.1625 - 0.1522 - 1.6621 - 0.7857 Canton-Massillon, OH - 0.1426 - 0.1337 - 0.419 - 0.1981 Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL - 0.1222 - 0.1145 - 0.1927 - 0.0911 Carson City, NV - 0.1028 - 0.0963 - 2.044 - 0.9662 Casper, WY - 0.0885 - 0.0829 - 1.2062 - 0.5702 Cedar Rapids, IA - 0.1599 - 0.1498 - 0.9701 - 0.4586 Champaign-Urbana, IL - 0.3116 - 0.292 - 2.6661 - 1.2603 Charleston, WV - 0.0966 - 0.0906 - 0.6563 - 0.3103 Charleston-North Charleston, SC - 0.1239 - 0.1161 - 0.2363 - 0.1117 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC - 0.4258 - 0.3991 - 0.1644 - 0.0777 Charlottesville, VA - 0.2241 - 0.2101 - 2.7074 - 1.2798 Chattanooga, TN-GA - 0.1489 - 0.1395 - 0.3361 - 0.1589 Cheyenne, WY - 0.1493 - 0.14 - 2.4682 - 1.1667 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI 0.455 - 1.1691 0.1468 - 0.1376 1.018 - 1.4007 0.0497 - 0.0235
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From page 233... ...
224 Chico, CA - 0.1431 - 0.1341 - 0.8571 - 0.4052 Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN - 0.1638 - 0.1535 - 0.168 - 0.0794 Clarksville, TN-KY - 0.1584 - 0.1484 - 0.2717 - 0.1284 Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH 0.0988 - 0.2539 0.205 - 0.1921 0.7066 - 0.9724 0.2218 - 0.1048 College Station-Bryan, TX - 0.1972 - 0.1848 - 0.8356 - 0.395 Colorado Springs, CO - 0.161 - 0.1509 - 0.3725 - 0.1761 Columbia, MO - 0.1689 - 0.1583 - 1.2755 - 0.603 Columbia, SC - 0.046 - 0.0431 - 0.1231 - 0.0582 Columbus, GA-AL - 0.15 - 0.1406 - 0.4833 - 0.2284 Columbus, IN - 0.035 - 0.0328 - 0.5915 - 0.2796 Columbus, OH - 0.1022 - 0.0958 - 0.1074 - 0.0508 Corpus Christi, TX - 0.22 - 0.2061 - 0.5999 - 0.2836 Corvallis, OR - 0.0922 - 0.0864 - 1.8688 - 0.8834 Cumberland, MD-WV - 0.0434 - 0.0407 - 0.5531 - 0.2615 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 0.069 - 0.1773 0.1263 - 0.1184 0.1285 - 0.1769 0.0356 - 0.0168 Danville, IL - 0.189 - 0.1771 - 2.1889 - 1.0347 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL - 0.2487 - 0.2331 - 0.8626 - 0.4078 Dayton, OH - 0.1197 - 0.1122 - 0.2305 - 0.1089 Decatur, IL - 0.259 - 0.2428 - 2.3939 - 1.1316 Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL - 0.1735 - 0.1626 - 0.2698 - 0.1275 Denver-Aurora, CO 0.0529 - 0.1359 0.2797 - 0.2621 0.3469 - 0.4774 0.2775 - 0.1312 Des Moines, IA - 0.1687 - 0.1581 - 0.6063 - 0.2866 Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI - 0.1385 - 0.1298 - 0.0617 - 0.0292 Dubuque, IA - 0.1322 - 0.1239 - 2.0319 - 0.9605 Duluth, MN-WI - 0.3324 - 0.3115 - 1.3776 - 0.6512 Eau Claire, WI - 0.1054 - 0.0988 - 0.9722 - 0.4596 El Centro, CA - 0.1018 - 0.0954 - 1.0374 - 0.4904 El Paso, TX - 0.1897 - 0.1777 - 0.4169 - 0.1971 Elkhart-Goshen, IN - 0.0333 - 0.0312 - 0.2367 - 0.1119
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From page 234... ...
225 Elmira, NY - 0.1153 - 0.108 - 2.9815 - 1.4094 Erie, PA - 0.1243 - 0.1164 - 1.0563 - 0.4993 Eugene-Springfield, OR - 0.3151 - 0.2953 - 1.4329 - 0.6774 Evansville, IN-KY - 0.0646 - 0.0606 - 0.3334 - 0.1576 Fairbanks, AK - 0.1113 - 0.1043 - 1.0975 - 0.5188 Fargo, ND-MN - 0.0838 - 0.0785 - 0.8737 - 0.413 Farmington, NM - 0.0211 - 0.0198 - 0.2228 - 0.1053 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO - 0.1096 - 0.1027 - 0.2647 - 0.1251 Flagstaff, AZ - 0.0755 - 0.0707 - 0.7385 - 0.3491 Flint, MI - 0.3632 - 0.3404 - 1.11 - 0.5247 Florence, SC - 0.0379 - 0.0355 - 0.1797 - 0.085 Fond du Lac, WI - 0.0511 - 0.0479 - 0.947 - 0.4477 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO - 0.12 - 0.1124 - 0.5127 - 0.2424 Fort Smith, AR-OK - 0.0384 - 0.036 - 0.1804 - 0.0853 Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, FL - 0.0422 - 0.0396 - 0.336 - 0.1588 Fort Wayne, IN - 0.0921 - 0.0863 - 0.2458 - 0.1162 Fresno, CA - 0.1285 - 0.1204 - 0.2405 - 0.1137 Gadsden, AL - 0.0982 - 0.092 - 0.575 - 0.2718 Gainesville, FL - 0.5868 - 0.5499 - 2.5027 - 1.1831 Gainesville, GA - 0.016 - 0.015 - 0.1032 - 0.0488 Glens Falls, NY - 0.0406 - 0.038 - 0.9912 - 0.4685 Grand Forks, ND-MN - 0.0744 - 0.0697 - 1.1392 - 0.5385 Grand Junction, CO - 0.1255 - 0.1176 - 0.8844 - 0.4181 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI - 0.095 - 0.0891 - 0.2729 - 0.129 Great Falls, MT - 0.2434 - 0.2281 - 3.6834 - 1.7412 Greeley, CO - 0.04 - 0.0374 - 0.2357 - 0.1114 Green Bay, WI - 0.1314 - 0.1231 - 0.5811 - 0.2747 Greenville, SC - 0.0187 - 0.0175 - 0.0526 - 0.0249 Gulfport-Biloxi, MS - 0.0894 - 0.0838 - 0.3319 - 0.1569 Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV - 0.0464 - 0.0435 - 0.3271 - 0.1546
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From page 235... ...
226 Hanford-Corcoran, CA - 0.1668 - 0.1563 - 1.0389 - 0.4911 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA - 0.0345 - 0.0323 - 0.3552 - 0.1679 Hattiesburg, MS - 0.0288 - 0.027 - 0.2632 - 0.1244 Holland-Grand Haven, MI - 0.0442 - 0.0414 - 0.2761 - 0.1305 Honolulu, HI - 0.307 - 0.2877 - 1.0856 - 0.5132 Hot Springs, AR - 0.0942 - 0.0883 - 0.7476 - 0.3534 Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX 0.0061 - 0.0158 0.1624 - 0.1522 0.0164 - 0.0226 0.0655 - 0.031 Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH - 0.086 - 0.0806 - 0.5423 - 0.2564 Huntsville, AL - 0.0517 - 0.0484 - 0.1122 - 0.053 Idaho Falls, ID - 0.0471 - 0.0441 - 0.6067 - 0.2868 Indianapolis, IN - 0.0813 - 0.0762 - 0.0735 - 0.0348 Iowa City, IA - 0.3347 - 0.3136 - 4.3898 - 2.0751 Ithaca, NY - 0.307 - 0.2877 - 8.5656 - 4.0491 Jackson, MI - 0.031 - 0.0291 - 0.4956 - 0.2343 Jackson, MS - 0.0597 - 0.0559 - 0.1284 - 0.0607 Jackson, TN - 0.1176 - 0.1102 - 1.1873 - 0.5612 Jacksonville, FL - 0.1764 - 0.1654 - 0.1652 - 0.0781 Janesville, WI - 0.2109 - 0.1977 - 1.5549 - 0.735 Jefferson City, MO - 0.0852 - 0.0798 - 0.9618 - 0.4546 Johnson City, TN - 0.0969 - 0.0908 - 0.4645 - 0.2196 Johnstown, PA - 0.1474 - 0.1382 - 2.2618 - 1.0692 Jonesboro, AR - 0.0383 - 0.0359 - 0.2207 - 0.1043 Kalamazoo-Portage, MI - 0.1277 - 0.1196 - 0.4962 - 0.2346 Kankakee-Bradley, IL - 0.1169 - 0.1095 - 1.33 - 0.6287 Kansas City, MO-KS - 0.1556 - 0.1458 - 0.0998 - 0.0472 Kennewick-Richland-Pasco, WA - 0.504 - 0.4723 - 1.722 - 0.814 Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, TX - 0.0632 - 0.0592 - 0.1378 - 0.0651 Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA - 0.0741 - 0.0694 - 0.1999 - 0.0945 Kingston, NY - 0.1985 - 0.186 - 1.8862 - 0.8917 Knoxville, TN - 0.1132 - 0.106 - 0.2301 - 0.1088
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From page 236... ...
227 La Crosse, WI-MN - 0.1233 - 0.1155 - 1.8203 - 0.8605 Lafayette, IN - 0.2725 - 0.2554 - 2.4936 - 1.1788 Lafayette, LA - 0.0718 - 0.0673 - 0.4612 - 0.218 Lake Charles, LA - 0.0404 - 0.0379 - 0.2542 - 0.1202 Lakeland, FL - 0.0963 - 0.0902 - 0.2213 - 0.1046 Lancaster, PA - 0.0211 - 0.0197 - 0.2039 - 0.0964 Lansing-East Lansing, MI - 0.1114 - 0.1044 - 0.6811 - 0.322 Laredo, TX - 0.2343 - 0.2196 - 1.2823 - 0.6062 Las Cruces, NM - 0.0912 - 0.0854 - 0.5154 - 0.2436 Las Vegas-Paradise, NV - 0.1115 - 0.1045 - 0.2114 - 0.0999 Lawrence, KS - 0.0974 - 0.0912 - 1.3249 - 0.6263 Lawton, OK - 0.2481 - 0.2325 - 0.8668 - 0.4098 Lebanon, PA - 0.0539 - 0.0505 - 0.7819 - 0.3696 Lewiston, ID-WA - 0.0233 - 0.0218 - 0.3882 - 0.1835 Lewiston-Auburn, ME - 0.0695 - 0.0651 - 0.9388 - 0.4438 Lexington-Fayette, KY - 0.0805 - 0.0754 - 0.3173 - 0.15 Lima, OH - 0.0629 - 0.0589 - 0.7823 - 0.3698 Lincoln, NE - 0.1663 - 0.1559 - 0.8822 - 0.4171 Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR 0.0122 - 0.0312 0.0755 - 0.0707 0.1762 - 0.2425 0.1656 - 0.0783 Logan, UT-ID - 0.2893 - 0.2711 - 3.7573 - 1.7762 Longview, TX - 0.0316 - 0.0296 - 0.1571 - 0.0743 Longview, WA - 0.0673 - 0.0631 - 0.887 - 0.4193 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA 0.0475 - 0.1221 0.1817 - 0.1702 0.0835 - 0.1149 0.0483 - 0.0228 Louisville, KY-IN - 0.2404 - 0.2253 - 0.2397 - 0.1133 Lubbock, TX - 0.2401 - 0.225 - 1.2313 - 0.5821 Lynchburg, VA - 0.7731 - 0.7245 - 3.131 - 1.4801 Macon, GA - 0.1015 - 0.0951 - 0.4699 - 0.2221 Madera, CA - 0.066 - 0.0619 - 0.3819 - 0.1805 Madison, WI - 0.1942 - 0.182 - 0.996 - 0.4708 Mansfield, OH - 0.0888 - 0.0832 - 0.7283 - 0.3443
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From page 237... ...
228 McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr, TX - 0.0292 - 0.0273 - 0.048 - 0.0227 Medford, OR - 0.0919 - 0.0862 - 0.805 - 0.3806 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 0.0194 - 0.0499 0.1091 - 0.1023 0.1447 - 0.1991 0.1229 - 0.0581 Merced, CA - 0.1656 - 0.1552 - 1.015 - 0.4798 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL 0.0461 - 0.1183 0.1373 - 0.1286 0.1668 - 0.2295 0.0752 - 0.0356 Michigan City-La Porte, IN - 0.0571 - 0.0535 - 0.5332 - 0.2521 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI - 0.1952 - 0.1829 - 0.3303 - 0.1561 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MNWI 0.0115 - 0.0296 0.2493 - 0.2337 0.062 - 0.0853 0.2029 - 0.0959 Missoula, MT - 0.1612 - 0.1511 - 2.0338 - 0.9614 Mobile, AL - 0.1039 - 0.0974 - 0.2432 - 0.115 Modesto, CA - 0.0966 - 0.0905 - 0.3216 - 0.152 Monroe, LA - 0.0948 - 0.0888 - 0.8022 - 0.3792 Montgomery, AL - 0.0759 - 0.0711 - 0.2186 - 0.1033 Morgantown, WV - 0.1946 - 0.1824 - 1.8616 - 0.88 Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA - 0.2449 - 0.2295 - 2.0128 - 0.9515 Muncie, IN - 0.2968 - 0.2782 - 2.9694 - 1.4037 Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI - 0.1536 - 0.144 - 0.8246 - 0.3898 Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC - 0.0537 - 0.0504 - 0.2731 - 0.1291 Napa, CA - 0.1745 - 0.1635 - 1.9348 - 0.9146 Naples-Marco Island, FL - 0.0405 - 0.0379 - 0.1724 - 0.0815 Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN 0.0274 - 0.0705 0.101 - 0.0947 0.16 - 0.2201 0.0892 - 0.0422 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA 0.045 - 0.1155 0.146 - 0.1368 0.5066 - 0.6971 0.2489 - 0.1177 New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA 0.2092 - 0.5374 0.1173 - 0.1099 0.61 - 0.8394 0.0518 - 0.0245 Niles-Benton Harbor, MI - 0.0126 - 0.0118 - 0.0695 - 0.0329 Ocala, FL - 0.0478 - 0.0448 - 0.1606 - 0.0759 Odessa, TX - 0.105 - 0.0984 - 0.9908 - 0.4683 Oklahoma City, OK - 0.0779 - 0.073 - 0.0894 - 0.0423 Olympia, WA - 0.1787 - 0.1675 - 1.7208 - 0.8134
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From page 238... ...
229 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA - 0.1485 - 0.1391 - 0.312 - 0.1475 Orlando, FL - 0.0904 - 0.0847 - 0.1065 - 0.0503 Oshkosh-Neenah, WI - 0.0845 - 0.0792 - 0.9454 - 0.4469 Owensboro, KY - 0.0487 - 0.0456 - 0.5738 - 0.2712 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA - 0.1399 - 0.1311 - 0.2337 - 0.1105 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL - 0.0835 - 0.0782 - 0.1124 - 0.0531 Panama City-Lynn Haven, FL - 0.0639 - 0.0599 - 0.4632 - 0.219 Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH - 0.0488 - 0.0457 - 0.3849 - 0.1819 Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL - 0.0562 - 0.0526 - 0.2578 - 0.1218 Peoria, IL - 0.1223 - 0.1146 - 0.4884 - 0.2309 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJDE-MD 0.1862 - 0.4784 0.1046 - 0.098 0.8351 - 1.1492 0.071 - 0.0336 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ - 0.1291 - 0.121 - 0.0635 - 0.03 Pine Bluff, AR - 0.1184 - 0.111 - 0.7382 - 0.349 Pittsburgh, PA 0.0268 - 0.0687 0.1622 - 0.152 0.2861 - 0.3937 0.2624 - 0.1241 Pocatello, ID - 0.1474 - 0.1381 - 1.6864 - 0.7972 Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce, FL - 0.0966 - 0.0905 - 0.064 - 0.0303 Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, ME 0.0277 - 0.0711 0.0448 - 0.042 0.8057 - 1.1087 0.1977 - 0.0934 Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA 0.0762 - 0.1957 0.2047 - 0.1918 0.5633 - 0.775 0.229 - 0.1083 Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY - 0.0999 - 0.0937 - 0.2772 - 0.131 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RIMA - 0.1475 - 0.1382 - 0.2162 - 0.1022 Pueblo, CO - 0.1198 - 0.1122 - 0.8703 - 0.4114 Racine, WI - 0.1216 - 0.114 - 1.1347 - 0.5364 Rapid City, SD - 0.0677 - 0.0635 - 0.6198 - 0.293 Reading, PA - 0.0591 - 0.0554 - 0.4629 - 0.2188 Redding, CA - 0.1588 - 0.1488 - 0.7351 - 0.3475 Reno-Sparks, NV - 0.1796 - 0.1683 - 0.699 - 0.3304 Richmond, VA - 0.1058 - 0.0991 - 0.2004 - 0.0947 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA - 0.1083 - 0.1014 - 0.0359 - 0.017
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From page 239... ...
230 Roanoke, VA - 0.2035 - 0.1908 - 1.061 - 0.5016 Rochester, NY - 0.1129 - 0.1058 - 0.3884 - 0.1836 Rockford, IL - 0.0911 - 0.0853 - 0.3528 - 0.1668 Rome, GA - 0.6693 - 0.6273 - 6.4738 - 3.0603 Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA 0.0634 - 0.163 0.1541 - 0.1444 0.4026 - 0.5539 0.148 - 0.07 Saginaw-Saginaw Township North, MI - 0.179 - 0.1677 - 1.131 - 0.5347 Salem, OR - 0.1491 - 0.1397 - 0.6486 - 0.3066 Salinas, CA - 0.1252 - 0.1173 - 0.732 - 0.346 Salisbury, MD - 0.0939 - 0.088 - 1.2731 - 0.6018 Salt Lake City, UT 0.0544 - 0.1398 0.2051 - 0.1922 1.0417 - 1.4334 0.5939 - 0.2808 San Angelo, TX - 0.0519 - 0.0486 - 0.3336 - 0.1577 San Antonio, TX - 0.1951 - 0.1829 - 0.1535 - 0.0726 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA 0.102 - 0.262 0.1549 - 0.1451 0.5081 - 0.6992 0.1167 - 0.0552 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA 0.2327 - 0.5979 0.2064 - 0.1934 1.4095 - 1.9395 0.1891 - 0.0894 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 0.0751 - 0.1929 0.1679 - 0.1574 0.7889 - 1.0856 0.2669 - 0.1262 San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA - 0.1363 - 0.1277 - 0.7881 - 0.3725 Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, CA - 0.2508 - 0.235 - 1.2168 - 0.5752 Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA - 0.2591 - 0.2428 - 2.3277 - 1.1003 Santa Fe, NM - 0.1513 - 0.1418 - 1.4074 - 0.6653 Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA - 0.1754 - 0.1644 - 0.5809 - 0.2746 Savannah, GA - 0.127 - 0.119 - 0.6167 - 0.2915 Scranton -- Wilkes-Barre, PA - 0.0837 - 0.0784 - 0.3617 - 0.171 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 0.0284 - 0.0729 0.3109 - 0.2914 0.183 - 0.2519 0.3034 - 0.1434 Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL - 0.0834 - 0.0782 - 0.4992 - 0.236 Sheboygan, WI - 0.1686 - 0.158 - 2.028 - 0.9587 Sherman-Denison, TX - 0.0515 - 0.0483 - 0.3077 - 0.1455 Shreveport-Bossier City, LA - 0.2068 - 0.1938 - 0.4546 - 0.2149 Sioux City, IA-NE-SD - 0.1939 - 0.1817 - 1.294 - 0.6117 Sioux Falls, SD - 0.0801 - 0.0751 - 0.5816 - 0.2749 South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI - 0.1714 - 0.1606 - 0.6502 - 0.3074
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231 Spartanburg, SC - 0.0427 - 0.04 - 0.1866 - 0.0882 Spokane, WA - 0.2592 - 0.2429 - 1.1026 - 0.5212 Springfield, IL - 0.1928 - 0.1806 - 1.5502 - 0.7328 Springfield, MO - 0.0358 - 0.0336 - 0.1336 - 0.0632 Springfield, OH - 0.1039 - 0.0973 - 0.7733 - 0.3656 St. Cloud, MN - 0.1325 - 0.1242 - 1.2121 - 0.573 St.
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From page 241... ...
232 MD-WV Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA - 0.1185 - 0.1111 - 0.7297 - 0.345 Wausau, WI - 0.1753 - 0.1643 - 2.5249 - 1.1936 Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH - 0.095 - 0.089 - 0.5576 - 0.2636 Wenatchee, WA - 0.2886 - 0.2704 - 3.9503 - 1.8674 Wheeling, WV-OH - 0.0803 - 0.0753 - 0.9688 - 0.458 Wichita Falls, TX - 0.1105 - 0.1035 - 0.5854 - 0.2767 Wichita, KS - 0.0846 - 0.0793 - 0.1853 - 0.0876 Williamsport, PA - 0.147 - 0.1378 - 2.8329 - 1.3391 Winchester, VA-WV - 0.1196 - 0.1121 - 2.5682 - 1.214 Yakima, WA - 0.1149 - 0.1077 - 0.6077 - 0.2873 York-Hanover, PA - 0.0238 - 0.0223 - 0.2174 - 0.1028 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA - 0.1067 - 0.1 - 0.2001 - 0.0946 Yuba City, CA - 0.2579 - 0.2417 - 1.5439 - 0.7298 Yuma, AZ - 0.0698 - 0.0654 - 0.3658 - 0.1729
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From page 242... ...
233 TABLE F 9 Productivity elasticities (based on employment density) rail and motor bus seat capacity per capita Rail seat capacity per capita Motor bus seat capacity per capita Average payroll GDP per capita Average payroll GDP per capita Abilene, TX - - 0.0086 - 0.0166 0.0236 - 0.0196 Akron, OH - - 0.0093 - 0.018 0.0256 - 0.0213 Albany, GA - - 0.0084 - 0.0162 0.023 - 0.0191 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY - - 0.0055 - 0.0107 0.0152 - 0.0127 Albuquerque, NM - - 0.0072 - 0.0138 0.0196 - 0.0163 Alexandria, LA - - 0.0054 - 0.0105 0.0149 - 0.0124 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ - - 0.0035 - 0.0068 0.0097 - 0.0081 Altoona, PA - - 0.008 - 0.0155 0.022 - 0.0183 Amarillo, TX - - 0.0037 - 0.0071 0.0102 - 0.0085 Ames, IA - - 0.0367 - 0.0707 0.1006 - 0.0837 Anchorage, AK - - 0.0093 - 0.018 0.0256 - 0.0213 Anderson, IN - - 0.0109 - 0.021 0.0299 - 0.0249 Ann Arbor, MI - - 0.0072 - 0.0139 0.0198 - 0.0164 Anniston-Oxford, AL - - 0.0068 - 0.013 0.0185 - 0.0154 Appleton, WI - - 0.0045 - 0.0088 0.0125 - 0.0104 Athens-Clarke County, GA - - 0.0123 - 0.0237 0.0337 - 0.0281 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA 0.0044 - 0.0231 0.012 - 0.0273 0.0059 - 0.0114 0.0162 - 0.0135 Auburn-Opelika, AL - - 0.0052 - 0.0101 0.0143 - 0.0119 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC - - 0.0042 - 0.008 0.0114 - 0.0095 Austin-Round Rock, TX - - 0.0079 - 0.0152 0.0216 - 0.018 Bakersfield, CA - - 0.0052 - 0.0099 0.0142 - 0.0118 Baltimore-Towson, MD 0.0086 - 0.0457 0.0237 - 0.0541 0.0092 - 0.0178 0.0253 - 0.0211 Bangor, ME - - 0.0048 - 0.0092 0.013 - 0.0108 Baton Rouge, LA - - 0.0037 - 0.0071 0.01 - 0.0084 Battle Creek, MI - - 0.0108 - 0.0209 0.0297 - 0.0247 Bay City, MI - - 0.0196 - 0.0377 0.0537 - 0.0447
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234 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX - - 0.0051 - 0.0098 0.0139 - 0.0116 Bellingham, WA - - 0.0141 - 0.0272 0.0386 - 0.0322 Bend, OR - - 0.0026 - 0.0051 0.0072 - 0.006 Billings, MT - - 0.0093 - 0.0179 0.0255 - 0.0212 Binghamton, NY - - 0.0053 - 0.0102 0.0146 - 0.0121 Birmingham-Hoover, AL - - 0.0041 - 0.0079 0.0113 - 0.0094 Bismarck, ND - - 0.0064 - 0.0124 0.0176 - 0.0147 Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA - - 0.0472 - 0.091 0.1295 - 0.1078 Bloomington, IN - - 0.0082 - 0.0157 0.0224 - 0.0186 Bloomington-Normal, IL - - 0.0067 - 0.0129 0.0183 - 0.0152 Boise City-Nampa, ID - - 0.0025 - 0.0047 0.0068 - 0.0056 Bradenton-Sarasota-Venice, FL - - 0.0044 - 0.0085 0.0122 - 0.0101 Bremerton-Silverdale, WA - - 0.0264 - 0.0508 0.0723 - 0.0602 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX - - 0.0041 - 0.0079 0.0113 - 0.0094 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 0.0018 - 0.0095 0.0049 - 0.0113 0.0137 - 0.0265 0.0377 - 0.0314 Burlington-South Burlington, VT - - 0.009 - 0.0174 0.0247 - 0.0206 Canton-Massillon, OH - - 0.0079 - 0.0152 0.0217 - 0.018 Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL - - 0.0068 - 0.0131 0.0186 - 0.0155 Carson City, NV - - 0.0057 - 0.011 0.0156 - 0.013 Casper, WY - - 0.0049 - 0.0095 0.0134 - 0.0112 Cedar Rapids, IA - - 0.0089 - 0.0171 0.0243 - 0.0202 Champaign-Urbana, IL - - 0.0173 - 0.0333 0.0474 - 0.0394 Charleston, WV - - 0.0054 - 0.0103 0.0147 - 0.0122 Charleston-North Charleston, SC - - 0.0069 - 0.0132 0.0188 - 0.0157 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC - - 0.0236 - 0.0455 0.0647 - 0.0539 Charlottesville, VA - - 0.0124 - 0.0239 0.0341 - 0.0284 Chattanooga, TN-GA - - 0.0082 - 0.0159 0.0226 - 0.0188 Cheyenne, WY - - 0.0083 - 0.016 0.0227 - 0.0189 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI 0.0252 - 0.1333 0.0692 - 0.1578 0.0081 - 0.0157 0.0223 - 0.0186 Chico, CA - - 0.0079 - 0.0153 0.0218 - 0.0181
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235 Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN - - 0.0091 - 0.0175 0.0249 - 0.0207 Clarksville, TN-KY - - 0.0088 - 0.0169 0.0241 - 0.02 Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH 0.0055 - 0.0289 0.015 - 0.0343 0.0114 - 0.0219 0.0312 - 0.0259 College Station-Bryan, TX - - 0.0109 - 0.0211 0.03 - 0.0249 Colorado Springs, CO - - 0.0089 - 0.0172 0.0245 - 0.0204 Columbia, MO - - 0.0094 - 0.018 0.0257 - 0.0214 Columbia, SC - - 0.0026 - 0.0049 0.007 - 0.0058 Columbus, GA-AL - - 0.0083 - 0.016 0.0228 - 0.019 Columbus, IN - - 0.0019 - 0.0037 0.0053 - 0.0044 Columbus, OH - - 0.0057 - 0.0109 0.0155 - 0.0129 Corpus Christi, TX - - 0.0122 - 0.0235 0.0334 - 0.0278 Corvallis, OR - - 0.0051 - 0.0098 0.014 - 0.0117 Cumberland, MD-WV - - 0.0024 - 0.0046 0.0066 - 0.0055 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 0.0038 - 0.0202 0.0105 - 0.0239 0.007 - 0.0135 0.0192 - 0.016 Danville, IL - - 0.0105 - 0.0202 0.0287 - 0.0239 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL - - 0.0138 - 0.0266 0.0378 - 0.0315 Dayton, OH - - 0.0066 - 0.0128 0.0182 - 0.0151 Decatur, IL - - 0.0144 - 0.0277 0.0394 - 0.0328 Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL - - 0.0096 - 0.0185 0.0264 - 0.0219 Denver-Aurora, CO 0.0029 - 0.0155 0.008 - 0.0183 0.0155 - 0.0299 0.0425 - 0.0354 Des Moines, IA - - 0.0093 - 0.018 0.0256 - 0.0213 Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI - - 0.0077 - 0.0148 0.021 - 0.0175 Dubuque, IA - - 0.0073 - 0.0141 0.0201 - 0.0167 Duluth, MN-WI - - 0.0184 - 0.0355 0.0505 - 0.0421 Eau Claire, WI - - 0.0058 - 0.0113 0.016 - 0.0133 El Centro, CA - - 0.0056 - 0.0109 0.0155 - 0.0129 El Paso, TX - - 0.0105 - 0.0203 0.0288 - 0.024 Elkhart-Goshen, IN - - 0.0018 - 0.0036 0.0051 - 0.0042 Elmira, NY - - 0.0064 - 0.0123 0.0175 - 0.0146
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From page 245... ...
236 Erie, PA - - 0.0069 - 0.0133 0.0189 - 0.0157 Eugene-Springfield, OR - - 0.0175 - 0.0337 0.0479 - 0.0399 Evansville, IN-KY - - 0.0036 - 0.0069 0.0098 - 0.0082 Fairbanks, AK - - 0.0062 - 0.0119 0.0169 - 0.0141 Fargo, ND-MN - - 0.0046 - 0.0089 0.0127 - 0.0106 Farmington, NM - - 0.0012 - 0.0023 0.0032 - 0.0027 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO - - 0.0061 - 0.0117 0.0167 - 0.0139 Flagstaff, AZ - - 0.0042 - 0.0081 0.0115 - 0.0095 Flint, MI - - 0.0201 - 0.0388 0.0552 - 0.046 Florence, SC - - 0.0021 - 0.004 0.0058 - 0.0048 Fond du Lac, WI - - 0.0028 - 0.0055 0.0078 - 0.0065 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO - - 0.0066 - 0.0128 0.0182 - 0.0152 Fort Smith, AR-OK - - 0.0021 - 0.0041 0.0058 - 0.0049 Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, FL - - 0.0023 - 0.0045 0.0064 - 0.0053 Fort Wayne, IN - - 0.0051 - 0.0098 0.014 - 0.0117 Fresno, CA - - 0.0071 - 0.0137 0.0195 - 0.0163 Gadsden, AL - - 0.0054 - 0.0105 0.0149 - 0.0124 Gainesville, FL - - 0.0325 - 0.0627 0.0892 - 0.0742 Gainesville, GA - - 0.0009 - 0.0017 0.0024 - 0.002 Glens Falls, NY - - 0.0022 - 0.0043 0.0062 - 0.0051 Grand Forks, ND-MN - - 0.0041 - 0.0079 0.0113 - 0.0094 Grand Junction, CO - - 0.007 - 0.0134 0.0191 - 0.0159 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI - - 0.0053 - 0.0102 0.0144 - 0.012 Great Falls, MT - - 0.0135 - 0.026 0.037 - 0.0308 Greeley, CO - - 0.0022 - 0.0043 0.0061 - 0.0051 Green Bay, WI - - 0.0073 - 0.014 0.02 - 0.0166 Greenville, SC - - 0.001 - 0.002 0.0028 - 0.0024 Gulfport-Biloxi, MS - - 0.005 - 0.0095 0.0136 - 0.0113 Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV - - 0.0026 - 0.005 0.0071 - 0.0059 Hanford-Corcoran, CA - - 0.0092 - 0.0178 0.0254 - 0.0211
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237 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA - - 0.0019 - 0.0037 0.0052 - 0.0044 Hattiesburg, MS - - 0.0016 - 0.0031 0.0044 - 0.0036 Holland-Grand Haven, MI - - 0.0024 - 0.0047 0.0067 - 0.0056 Honolulu, HI - - 0.017 - 0.0328 0.0467 - 0.0388 Hot Springs, AR - - 0.0052 - 0.0101 0.0143 - 0.0119 Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX 0.0003 - 0.0018 0.0009 - 0.0021 0.009 - 0.0173 0.0247 - 0.0205 Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH - - 0.0048 - 0.0092 0.0131 - 0.0109 Huntsville, AL - - 0.0029 - 0.0055 0.0079 - 0.0065 Idaho Falls, ID - - 0.0026 - 0.005 0.0072 - 0.006 Indianapolis, IN - - 0.0045 - 0.0087 0.0124 - 0.0103 Iowa City, IA - - 0.0185 - 0.0358 0.0509 - 0.0423 Ithaca, NY - - 0.017 - 0.0328 0.0467 - 0.0388 Jackson, MI - - 0.0017 - 0.0033 0.0047 - 0.0039 Jackson, MS - - 0.0033 - 0.0064 0.0091 - 0.0075 Jackson, TN - - 0.0065 - 0.0126 0.0179 - 0.0149 Jacksonville, FL - - 0.0098 - 0.0189 0.0268 - 0.0223 Janesville, WI - - 0.0117 - 0.0225 0.0321 - 0.0267 Jefferson City, MO - - 0.0047 - 0.0091 0.013 - 0.0108 Johnson City, TN - - 0.0054 - 0.0104 0.0147 - 0.0123 Johnstown, PA - - 0.0082 - 0.0158 0.0224 - 0.0187 Jonesboro, AR - - 0.0021 - 0.0041 0.0058 - 0.0048 Kalamazoo-Portage, MI - - 0.0071 - 0.0136 0.0194 - 0.0161 Kankakee-Bradley, IL - - 0.0065 - 0.0125 0.0178 - 0.0148 Kansas City, MO-KS - - 0.0086 - 0.0166 0.0236 - 0.0197 Kennewick-Richland-Pasco, WA - - 0.0279 - 0.0538 0.0766 - 0.0638 Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, TX - - 0.0035 - 0.0068 0.0096 - 0.008 Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA - - 0.0041 - 0.0079 0.0113 - 0.0094 Kingston, NY - - 0.011 - 0.0212 0.0302 - 0.0251 Knoxville, TN - - 0.0063 - 0.0121 0.0172 - 0.0143 La Crosse, WI-MN - - 0.0068 - 0.0132 0.0187 - 0.0156
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238 Lafayette, IN - - 0.0151 - 0.0291 0.0414 - 0.0345 Lafayette, LA - - 0.004 - 0.0077 0.0109 - 0.0091 Lake Charles, LA - - 0.0022 - 0.0043 0.0061 - 0.0051 Lakeland, FL - - 0.0053 - 0.0103 0.0146 - 0.0122 Lancaster, PA - - 0.0012 - 0.0023 0.0032 - 0.0027 Lansing-East Lansing, MI - - 0.0062 - 0.0119 0.0169 - 0.0141 Laredo, TX - - 0.013 - 0.025 0.0356 - 0.0296 Las Cruces, NM - - 0.0051 - 0.0097 0.0139 - 0.0115 Las Vegas-Paradise, NV - - 0.0062 - 0.0119 0.017 - 0.0141 Lawrence, KS - - 0.0054 - 0.0104 0.0148 - 0.0123 Lawton, OK - - 0.0137 - 0.0265 0.0377 - 0.0314 Lebanon, PA - - 0.003 - 0.0058 0.0082 - 0.0068 Lewiston, ID-WA - - 0.0013 - 0.0025 0.0035 - 0.0029 Lewiston-Auburn, ME - - 0.0038 - 0.0074 0.0106 - 0.0088 Lexington-Fayette, KY - - 0.0045 - 0.0086 0.0122 - 0.0102 Lima, OH - - 0.0035 - 0.0067 0.0096 - 0.008 Lincoln, NE - - 0.0092 - 0.0178 0.0253 - 0.021 Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR 0.0007 - 0.0036 0.0018 - 0.0042 0.0042 - 0.0081 0.0115 - 0.0096 Logan, UT-ID - - 0.016 - 0.0309 0.044 - 0.0366 Longview, TX - - 0.0018 - 0.0034 0.0048 - 0.004 Longview, WA - - 0.0037 - 0.0072 0.0102 - 0.0085 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA 0.0026 - 0.0139 0.0072 - 0.0165 0.0101 - 0.0194 0.0276 - 0.023 Louisville, KY-IN - - 0.0133 - 0.0257 0.0365 - 0.0304 Lubbock, TX - - 0.0133 - 0.0256 0.0365 - 0.0304 Lynchburg, VA - - 0.0428 - 0.0826 0.1175 - 0.0978 Macon, GA - - 0.0056 - 0.0108 0.0154 - 0.0128 Madera, CA - - 0.0037 - 0.0071 0.01 - 0.0084 Madison, WI - - 0.0108 - 0.0208 0.0295 - 0.0246 Mansfield, OH - - 0.0049 - 0.0095 0.0135 - 0.0112 McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr, TX - - 0.0016 - 0.0031 0.0044 - 0.0037
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239 Medford, OR - - 0.0051 - 0.0098 0.014 - 0.0116 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 0.0011 - 0.0057 0.003 - 0.0067 0.006 - 0.0117 0.0166 - 0.0138 Merced, CA - - 0.0092 - 0.0177 0.0252 - 0.0209 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL 0.0026 - 0.0135 0.007 - 0.016 0.0076 - 0.0147 0.0209 - 0.0174 Michigan City-La Porte, IN - - 0.0032 - 0.0061 0.0087 - 0.0072 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI - - 0.0108 - 0.0209 0.0297 - 0.0247 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MNWI 0.0006 - 0.0034 0.0018 - 0.004 0.0138 - 0.0266 0.0379 - 0.0315 Missoula, MT - - 0.0089 - 0.0172 0.0245 - 0.0204 Mobile, AL - - 0.0058 - 0.0111 0.0158 - 0.0131 Modesto, CA - - 0.0054 - 0.0103 0.0147 - 0.0122 Monroe, LA - - 0.0053 - 0.0101 0.0144 - 0.012 Montgomery, AL - - 0.0042 - 0.0081 0.0115 - 0.0096 Morgantown, WV - - 0.0108 - 0.0208 0.0296 - 0.0246 Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA - - 0.0136 - 0.0262 0.0372 - 0.031 Muncie, IN - - 0.0164 - 0.0317 0.0451 - 0.0376 Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI - - 0.0085 - 0.0164 0.0234 - 0.0194 Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC - - 0.003 - 0.0057 0.0082 - 0.0068 Napa, CA - - 0.0097 - 0.0186 0.0265 - 0.0221 Naples-Marco Island, FL - - 0.0022 - 0.0043 0.0062 - 0.0051 Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN 0.0015 - 0.008 0.0042 - 0.0095 0.0056 - 0.0108 0.0154 - 0.0128 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA 0.0025 - 0.0132 0.0068 - 0.0156 0.0081 - 0.0156 0.0222 - 0.0185 New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA 0.0116 - 0.0613 0.0318 - 0.0725 0.0065 - 0.0125 0.0178 - 0.0148 Niles-Benton Harbor, MI - - 0.0007 - 0.0013 0.0019 - 0.0016 Ocala, FL - - 0.0026 - 0.0051 0.0073 - 0.006 Odessa, TX - - 0.0058 - 0.0112 0.016 - 0.0133 Oklahoma City, OK - - 0.0043 - 0.0083 0.0118 - 0.0098 Olympia, WA - - 0.0099 - 0.0191 0.0272 - 0.0226 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA - - 0.0082 - 0.0159 0.0226 - 0.0188
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240 Orlando, FL - - 0.005 - 0.0097 0.0137 - 0.0114 Oshkosh-Neenah, WI - - 0.0047 - 0.009 0.0128 - 0.0107 Owensboro, KY - - 0.0027 - 0.0052 0.0074 - 0.0062 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA - - 0.0078 - 0.0149 0.0213 - 0.0177 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL - - 0.0046 - 0.0089 0.0127 - 0.0106 Panama City-Lynn Haven, FL - - 0.0035 - 0.0068 0.0097 - 0.0081 Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH - - 0.0027 - 0.0052 0.0074 - 0.0062 Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL - - 0.0031 - 0.006 0.0085 - 0.0071 Peoria, IL - - 0.0068 - 0.0131 0.0186 - 0.0155 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJDE-MD 0.0103 - 0.0545 0.0283 - 0.0646 0.0058 - 0.0112 0.0159 - 0.0132 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ - - 0.0072 - 0.0138 0.0196 - 0.0163 Pine Bluff, AR - - 0.0066 - 0.0127 0.018 - 0.015 Pittsburgh, PA 0.0015 - 0.0078 0.0041 - 0.0093 0.009 - 0.0173 0.0247 - 0.0205 Pocatello, ID - - 0.0082 - 0.0157 0.0224 - 0.0186 Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce, FL - - 0.0054 - 0.0103 0.0147 - 0.0122 Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, ME 0.0015 - 0.0081 0.0042 - 0.0096 0.0025 - 0.0048 0.0068 - 0.0057 Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA 0.0042 - 0.0223 0.0116 - 0.0264 0.0113 - 0.0219 0.0311 - 0.0259 Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY - - 0.0055 - 0.0107 0.0152 - 0.0126 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RIMA - - 0.0082 - 0.0158 0.0224 - 0.0187 Pueblo, CO - - 0.0066 - 0.0128 0.0182 - 0.0152 Racine, WI - - 0.0067 - 0.013 0.0185 - 0.0154 Rapid City, SD - - 0.0038 - 0.0072 0.0103 - 0.0086 Reading, PA - - 0.0033 - 0.0063 0.009 - 0.0075 Redding, CA - - 0.0088 - 0.017 0.0241 - 0.0201 Reno-Sparks, NV - - 0.0099 - 0.0192 0.0273 - 0.0227 Richmond, VA - - 0.0059 - 0.0113 0.0161 - 0.0134 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA - - 0.006 - 0.0116 0.0165 - 0.0137 Roanoke, VA - - 0.0113 - 0.0217 0.0309 - 0.0258
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From page 250... ...
241 Rochester, NY - - 0.0063 - 0.0121 0.0172 - 0.0143 Rockford, IL - - 0.005 - 0.0097 0.0138 - 0.0115 Rome, GA - - 0.0371 - 0.0715 0.1017 - 0.0847 Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA 0.0035 - 0.0186 0.0096 - 0.022 0.0085 - 0.0165 0.0234 - 0.0195 Saginaw-Saginaw Township North, MI - - 0.0099 - 0.0191 0.0272 - 0.0226 Salem, OR - - 0.0083 - 0.0159 0.0227 - 0.0189 Salinas, CA - - 0.0069 - 0.0134 0.019 - 0.0158 Salisbury, MD - - 0.0052 - 0.01 0.0143 - 0.0119 Salt Lake City, UT 0.003 - 0.0159 0.0083 - 0.0189 0.0114 - 0.0219 0.0312 - 0.0259 San Angelo, TX - - 0.0029 - 0.0055 0.0079 - 0.0066 San Antonio, TX - - 0.0108 - 0.0208 0.0297 - 0.0247 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA 0.0057 - 0.0299 0.0155 - 0.0354 0.0086 - 0.0165 0.0235 - 0.0196 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA 0.0129 - 0.0682 0.0354 - 0.0807 0.0114 - 0.022 0.0314 - 0.0261 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 0.0042 - 0.022 0.0114 - 0.026 0.0093 - 0.0179 0.0255 - 0.0212 San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA - - 0.0075 - 0.0146 0.0207 - 0.0172 Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, CA - - 0.0139 - 0.0268 0.0381 - 0.0317 Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA - - 0.0144 - 0.0277 0.0394 - 0.0328 Santa Fe, NM - - 0.0084 - 0.0162 0.023 - 0.0191 Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA - - 0.0097 - 0.0187 0.0267 - 0.0222 Savannah, GA - - 0.007 - 0.0136 0.0193 - 0.0161 Scranton -- Wilkes-Barre, PA - - 0.0046 - 0.0089 0.0127 - 0.0106 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 0.0016 - 0.0083 0.0043 - 0.0098 0.0172 - 0.0332 0.0473 - 0.0393 Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL - - 0.0046 - 0.0089 0.0127 - 0.0106 Sheboygan, WI - - 0.0093 - 0.018 0.0256 - 0.0213 Sherman-Denison, TX - - 0.0029 - 0.0055 0.0078 - 0.0065 Shreveport-Bossier City, LA - - 0.0115 - 0.0221 0.0314 - 0.0262 Sioux City, IA-NE-SD - - 0.0107 - 0.0207 0.0295 - 0.0245 Sioux Falls, SD - - 0.0044 - 0.0086 0.0122 - 0.0101 South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI - - 0.0095 - 0.0183 0.026 - 0.0217 Spartanburg, SC - - 0.0024 - 0.0046 0.0065 - 0.0054
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From page 251... ...
242 Spokane, WA - - 0.0144 - 0.0277 0.0394 - 0.0328 Springfield, IL - - 0.0107 - 0.0206 0.0293 - 0.0244 Springfield, MO - - 0.002 - 0.0038 0.0054 - 0.0045 Springfield, OH - - 0.0058 - 0.0111 0.0158 - 0.0131 St. Cloud, MN - - 0.0073 - 0.0142 0.0201 - 0.0168 St.
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From page 252... ...
243 Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA - - 0.0066 - 0.0127 0.018 - 0.015 Wausau, WI - - 0.0097 - 0.0187 0.0266 - 0.0222 Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH - - 0.0053 - 0.0101 0.0144 - 0.012 Wenatchee, WA - - 0.016 - 0.0308 0.0439 - 0.0365 Wheeling, WV-OH - - 0.0045 - 0.0086 0.0122 - 0.0102 Wichita Falls, TX - - 0.0061 - 0.0118 0.0168 - 0.014 Wichita, KS - - 0.0047 - 0.009 0.0129 - 0.0107 Williamsport, PA - - 0.0081 - 0.0157 0.0223 - 0.0186 Winchester, VA-WV - - 0.0066 - 0.0128 0.0182 - 0.0151 Yakima, WA - - 0.0064 - 0.0123 0.0175 - 0.0145 York-Hanover, PA - - 0.0013 - 0.0025 0.0036 - 0.003 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA - - 0.0059 - 0.0114 0.0162 - 0.0135 Yuba City, CA - - 0.0143 - 0.0275 0.0392 - 0.0326 Yuma, AZ - - 0.0039 - 0.0075 0.0106 - 0.0088
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From page 253... ...
244 TABLE F 10 Productivity elasticities (based on population) rail and motor bus seat capacity per capita Rail seat capacity per capita Motor bus seat capacity per capita Average payroll GDP per capita Average payroll GDP per capita Abilene, TX - - 0.0476 - 0.0463 0.1305 - 0.0548 Akron, OH - - 0.0219 - 0.0213 0.06 - 0.0252 Albany, GA - - 0.0367 - 0.0357 0.1006 - 0.0422 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY - - 0.0225 - 0.0218 0.0616 - 0.0259 Albuquerque, NM - - 0.017 - 0.0165 0.0467 - 0.0196 Alexandria, LA - - 0.0417 - 0.0406 0.1145 - 0.0481 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ - - 0.0097 - 0.0094 0.0265 - 0.0111 Altoona, PA - - 0.1494 - 0.1453 0.4099 - 0.1721 Amarillo, TX - - 0.0164 - 0.016 0.0451 - 0.0189 Ames, IA - - 0.6256 - 0.6086 1.7166 - 0.7207 Anchorage, AK - - 0.033 - 0.0321 0.0905 - 0.038 Anderson, IN - - 0.0465 - 0.0453 0.1277 - 0.0536 Ann Arbor, MI - - 0.0689 - 0.067 0.1891 - 0.0794 Anniston-Oxford, AL - - 0.0369 - 0.0359 0.1013 - 0.0425 Appleton, WI - - 0.0497 - 0.0483 0.1363 - 0.0572 Athens-Clarke County, GA - - 0.0555 - 0.054 0.1524 - 0.064 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA 0.0131 - 0.0372 0.0361 - 0.0441 0.0027 - 0.0026 0.0074 - 0.0031 Auburn-Opelika, AL - - 0.0308 - 0.0299 0.0844 - 0.0354 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC - - 0.0053 - 0.0051 0.0145 - 0.0061 Austin-Round Rock, TX - - 0.0105 - 0.0102 0.0289 - 0.0121 Bakersfield, CA - - 0.0101 - 0.0098 0.0276 - 0.0116 Baltimore-Towson, MD 0.0751 - 0.2126 0.206 - 0.2518 0.0121 - 0.0118 0.0333 - 0.014 Bangor, ME - - 0.0485 - 0.0471 0.133 - 0.0558 Baton Rouge, LA - - 0.0081 - 0.0079 0.0222 - 0.0093 Battle Creek, MI - - 0.0802 - 0.078 0.22 - 0.0923 Bay City, MI - - 0.2233 - 0.2172 0.6127 - 0.2573
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From page 254... ...
245 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX - - 0.0142 - 0.0138 0.0388 - 0.0163 Bellingham, WA - - 0.113 - 0.11 0.3101 - 0.1302 Bend, OR - - 0.0476 - 0.0463 0.1305 - 0.0548 Billings, MT - - 0.0219 - 0.0213 0.06 - 0.0252 Binghamton, NY - - 0.0367 - 0.0357 0.1006 - 0.0422 Birmingham-Hoover, AL - - 0.0225 - 0.0218 0.0616 - 0.0259 Bismarck, ND - - 0.017 - 0.0165 0.0467 - 0.0196 Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA - - 0.0417 - 0.0406 0.1145 - 0.0481 Bloomington, IN - - 0.0097 - 0.0094 0.0265 - 0.0111 Bloomington-Normal, IL - - 0.1494 - 0.1453 0.4099 - 0.1721 Boise City-Nampa, ID - - 0.0164 - 0.016 0.0451 - 0.0189 Bradenton-Sarasota-Venice, FL - - 0.6256 - 0.6086 1.7166 - 0.7207 Bremerton-Silverdale, WA - - 0.033 - 0.0321 0.0905 - 0.038 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX - - 0.0465 - 0.0453 0.1277 - 0.0536 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY - - 0.0689 - 0.067 0.1891 - 0.0794 Burlington-South Burlington, VT - - 0.0369 - 0.0359 0.1013 - 0.0425 Canton-Massillon, OH - - 0.0497 - 0.0483 0.1363 - 0.0572 Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL - - 0.0555 - 0.054 0.1524 - 0.064 Carson City, NV 0.0131 - 0.0372 0.0361 - 0.0441 0.0027 - 0.0026 0.0074 - 0.0031 Casper, WY - - 0.0308 - 0.0299 0.0844 - 0.0354 Cedar Rapids, IA - - 0.0053 - 0.0051 0.0145 - 0.0061 Champaign-Urbana, IL - - 0.0105 - 0.0102 0.0289 - 0.0121 Charleston, WV - - 0.0101 - 0.0098 0.0276 - 0.0116 Charleston-North Charleston, SC 0.0751 - 0.2126 0.206 - 0.2518 0.0121 - 0.0118 0.0333 - 0.014 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC - - 0.0485 - 0.0471 0.133 - 0.0558 Charlottesville, VA - - 0.0081 - 0.0079 0.0222 - 0.0093 Chattanooga, TN-GA - - 0.0802 - 0.078 0.22 - 0.0923 Cheyenne, WY - - 0.2233 - 0.2172 0.6127 - 0.2573 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI - - 0.0142 - 0.0138 0.0388 - 0.0163 Chico, CA - - 0.113 - 0.11 0.3101 - 0.1302
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From page 255... ...
246 Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN - - 0.0476 - 0.0463 0.1305 - 0.0548 Clarksville, TN-KY - - 0.0219 - 0.0213 0.06 - 0.0252 Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH - - 0.0367 - 0.0357 0.1006 - 0.0422 College Station-Bryan, TX - - 0.0225 - 0.0218 0.0616 - 0.0259 Colorado Springs, CO - - 0.017 - 0.0165 0.0467 - 0.0196 Columbia, MO - - 0.0417 - 0.0406 0.1145 - 0.0481 Columbia, SC - - 0.0097 - 0.0094 0.0265 - 0.0111 Columbus, GA-AL - - 0.1494 - 0.1453 0.4099 - 0.1721 Columbus, IN - - 0.0164 - 0.016 0.0451 - 0.0189 Columbus, OH - - 0.6256 - 0.6086 1.7166 - 0.7207 Corpus Christi, TX - - 0.033 - 0.0321 0.0905 - 0.038 Corvallis, OR - - 0.0465 - 0.0453 0.1277 - 0.0536 Cumberland, MD-WV - - 0.0689 - 0.067 0.1891 - 0.0794 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX - - 0.0369 - 0.0359 0.1013 - 0.0425 Danville, IL - - 0.0497 - 0.0483 0.1363 - 0.0572 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL - - 0.0555 - 0.054 0.1524 - 0.064 Dayton, OH 0.0131 - 0.0372 0.0361 - 0.0441 0.0027 - 0.0026 0.0074 - 0.0031 Decatur, IL - - 0.0308 - 0.0299 0.0844 - 0.0354 Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL - - 0.0053 - 0.0051 0.0145 - 0.0061 Denver-Aurora, CO - - 0.0105 - 0.0102 0.0289 - 0.0121 Des Moines, IA - - 0.0101 - 0.0098 0.0276 - 0.0116 Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI 0.0751 - 0.2126 0.206 - 0.2518 0.0121 - 0.0118 0.0333 - 0.014 Dubuque, IA - - 0.0485 - 0.0471 0.133 - 0.0558 Duluth, MN-WI - - 0.0081 - 0.0079 0.0222 - 0.0093 Eau Claire, WI - - 0.0802 - 0.078 0.22 - 0.0923 El Centro, CA - - 0.2233 - 0.2172 0.6127 - 0.2573 El Paso, TX - - 0.0142 - 0.0138 0.0388 - 0.0163 Elkhart-Goshen, IN - - 0.113 - 0.11 0.3101 - 0.1302 Elmira, NY - - 0.0476 - 0.0463 0.1305 - 0.0548
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From page 256... ...
247 Erie, PA - - 0.0219 - 0.0213 0.06 - 0.0252 Eugene-Springfield, OR - - 0.0367 - 0.0357 0.1006 - 0.0422 Evansville, IN-KY - - 0.0225 - 0.0218 0.0616 - 0.0259 Fairbanks, AK - - 0.017 - 0.0165 0.0467 - 0.0196 Fargo, ND-MN - - 0.0417 - 0.0406 0.1145 - 0.0481 Farmington, NM - - 0.0097 - 0.0094 0.0265 - 0.0111 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO - - 0.1494 - 0.1453 0.4099 - 0.1721 Flagstaff, AZ - - 0.0164 - 0.016 0.0451 - 0.0189 Flint, MI - - 0.6256 - 0.6086 1.7166 - 0.7207 Florence, SC - - 0.033 - 0.0321 0.0905 - 0.038 Fond du Lac, WI - - 0.0465 - 0.0453 0.1277 - 0.0536 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO - - 0.0689 - 0.067 0.1891 - 0.0794 Fort Smith, AR-OK - - 0.0369 - 0.0359 0.1013 - 0.0425 Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, FL - - 0.0497 - 0.0483 0.1363 - 0.0572 Fort Wayne, IN - - 0.0555 - 0.054 0.1524 - 0.064 Fresno, CA 0.0131 - 0.0372 0.0361 - 0.0441 0.0027 - 0.0026 0.0074 - 0.0031 Gadsden, AL - - 0.0308 - 0.0299 0.0844 - 0.0354 Gainesville, FL - - 0.0053 - 0.0051 0.0145 - 0.0061 Gainesville, GA - - 0.0105 - 0.0102 0.0289 - 0.0121 Glens Falls, NY - - 0.0101 - 0.0098 0.0276 - 0.0116 Grand Forks, ND-MN 0.0751 - 0.2126 0.206 - 0.2518 0.0121 - 0.0118 0.0333 - 0.014 Grand Junction, CO - - 0.0485 - 0.0471 0.133 - 0.0558 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI - - 0.0081 - 0.0079 0.0222 - 0.0093 Great Falls, MT - - 0.0802 - 0.078 0.22 - 0.0923 Greeley, CO - - 0.2233 - 0.2172 0.6127 - 0.2573 Green Bay, WI - - 0.0142 - 0.0138 0.0388 - 0.0163 Greenville, SC - - 0.113 - 0.11 0.3101 - 0.1302 Gulfport-Biloxi, MS - - 0.0476 - 0.0463 0.1305 - 0.0548 Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV - - 0.0219 - 0.0213 0.06 - 0.0252 Hanford-Corcoran, CA - - 0.0367 - 0.0357 0.1006 - 0.0422
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From page 257... ...
248 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA - - 0.0225 - 0.0218 0.0616 - 0.0259 Hattiesburg, MS - - 0.017 - 0.0165 0.0467 - 0.0196 Holland-Grand Haven, MI - - 0.0417 - 0.0406 0.1145 - 0.0481 Honolulu, HI - - 0.0097 - 0.0094 0.0265 - 0.0111 Hot Springs, AR - - 0.1494 - 0.1453 0.4099 - 0.1721 Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX - - 0.0164 - 0.016 0.0451 - 0.0189 Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH - - 0.6256 - 0.6086 1.7166 - 0.7207 Huntsville, AL - - 0.033 - 0.0321 0.0905 - 0.038 Idaho Falls, ID - - 0.0465 - 0.0453 0.1277 - 0.0536 Indianapolis, IN - - 0.0689 - 0.067 0.1891 - 0.0794 Iowa City, IA - - 0.0369 - 0.0359 0.1013 - 0.0425 Ithaca, NY - - 0.0497 - 0.0483 0.1363 - 0.0572 Jackson, MI - - 0.0555 - 0.054 0.1524 - 0.064 Jackson, MS 0.0131 - 0.0372 0.0361 - 0.0441 0.0027 - 0.0026 0.0074 - 0.0031 Jackson, TN - - 0.0308 - 0.0299 0.0844 - 0.0354 Jacksonville, FL - - 0.0053 - 0.0051 0.0145 - 0.0061 Janesville, WI - - 0.0105 - 0.0102 0.0289 - 0.0121 Jefferson City, MO - - 0.0101 - 0.0098 0.0276 - 0.0116 Johnson City, TN 0.0751 - 0.2126 0.206 - 0.2518 0.0121 - 0.0118 0.0333 - 0.014 Johnstown, PA - - 0.0485 - 0.0471 0.133 - 0.0558 Jonesboro, AR - - 0.0081 - 0.0079 0.0222 - 0.0093 Kalamazoo-Portage, MI - - 0.0802 - 0.078 0.22 - 0.0923 Kankakee-Bradley, IL - - 0.2233 - 0.2172 0.6127 - 0.2573 Kansas City, MO-KS - - 0.0142 - 0.0138 0.0388 - 0.0163 Kennewick-Richland-Pasco, WA - - 0.113 - 0.11 0.3101 - 0.1302 Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, TX - - 0.0476 - 0.0463 0.1305 - 0.0548 Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA - - 0.0219 - 0.0213 0.06 - 0.0252 Kingston, NY - - 0.0367 - 0.0357 0.1006 - 0.0422 Knoxville, TN - - 0.0225 - 0.0218 0.0616 - 0.0259 La Crosse, WI-MN - - 0.017 - 0.0165 0.0467 - 0.0196
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From page 258... ...
249 Lafayette, IN - - 0.0417 - 0.0406 0.1145 - 0.0481 Lafayette, LA - - 0.0097 - 0.0094 0.0265 - 0.0111 Lake Charles, LA - - 0.1494 - 0.1453 0.4099 - 0.1721 Lakeland, FL - - 0.0164 - 0.016 0.0451 - 0.0189 Lancaster, PA - - 0.6256 - 0.6086 1.7166 - 0.7207 Lansing-East Lansing, MI - - 0.033 - 0.0321 0.0905 - 0.038 Laredo, TX - - 0.0465 - 0.0453 0.1277 - 0.0536 Las Cruces, NM - - 0.0689 - 0.067 0.1891 - 0.0794 Las Vegas-Paradise, NV - - 0.0369 - 0.0359 0.1013 - 0.0425 Lawrence, KS - - 0.0497 - 0.0483 0.1363 - 0.0572 Lawton, OK - - 0.0555 - 0.054 0.1524 - 0.064 Lebanon, PA 0.0131 - 0.0372 0.0361 - 0.0441 0.0027 - 0.0026 0.0074 - 0.0031 Lewiston, ID-WA - - 0.0308 - 0.0299 0.0844 - 0.0354 Lewiston-Auburn, ME - - 0.0053 - 0.0051 0.0145 - 0.0061 Lexington-Fayette, KY - - 0.0105 - 0.0102 0.0289 - 0.0121 Lima, OH - - 0.0101 - 0.0098 0.0276 - 0.0116 Lincoln, NE 0.0751 - 0.2126 0.206 - 0.2518 0.0121 - 0.0118 0.0333 - 0.014 Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR - - 0.0485 - 0.0471 0.133 - 0.0558 Logan, UT-ID - - 0.0081 - 0.0079 0.0222 - 0.0093 Longview, TX - - 0.0802 - 0.078 0.22 - 0.0923 Longview, WA - - 0.2233 - 0.2172 0.6127 - 0.2573 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA - - 0.0142 - 0.0138 0.0388 - 0.0163 Louisville, KY-IN - - 0.113 - 0.11 0.3101 - 0.1302 Lubbock, TX - - 0.0476 - 0.0463 0.1305 - 0.0548 Lynchburg, VA - - 0.0219 - 0.0213 0.06 - 0.0252 Macon, GA - - 0.0367 - 0.0357 0.1006 - 0.0422 Madera, CA - - 0.0225 - 0.0218 0.0616 - 0.0259 Madison, WI - - 0.017 - 0.0165 0.0467 - 0.0196 Mansfield, OH - - 0.0417 - 0.0406 0.1145 - 0.0481 McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr, TX - - 0.0097 - 0.0094 0.0265 - 0.0111
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From page 259... ...
250 Medford, OR - - 0.1494 - 0.1453 0.4099 - 0.1721 Memphis, TN-MS-AR - - 0.0164 - 0.016 0.0451 - 0.0189 Merced, CA - - 0.6256 - 0.6086 1.7166 - 0.7207 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL - - 0.033 - 0.0321 0.0905 - 0.038 Michigan City-La Porte, IN - - 0.0465 - 0.0453 0.1277 - 0.0536 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI - - 0.0689 - 0.067 0.1891 - 0.0794 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MNWI - - 0.0369 - 0.0359 0.1013 - 0.0425 Missoula, MT - - 0.0497 - 0.0483 0.1363 - 0.0572 Mobile, AL - - 0.0555 - 0.054 0.1524 - 0.064 Modesto, CA 0.0131 - 0.0372 0.0361 - 0.0441 0.0027 - 0.0026 0.0074 - 0.0031 Monroe, LA - - 0.0308 - 0.0299 0.0844 - 0.0354 Montgomery, AL - - 0.0053 - 0.0051 0.0145 - 0.0061 Morgantown, WV - - 0.0105 - 0.0102 0.0289 - 0.0121 Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA - - 0.0101 - 0.0098 0.0276 - 0.0116 Muncie, IN 0.0751 - 0.2126 0.206 - 0.2518 0.0121 - 0.0118 0.0333 - 0.014 Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI - - 0.0485 - 0.0471 0.133 - 0.0558 Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC - - 0.0081 - 0.0079 0.0222 - 0.0093 Napa, CA - - 0.0802 - 0.078 0.22 - 0.0923 Naples-Marco Island, FL - - 0.2233 - 0.2172 0.6127 - 0.2573 Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro, TN - - 0.0142 - 0.0138 0.0388 - 0.0163 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA - - 0.113 - 0.11 0.3101 - 0.1302 New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA - - 0.0476 - 0.0463 0.1305 - 0.0548 Niles-Benton Harbor, MI - - 0.0219 - 0.0213 0.06 - 0.0252 Ocala, FL - - 0.0367 - 0.0357 0.1006 - 0.0422 Odessa, TX - - 0.0225 - 0.0218 0.0616 - 0.0259 Oklahoma City, OK - - 0.017 - 0.0165 0.0467 - 0.0196 Olympia, WA - - 0.0417 - 0.0406 0.1145 - 0.0481 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA - - 0.0097 - 0.0094 0.0265 - 0.0111
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From page 260... ...
251 Orlando, FL - - 0.1494 - 0.1453 0.4099 - 0.1721 Oshkosh-Neenah, WI - - 0.0164 - 0.016 0.0451 - 0.0189 Owensboro, KY - - 0.6256 - 0.6086 1.7166 - 0.7207 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA - - 0.033 - 0.0321 0.0905 - 0.038 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL - - 0.0465 - 0.0453 0.1277 - 0.0536 Panama City-Lynn Haven, FL - - 0.0689 - 0.067 0.1891 - 0.0794 Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH - - 0.0369 - 0.0359 0.1013 - 0.0425 Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL - - 0.0497 - 0.0483 0.1363 - 0.0572 Peoria, IL - - 0.0555 - 0.054 0.1524 - 0.064 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJDE-MD 0.0131 - 0.0372 0.0361 - 0.0441 0.0027 - 0.0026 0.0074 - 0.0031 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ - - 0.0308 - 0.0299 0.0844 - 0.0354 Pine Bluff, AR - - 0.0053 - 0.0051 0.0145 - 0.0061 Pittsburgh, PA - - 0.0105 - 0.0102 0.0289 - 0.0121 Pocatello, ID - - 0.0101 - 0.0098 0.0276 - 0.0116 Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce, FL 0.0751 - 0.2126 0.206 - 0.2518 0.0121 - 0.0118 0.0333 - 0.014 Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, ME - - 0.0485 - 0.0471 0.133 - 0.0558 Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA - - 0.0081 - 0.0079 0.0222 - 0.0093 Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY - - 0.0802 - 0.078 0.22 - 0.0923 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RIMA - - 0.2233 - 0.2172 0.6127 - 0.2573 Pueblo, CO - - 0.0142 - 0.0138 0.0388 - 0.0163 Racine, WI - - 0.113 - 0.11 0.3101 - 0.1302 Rapid City, SD - - 0.0476 - 0.0463 0.1305 - 0.0548 Reading, PA - - 0.0219 - 0.0213 0.06 - 0.0252 Redding, CA - - 0.0367 - 0.0357 0.1006 - 0.0422 Reno-Sparks, NV - - 0.0225 - 0.0218 0.0616 - 0.0259 Richmond, VA - - 0.017 - 0.0165 0.0467 - 0.0196 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA - - 0.0417 - 0.0406 0.1145 - 0.0481 Roanoke, VA - - 0.0097 - 0.0094 0.0265 - 0.0111
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252 Rochester, NY - - 0.1494 - 0.1453 0.4099 - 0.1721 Rockford, IL - - 0.0164 - 0.016 0.0451 - 0.0189 Rome, GA - - 0.6256 - 0.6086 1.7166 - 0.7207 Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Roseville, CA - - 0.033 - 0.0321 0.0905 - 0.038 Saginaw-Saginaw Township North, MI - - 0.0465 - 0.0453 0.1277 - 0.0536 Salem, OR - - 0.0689 - 0.067 0.1891 - 0.0794 Salinas, CA - - 0.0369 - 0.0359 0.1013 - 0.0425 Salisbury, MD - - 0.0497 - 0.0483 0.1363 - 0.0572 Salt Lake City, UT - - 0.0555 - 0.054 0.1524 - 0.064 San Angelo, TX 0.0131 - 0.0372 0.0361 - 0.0441 0.0027 - 0.0026 0.0074 - 0.0031 San Antonio, TX - - 0.0308 - 0.0299 0.0844 - 0.0354 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA - - 0.0053 - 0.0051 0.0145 - 0.0061 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA - - 0.0105 - 0.0102 0.0289 - 0.0121 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA - - 0.0101 - 0.0098 0.0276 - 0.0116 San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA 0.0751 - 0.2126 0.206 - 0.2518 0.0121 - 0.0118 0.0333 - 0.014 Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, CA - - 0.0485 - 0.0471 0.133 - 0.0558 Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA - - 0.0081 - 0.0079 0.0222 - 0.0093 Santa Fe, NM - - 0.0802 - 0.078 0.22 - 0.0923 Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA - - 0.2233 - 0.2172 0.6127 - 0.2573 Savannah, GA - - 0.0142 - 0.0138 0.0388 - 0.0163 Scranton -- Wilkes-Barre, PA - - 0.113 - 0.11 0.3101 - 0.1302 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA - - 0.0476 - 0.0463 0.1305 - 0.0548 Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL - - 0.0219 - 0.0213 0.06 - 0.0252 Sheboygan, WI - - 0.0367 - 0.0357 0.1006 - 0.0422 Sherman-Denison, TX - - 0.0225 - 0.0218 0.0616 - 0.0259 Shreveport-Bossier City, LA - - 0.017 - 0.0165 0.0467 - 0.0196 Sioux City, IA-NE-SD - - 0.0417 - 0.0406 0.1145 - 0.0481 Sioux Falls, SD - - 0.0097 - 0.0094 0.0265 - 0.0111 South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI - - 0.1494 - 0.1453 0.4099 - 0.1721 Spartanburg, SC - - 0.0164 - 0.016 0.0451 - 0.0189
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253 Spokane, WA - - 0.6256 - 0.6086 1.7166 - 0.7207 Springfield, IL - - 0.033 - 0.0321 0.0905 - 0.038 Springfield, MO - - 0.0465 - 0.0453 0.1277 - 0.0536 Springfield, OH - - 0.0689 - 0.067 0.1891 - 0.0794 St. Cloud, MN - - 0.0369 - 0.0359 0.1013 - 0.0425 St.
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254 Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA - - 0.6256 - 0.6086 1.7166 - 0.7207 Wausau, WI - - 0.033 - 0.0321 0.0905 - 0.038 Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH - - 0.0465 - 0.0453 0.1277 - 0.0536 Wenatchee, WA - - 0.0689 - 0.067 0.1891 - 0.0794 Wheeling, WV-OH - - 0.0369 - 0.0359 0.1013 - 0.0425 Wichita Falls, TX - - 0.0497 - 0.0483 0.1363 - 0.0572 Wichita, KS - - 0.0555 - 0.054 0.1524 - 0.064 Williamsport, PA 0.0131 - 0.0372 0.0361 - 0.0441 0.0027 - 0.0026 0.0074 - 0.0031 Winchester, VA-WV - - 0.0308 - 0.0299 0.0844 - 0.0354 Yakima, WA - - 0.0053 - 0.0051 0.0145 - 0.0061 York-Hanover, PA - - 0.0105 - 0.0102 0.0289 - 0.0121 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA - - 0.0101 - 0.0098 0.0276 - 0.0116 Yuba City, CA 0.0751 - 0.2126 0.206 - 0.2518 0.0121 - 0.0118 0.0333 - 0.014 Yuma, AZ - - 0.0485 - 0.0471 0.133 - 0.0558
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255 APPENDIX G: MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY CHANGES (FOR A 1% INCREASE IN TRANSIT INVESTMENT) TABLE G 1 Average change per 1% change in track miles/track miles per capita Average wage changes Average GDP per capita changes MSA name OLS-emp OLS-pop OLStotal IV-emp IV-pop IV-total OLS-emp OLS-pop OLStotal IV-emp IV-pop IV-total Albuquerque, NM $0.71 $70.09 $70.80 $5.01 $126.11 $131.11 $3.06 $159.47 $162.53 $9.29 $363.54 $372.83 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA $0.86 $2.55 $3.41 $6.05 $4.59 $10.65 $3.98 $6.26 $10.24 $12.11 $14.27 $26.38 Baltimore-Towson, MD $1.29 $22.25 $23.54 $9.09 $40.03 $49.12 $5.06 $46.13 $51.19 $15.37 $105.16 $120.53 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY $0.11 $6.07 $6.18 $0.75 $10.93 $11.68 $0.46 $14.03 $14.49 $1.41 $31.98 $33.39 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC $0.62 $4.89 $5.50 $4.33 $8.80 $13.13 $3.79 $15.95 $19.75 $11.53 $36.37 $47.90 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI $10.16 $12.69 $22.85 $71.56 $22.83 $94.39 $46.32 $30.61 $76.93 $140.76 $69.78 $210.55 Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH $0.60 $10.88 $11.48 $4.22 $19.58 $23.80 $2.84 $27.23 $30.06 $8.62 $62.07 $70.68 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX $2.14 $3.36 $5.50 $15.08 $6.05 $21.13 $10.94 $9.09 $20.03 $33.25 $20.72 $53.96 Denver-Aurora, CO $0.63 $8.71 $9.34 $4.41 $15.68 $20.08 $2.93 $21.58 $24.51 $8.89 $49.19 $58.09 Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX $0.31 $0.76 $1.07 $2.18 $1.38 $3.55 $1.75 $2.29 $4.04 $5.32 $5.22 $10.54 Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR $0.08 $9.19 $9.28 $0.57 $16.54 $17.11 $0.35 $21.19 $21.54 $1.07 $48.30 $49.37 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA $6.39 $4.67 $11.06 $45.00 $8.40 $53.40 $31.07 $12.01 $43.08 $94.43 $27.38 $121.82 Memphis, TN-MS-AR $0.18 $5.48 $5.66 $1.27 $9.86 $11.13 $0.86 $13.93 $14.79 $2.63 $31.75 $34.38 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL $1.22 $4.26 $5.48 $8.59 $7.67 $16.26 $5.94 $10.99 $16.92 $18.04 $25.05 $43.09 Minneapolis-St.
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256 St. Louis, MO-IL $0.67 $8.23 $8.90 $4.71 $14.80 $19.51 $2.89 $18.80 $21.69 $8.78 $42.87 $51.64 Salt Lake City, UT $0.22 $20.17 $20.39 $1.55 $36.29 $37.84 $1.02 $49.49 $50.51 $3.11 $112.81 $115.92 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA $1.73 $15.19 $16.92 $12.20 $27.33 $39.53 $7.81 $36.23 $44.04 $23.74 $82.59 $106.33 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA $2.78 $21.01 $23.80 $19.60 $37.81 $57.41 $12.40 $49.57 $61.98 $37.70 $113.01 $150.71 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA $4.00 $123.39 $127.39 $28.20 $222.02 $250.21 $16.44 $268.09 $284.53 $49.95 $611.15 $661.11 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA $1.30 $13.30 $14.60 $9.17 $23.92 $33.10 $5.83 $31.48 $37.31 $17.71 $71.77 $89.48 Tampa-St.
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From page 266... ...
257 TABLE G 2 Average change per 1 mile change in track miles/track miles per capita Average wage changes Average GDP per capita changes MSA name percent associat ed with 1 mile change OLS-emp OLS-pop OLS-total IV-emp IV-pop IV-total OLS-emp OLS-pop OLS-total IV-emp IV-pop IV-total Albuquerque, NM 2.38% $1.69 $166.87 $168.56 $11.92 $300.25 $312.17 $7.28 $379.70 $386.98 $22.12 $865.58 $887.70 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA 2.02% $1.74 $5.16 $6.89 $12.23 $9.28 $21.51 $8.05 $12.65 $20.69 $24.46 $28.83 $53.29 Baltimore-Towson, MD 0.93% $1.21 $20.79 $22.00 $8.50 $37.41 $45.90 $4.73 $43.11 $47.84 $14.36 $98.28 $112.65 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 15.63% $1.66 $94.89 $96.56 $11.72 $170.74 $182.46 $7.26 $219.17 $226.43 $22.07 $499.63 $521.70 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC 10.42% $6.41 $50.93 $57.34 $45.14 $91.63 $136.78 $39.52 $166.18 $205.71 $120.12 $378.84 $498.96 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI 0.14% $1.47 $1.84 $3.31 $10.35 $3.30 $13.65 $6.70 $4.43 $11.13 $20.36 $10.09 $30.46 Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH 2.90% $1.74 $31.54 $33.27 $12.24 $56.74 $68.99 $8.22 $78.92 $87.14 $24.98 $179.90 $204.88 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 1.18% $2.53 $3.97 $6.51 $17.83 $7.15 $24.98 $12.93 $10.74 $23.67 $39.30 $24.49 $63.79 Denver-Aurora, CO 2.89% $1.81 $25.19 $26.99 $12.73 $45.32 $58.05 $8.46 $62.37 $70.82 $25.71 $142.17 $167.88 Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX 6.99% $2.16 $5.35 $7.51 $15.22 $9.62 $24.84 $12.24 $16.02 $28.26 $37.19 $36.53 $73.72 Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR 29.41% $2.37 $270.44 $272.81 $16.71 $486.60 $503.31 $10.33 $623.14 $633.47 $31.40 $1,420.53 $1,451.93 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA 0.21% $1.33 $0.97 $2.30 $9.35 $1.75 $11.10 $6.46 $2.50 $8.95 $19.62 $5.69 $25.31 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 14.29% $2.57 $78.32 $80.89 $18.11 $140.92 $159.03 $12.34 $198.99 $211.33 $37.52 $453.62 $491.14 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL 1.04% $1.27 $4.45 $5.73 $8.97 $8.01 $16.98 $6.20 $11.47 $17.67 $18.83 $26.14 $44.98 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 8.26% $1.77 $15.59 $17.36 $12.44 $28.05 $40.50 $7.64 $35.67 $43.31 $23.21 $81.33 $104.54 Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN 3.13% $2.82 $56.12 $58.94 $19.86 $100.98 $120.84 $13.19 $138.96 $152.15 $40.09 $316.78 $356.86 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA 7.75% $2.00 $102.19 $104.19 $14.05 $183.88 $197.93 $12.17 $329.96 $342.13 $37.00 $752.19 $789.19 New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA 0.08% $0.72 $0.59 $1.31 $5.08 $1.06 $6.14 $3.24 $1.40 $4.64 $9.84 $3.19 $13.03 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PANJ-DE-MD 0.30% $1.15 $4.62 $5.77 $8.11 $8.31 $16.41 $5.57 $11.82 $17.38 $16.92 $26.94 $43.86 Pittsburgh, PA 4.55% $1.02 $24.68 $25.71 $7.21 $44.41 $51.62 $4.99 $63.74 $68.74 $15.18 $145.31 $160.49 Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, ORWA 2.07% $1.66 $29.63 $31.29 $11.71 $53.31 $65.02 $7.73 $72.94 $80.68 $23.50 $166.28 $189.78 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA 14.71% $1.60 $51.37 $52.97 $11.24 $92.43 $103.67 $7.14 $121.60 $128.74 $21.70 $277.20 $298.89
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258 Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA 2.71% $1.99 $31.94 $33.93 $14.02 $57.47 $71.49 $7.63 $64.76 $72.39 $23.18 $147.64 $170.82 St. Louis, MO-IL 2.18% $1.46 $17.92 $19.38 $10.26 $32.25 $42.51 $6.29 $40.97 $47.26 $19.12 $93.39 $112.51 Salt Lake City, UT 5.26% $1.16 $106.15 $107.31 $8.17 $190.99 $199.16 $5.38 $260.45 $265.83 $16.35 $593.73 $610.08 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA 1.08% $1.87 $16.35 $18.21 $13.14 $29.42 $42.55 $8.41 $39.00 $47.41 $25.55 $88.90 $114.45 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA 0.54% $1.49 $11.27 $12.76 $10.51 $20.27 $30.78 $6.65 $26.58 $33.23 $20.21 $60.59 $80.81 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 0.63% $2.53 $77.90 $80.43 $17.80 $140.16 $157.96 $10.38 $169.25 $179.63 $31.54 $385.83 $417.36 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 1.15% $1.50 $15.32 $16.82 $10.57 $27.56 $38.13 $6.71 $36.27 $42.98 $20.41 $82.68 $103.09 Tampa-St.
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From page 268... ...
259 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA $0.47 $4.27 $4.74 $1.60 $9.77 $11.37 $2.86 $26.02 $28.88 $4.21 $25.71 $29.92 New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA $15.73 $37.07 $52.80 $53.68 $84.84 $138.52 $70.65 $166.47 $237.12 $104.06 $164.45 $268.51 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD $5.22 $18.90 $24.12 $17.80 $43.27 $61.07 $25.22 $91.40 $116.62 $37.15 $90.29 $127.44 Pittsburgh, PA $0.39 $3.34 $3.73 $1.32 $7.65 $8.97 $1.89 $16.30 $18.19 $2.78 $16.10 $18.88 Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA $1.98 $11.83 $13.81 $6.76 $27.08 $33.84 $9.21 $55.02 $64.24 $13.57 $54.36 $67.92 Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA $0.99 $5.10 $6.10 $3.40 $11.68 $15.07 $3.81 $19.54 $23.35 $5.61 $19.30 $24.92 St. Louis, MO-IL $1.53 $8.07 $9.60 $5.22 $18.46 $23.68 $6.60 $34.84 $41.44 $9.73 $34.41 $44.14 Salt Lake City, UT $0.59 $9.06 $9.64 $2.00 $20.73 $22.73 $2.72 $41.99 $44.70 $4.00 $41.48 $45.48 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA $2.12 $8.53 $10.65 $7.24 $19.53 $26.77 $9.55 $38.46 $48.01 $14.07 $37.99 $52.06 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA $15.42 $75.46 $90.88 $52.63 $172.72 $225.35 $68.73 $336.30 $405.03 $101.23 $332.23 $433.45 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA $1.66 $14.06 $15.71 $5.65 $32.18 $37.83 $6.80 $57.70 $64.50 $10.01 $57.00 $67.01 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA $0.16 $0.83 $0.99 $0.54 $1.90 $2.45 $0.71 $3.72 $4.44 $1.05 $3.68 $4.73 Tampa-St.
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260 TABLE G 4 Average change per 1% change in total revenue miles Average wage changes Average GDP per capita changes name OLSemp OLSpop OLStotal IV-emp IV-pop IV-total OLSemp OLSpop OLStotal IV-emp IV-pop IV-total Abilene, TX $0.16 $2.72 $2.88 $0.65 $5.62 $6.27 $0.64 $10.74 $11.38 $1.10 $9.57 $10.67 Albany, GA $0.25 $3.29 $3.53 $0.99 $6.78 $7.77 $1.01 $13.55 $14.56 $1.76 $12.07 $13.83 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY $0.92 $11.42 $12.34 $3.71 $23.57 $27.28 $3.62 $44.81 $48.43 $6.28 $39.93 $46.20 Albuquerque, NM $1.00 $7.27 $8.27 $4.02 $15.01 $19.03 $4.30 $31.25 $35.55 $7.45 $27.85 $35.30 Alexandria, LA $0.15 $3.56 $3.71 $0.61 $7.35 $7.96 $0.64 $15.04 $15.68 $1.11 $13.40 $14.51 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ $0.49 $4.07 $4.56 $1.96 $8.41 $10.37 $2.03 $16.94 $18.97 $3.52 $15.09 $18.61 Altoona, PA $0.06 $3.68 $3.74 $0.26 $7.59 $7.85 $0.28 $16.09 $16.37 $0.49 $14.34 $14.83 Amarillo, TX $0.23 $3.12 $3.35 $0.92 $6.44 $7.36 $1.00 $13.61 $14.61 $1.74 $12.12 $13.86 Ames, IA $0.25 $13.16 $13.41 $1.01 $27.17 $28.18 $1.04 $54.31 $55.35 $1.80 $48.39 $50.19 Anchorage, AK $0.97 $10.48 $11.45 $3.89 $21.64 $25.52 $4.75 $51.47 $56.22 $8.24 $45.87 $54.10 Anderson, IN $0.17 $2.24 $2.41 $0.69 $4.62 $5.31 $0.85 $11.05 $11.90 $1.47 $9.85 $11.32 Ann Arbor, MI $0.55 $15.96 $16.50 $2.19 $32.94 $35.13 $1.68 $49.24 $50.92 $2.92 $43.88 $46.79 Appleton, WI $0.18 $5.92 $6.10 $0.71 $12.22 $12.93 $0.73 $24.59 $25.32 $1.27 $21.91 $23.18 Athens-Clarke County, GA $0.31 $4.23 $4.54 $1.23 $8.74 $9.97 $1.08 $14.88 $15.96 $1.87 $13.26 $15.13 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA $8.18 $11.40 $19.57 $32.85 $23.52 $56.38 $37.88 $52.78 $90.66 $65.69 $47.03 $112.72 Auburn-Opelika, AL $0.03 $0.54 $0.57 $0.12 $1.12 $1.24 $0.11 $2.06 $2.17 $0.20 $1.84 $2.03 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC $0.32 $1.26 $1.58 $1.30 $2.60 $3.90 $1.12 $4.36 $5.48 $1.94 $3.89 $5.82 Bakersfield, CA $0.93 $5.54 $6.47 $3.73 $11.44 $15.17 $4.17 $24.91 $29.08 $7.23 $22.19 $29.42 Bangor, ME $0.13 $3.99 $4.12 $0.51 $8.23 $8.75 $0.50 $15.70 $16.20 $0.87 $13.99 $14.86 Baton Rouge, LA $0.58 $3.92 $4.50 $2.33 $8.09 $10.42 $2.92 $19.75 $22.66 $5.06 $17.60 $22.65 Battle Creek, MI $0.16 $3.71 $3.87 $0.66 $7.65 $8.31 $0.69 $15.70 $16.40 $1.20 $13.99 $15.20 Bay City, MI $0.33 $11.66 $12.00 $1.34 $24.08 $25.42 $1.24 $43.27 $44.51 $2.15 $38.56 $40.71 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX $0.40 $3.40 $3.79 $1.60 $7.01 $8.61 $1.68 $14.34 $16.01 $2.91 $12.78 $15.68 Bellingham, WA $0.48 $11.80 $12.28 $1.93 $24.35 $26.28 $2.03 $49.92 $51.95 $3.53 $44.48 $48.01 Bend, OR $0.05 $1.37 $1.43 $0.22 $2.84 $3.06 $0.26 $6.47 $6.73 $0.44 $5.77 $6.21 Billings, MT $0.17 $4.41 $4.58 $0.68 $9.11 $9.79 $0.75 $19.44 $20.18 $1.29 $17.32 $18.61 Binghamton, NY $0.27 $9.26 $9.54 $1.10 $19.12 $20.22 $0.91 $30.90 $31.81 $1.58 $27.53 $29.11
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261 Birmingham-Hoover, AL $0.93 $3.45 $4.38 $3.74 $7.12 $10.86 $4.43 $16.40 $20.83 $7.68 $14.62 $22.30 Bismarck, ND $0.07 $3.37 $3.44 $0.26 $6.96 $7.22 $0.25 $12.67 $12.92 $0.43 $11.29 $11.72 Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA $0.26 $4.94 $5.20 $1.06 $10.19 $11.25 $0.99 $18.48 $19.47 $1.72 $16.47 $18.19 Bloomington, IN $0.20 $5.63 $5.83 $0.79 $11.62 $12.42 $0.75 $21.34 $22.09 $1.30 $19.01 $20.31 Bloomington-Normal, IL $0.30 $8.96 $9.26 $1.21 $18.50 $19.70 $1.36 $40.61 $41.97 $2.36 $36.19 $38.55 Boise City-Nampa, ID $0.33 $2.83 $3.15 $1.31 $5.83 $7.15 $1.39 $11.98 $13.37 $2.40 $10.68 $13.08 Bradenton-Sarasota-Venice, FL $0.67 $6.04 $6.71 $2.69 $12.48 $15.17 $3.08 $27.81 $30.89 $5.34 $24.78 $30.12 Bremerton-Silverdale, WA $0.61 $11.20 $11.81 $2.46 $23.13 $25.59 $1.88 $34.29 $36.16 $3.26 $30.55 $33.81 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX $0.18 $1.61 $1.79 $0.73 $3.32 $4.05 $0.72 $6.40 $7.13 $1.26 $5.71 $6.96 Brunswick, GA $2.31 $98.80 $101.11 $9.29 $203.97 $213.25 $8.95 $382.35 $391.29 $15.52 $340.69 $356.21 Canton-Massillon, OH $0.76 $6.79 $7.54 $3.03 $14.01 $17.04 $3.37 $30.29 $33.67 $5.85 $26.99 $32.84 Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL $1.18 $5.71 $6.90 $4.76 $11.79 $16.55 $6.04 $29.15 $35.19 $10.48 $25.97 $36.46 Casper, WY $0.09 $3.88 $3.98 $0.37 $8.02 $8.39 $0.69 $28.91 $29.61 $1.20 $25.76 $26.97 Cedar Rapids, IA $0.29 $5.43 $5.72 $1.18 $11.21 $12.39 $1.34 $24.81 $26.15 $2.32 $22.11 $24.42 Champaign-Urbana, IL $0.67 $17.45 $18.12 $2.68 $36.03 $38.71 $2.42 $63.39 $65.81 $4.20 $56.48 $60.68 Charleston, WV $0.48 $9.90 $10.37 $1.91 $20.43 $22.35 $2.36 $48.95 $51.30 $4.09 $43.62 $47.70 Charleston-North Charleston, SC $0.85 $4.97 $5.82 $3.42 $10.26 $13.68 $3.46 $20.20 $23.66 $6.00 $18.00 $24.00 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC $9.04 $10.68 $19.72 $36.32 $22.04 $58.36 $55.72 $65.82 $121.54 $96.63 $58.65 $155.28 Chattanooga, TN-GA $0.63 $4.33 $4.95 $2.52 $8.93 $11.45 $2.90 $19.99 $22.89 $5.02 $17.81 $22.84 Cheyenne, WY $0.10 $4.95 $5.04 $0.39 $10.21 $10.60 $0.38 $19.29 $19.68 $0.66 $17.19 $17.85 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI $22.78 $23.59 $46.37 $91.53 $48.69 $140.22 $103.82 $107.50 $211.32 $180.05 $95.79 $275.84 Chico, CA $0.26 $4.72 $4.98 $1.04 $9.75 $10.79 $1.10 $20.10 $21.20 $1.90 $17.91 $19.82 Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN $2.95 $9.26 $12.21 $11.86 $19.12 $30.97 $13.19 $41.39 $54.58 $22.88 $36.88 $59.76 Clarksville, TN-KY $0.58 $3.07 $3.65 $2.35 $6.33 $8.68 $1.93 $10.14 $12.07 $3.35 $9.03 $12.38 Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH $5.47 $18.11 $23.58 $21.98 $37.38 $59.36 $25.86 $85.59 $111.45 $44.85 $76.26 $121.11 College Station-Bryan, TX $0.70 $9.09 $9.80 $2.82 $18.77 $21.59 $2.44 $31.59 $34.03 $4.23 $28.15 $32.38 Columbia, MO $0.17 $3.88 $4.04 $0.67 $8.00 $8.68 $0.53 $12.31 $12.84 $0.92 $10.97 $11.89 Columbia, SC $0.31 $2.50 $2.81 $1.23 $5.17 $6.39 $1.20 $9.80 $11.00 $2.08 $8.73 $10.81 Columbus, GA-AL $0.36 $3.58 $3.94 $1.46 $7.39 $8.84 $1.29 $12.71 $14.00 $2.24 $11.32 $13.56 Columbus, OH $1.89 $6.08 $7.97 $7.60 $12.55 $20.15 $8.16 $26.22 $34.38 $14.16 $23.37 $37.52 Corpus Christi, TX $0.93 $7.80 $8.73 $3.75 $16.09 $19.85 $4.08 $34.01 $38.09 $7.07 $30.30 $37.37
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262 Cumberland, MD-WV $0.07 $2.61 $2.68 $0.27 $5.39 $5.65 $0.25 $9.64 $9.89 $0.43 $8.59 $9.02 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX $10.77 $9.28 $20.05 $43.27 $19.16 $62.43 $54.99 $47.39 $102.38 $95.36 $42.23 $137.59 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL $1.02 $10.87 $11.89 $4.12 $22.43 $26.55 $4.67 $49.54 $54.21 $8.10 $44.15 $52.25 Dayton, OH $1.50 $8.85 $10.35 $6.04 $18.27 $24.30 $6.12 $36.05 $42.17 $10.61 $32.12 $42.74 Decatur, AL $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Decatur, IL $0.39 $11.01 $11.40 $1.56 $22.72 $24.29 $2.01 $56.88 $58.90 $3.49 $50.69 $54.18 Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL $1.02 $4.84 $5.86 $4.09 $9.99 $14.08 $4.89 $23.25 $28.14 $8.47 $20.72 $29.19 Denver-Aurora, CO $9.67 $29.35 $39.02 $38.85 $60.59 $99.45 $45.23 $137.30 $182.53 $78.45 $122.34 $200.79 Des Moines, IA $0.54 $5.91 $6.44 $2.16 $12.19 $14.35 $2.71 $29.76 $32.46 $4.69 $26.52 $31.21 Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI $6.90 $9.40 $16.29 $27.71 $19.40 $47.11 $31.20 $42.53 $73.73 $54.11 $37.90 $92.01 Dothan, AL $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Dubuque, IA $0.08 $3.65 $3.73 $0.31 $7.54 $7.86 $0.39 $18.17 $18.56 $0.67 $16.19 $16.86 Duluth, MN-WI $0.58 $7.38 $7.97 $2.34 $15.25 $17.59 $2.36 $29.91 $32.27 $4.09 $26.65 $30.74 Eau Claire, WI $0.17 $4.82 $4.99 $0.69 $9.95 $10.64 $0.69 $19.59 $20.28 $1.20 $17.45 $18.66 El Centro, CA $0.11 $3.56 $3.67 $0.46 $7.35 $7.81 $0.46 $14.49 $14.96 $0.81 $12.91 $13.72 El Paso, TX $1.22 $8.23 $9.46 $4.92 $17.00 $21.92 $6.49 $43.61 $50.10 $11.25 $38.86 $50.11 Elkhart-Goshen, IN $0.11 $2.37 $2.48 $0.44 $4.89 $5.32 $0.55 $11.89 $12.44 $0.95 $10.60 $11.55 Elmira, NY $0.12 $9.30 $9.42 $0.47 $19.21 $19.68 $0.45 $35.79 $36.25 $0.78 $31.89 $32.68 Erie, PA $0.25 $6.61 $6.86 $1.02 $13.64 $14.66 $1.09 $28.31 $29.40 $1.89 $25.23 $27.12 Eugene-Springfield, OR $0.76 $10.62 $11.38 $3.07 $21.92 $24.99 $3.00 $41.68 $44.68 $5.20 $37.14 $42.34 Evansville, IN-KY $0.26 $4.08 $4.34 $1.04 $8.43 $9.47 $1.38 $21.85 $23.24 $2.40 $19.47 $21.87 Fairbanks, AK $0.19 $5.68 $5.87 $0.76 $11.73 $12.49 $0.60 $18.00 $18.59 $1.03 $16.04 $17.07 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO $0.23 $1.71 $1.94 $0.93 $3.54 $4.47 $1.00 $7.42 $8.42 $1.74 $6.61 $8.35 Flagstaff, AZ $0.18 $5.41 $5.59 $0.73 $11.17 $11.89 $0.61 $18.28 $18.89 $1.06 $16.28 $17.34 Flint, MI $0.99 $9.22 $10.21 $3.96 $19.03 $23.00 $3.65 $34.15 $37.80 $6.34 $30.43 $36.77 Florence, SC $0.06 $0.84 $0.89 $0.23 $1.73 $1.96 $0.23 $3.27 $3.50 $0.39 $2.92 $3.31 Fond du Lac, WI $0.03 $1.94 $1.98 $0.14 $4.01 $4.15 $0.16 $8.93 $9.08 $0.27 $7.95 $8.23 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO $0.30 $3.94 $4.24 $1.21 $8.13 $9.34 $1.08 $14.11 $15.19 $1.87 $12.57 $14.44 Fort Smith, AR-OK $0.07 $1.03 $1.10 $0.29 $2.12 $2.40 $0.34 $4.92 $5.26 $0.59 $4.39 $4.98 Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, FL $0.11 $2.69 $2.80 $0.44 $5.55 $5.99 $0.48 $11.69 $12.17 $0.83 $10.42 $11.25 Fort Wayne, IN $0.55 $4.47 $5.01 $2.20 $9.22 $11.42 $2.50 $20.43 $22.93 $4.34 $18.20 $22.54
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263 Fresno, CA $1.08 $6.17 $7.25 $4.33 $12.74 $17.07 $4.50 $25.75 $30.24 $7.80 $22.94 $30.74 Gainesville, FL $0.94 $12.28 $13.22 $3.78 $25.36 $29.14 $3.12 $40.65 $43.77 $5.40 $36.22 $41.63 Glens Falls, NY $0.04 $2.68 $2.71 $0.14 $5.53 $5.67 $0.13 $9.74 $9.87 $0.23 $8.68 $8.91 Grand Forks, ND-MN $0.08 $3.95 $4.04 $0.34 $8.16 $8.50 $0.31 $14.43 $14.74 $0.53 $12.86 $13.39 Grand Junction, CO $0.29 $6.32 $6.62 $1.18 $13.06 $14.24 $1.13 $24.35 $25.48 $1.96 $21.70 $23.66 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI $0.78 $6.83 $7.60 $3.12 $14.09 $17.21 $3.54 $31.06 $34.59 $6.13 $27.67 $33.80 Great Falls, MT $0.11 $5.25 $5.36 $0.46 $10.83 $11.29 $0.43 $20.11 $20.54 $0.75 $17.92 $18.67 Greeley, CO $0.11 $2.03 $2.14 $0.45 $4.19 $4.64 $0.43 $7.76 $8.19 $0.75 $6.91 $7.66 Green Bay, WI $0.42 $5.68 $6.10 $1.69 $11.72 $13.41 $1.86 $25.11 $26.97 $3.22 $22.37 $25.59 Greenville, SC $0.13 $1.11 $1.24 $0.52 $2.30 $2.82 $0.54 $4.63 $5.16 $0.93 $4.12 $5.05 Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV $0.08 $1.71 $1.79 $0.32 $3.53 $3.85 $0.33 $7.22 $7.55 $0.58 $6.43 $7.01 Hanford-Corcoran, CA $0.30 $5.76 $6.06 $1.21 $11.89 $13.11 $1.07 $20.39 $21.46 $1.86 $18.17 $20.03 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA $0.14 $4.32 $4.46 $0.55 $8.92 $9.47 $0.56 $17.52 $18.08 $0.96 $15.61 $16.58 Holland-Grand Haven, MI $0.07 $1.41 $1.49 $0.30 $2.92 $3.21 $0.35 $6.76 $7.12 $0.61 $6.02 $6.64 Honolulu, HI $2.38 $25.74 $28.12 $9.56 $53.14 $62.70 $9.79 $105.90 $115.69 $16.98 $94.37 $111.34 Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX $10.25 $12.65 $22.90 $41.19 $26.12 $67.31 $58.03 $71.64 $129.67 $100.64 $63.83 $164.48 Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH $0.16 $3.15 $3.31 $0.66 $6.50 $7.16 $0.73 $14.00 $14.73 $1.26 $12.47 $13.73 Huntsville, AL $0.33 $2.18 $2.51 $1.32 $4.50 $5.82 $1.18 $7.83 $9.01 $2.04 $6.98 $9.02 Indianapolis, IN $2.01 $5.57 $7.59 $8.09 $11.50 $19.60 $10.37 $28.68 $39.05 $17.98 $25.55 $43.53 Iowa City, IA $0.28 $11.32 $11.60 $1.13 $23.36 $24.49 $0.99 $39.87 $40.87 $1.72 $35.53 $37.25 Ithaca, NY $0.21 $18.32 $18.53 $0.86 $37.82 $38.68 $0.86 $73.54 $74.40 $1.49 $65.53 $67.02 Jackson, MI $0.06 $2.79 $2.85 $0.23 $5.77 $6.00 $0.24 $11.52 $11.76 $0.41 $10.27 $10.68 Jackson, MS $0.32 $2.09 $2.40 $1.27 $4.31 $5.58 $1.43 $9.42 $10.85 $2.48 $8.39 $10.87 Jackson, TN $0.18 $5.52 $5.70 $0.72 $11.40 $12.12 $0.74 $22.74 $23.47 $1.28 $20.26 $21.54 Jacksonville, FL $3.45 $9.87 $13.31 $13.84 $20.37 $34.21 $15.37 $44.01 $59.38 $26.65 $39.21 $65.87 Janesville, WI $0.42 $9.48 $9.90 $1.69 $19.57 $21.26 $1.66 $37.32 $38.98 $2.87 $33.26 $36.13 Jefferson City, MO $0.09 $2.95 $3.03 $0.34 $6.08 $6.42 $0.28 $9.55 $9.82 $0.48 $8.51 $8.99 Johnson City, TN $0.14 $2.11 $2.25 $0.58 $4.36 $4.93 $0.61 $8.92 $9.53 $1.06 $7.95 $9.01 Johnstown, PA $0.10 $4.73 $4.83 $0.40 $9.76 $10.16 $0.40 $18.69 $19.09 $0.69 $16.65 $17.34 Kalamazoo-Portage, MI $0.49 $5.86 $6.36 $1.98 $12.11 $14.09 $2.12 $25.27 $27.39 $3.69 $22.51 $26.20 Kankakee-Bradley, IL $0.17 $6.06 $6.24 $0.70 $12.51 $13.21 $0.74 $25.87 $26.61 $1.29 $23.05 $24.34
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264 Kansas City, MO-KS $3.43 $6.72 $10.15 $13.76 $13.87 $27.64 $15.28 $29.97 $45.24 $26.49 $26.70 $53.19 Kennewick-Richland-Pasco, WA $1.46 $15.22 $16.67 $5.85 $31.41 $37.26 $5.66 $59.20 $64.87 $9.82 $52.75 $62.58 Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, TX $0.34 $2.25 $2.59 $1.36 $4.64 $6.00 $0.87 $5.82 $6.69 $1.51 $5.18 $6.69 Knoxville, TN $0.77 $4.79 $5.56 $3.10 $9.89 $12.99 $3.30 $20.56 $23.86 $5.73 $18.32 $24.05 Kokomo, IN $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 La Crosse, WI-MN $0.14 $6.15 $6.29 $0.55 $12.70 $13.25 $0.57 $25.56 $26.12 $0.98 $22.77 $23.75 Lafayette, IN $0.32 $9.03 $9.35 $1.30 $18.65 $19.94 $1.30 $36.40 $37.70 $2.26 $32.43 $34.69 Lafayette, LA $0.16 $3.15 $3.31 $0.64 $6.50 $7.15 $1.03 $20.27 $21.30 $1.79 $18.06 $19.85 Lakeland, FL $0.58 $4.10 $4.68 $2.34 $8.47 $10.81 $2.51 $17.61 $20.12 $4.35 $15.69 $20.04 Lancaster, PA $0.12 $3.53 $3.65 $0.48 $7.29 $7.77 $0.54 $15.89 $16.43 $0.93 $14.16 $15.09 Lansing-East Lansing, MI $0.46 $8.58 $9.04 $1.84 $17.71 $19.55 $1.73 $32.27 $33.99 $2.99 $28.75 $31.75 Laredo, TX $0.35 $5.78 $6.13 $1.39 $11.93 $13.32 $1.61 $26.95 $28.56 $2.79 $24.01 $26.80 Las Cruces, NM $0.12 $1.99 $2.11 $0.46 $4.12 $4.58 $0.47 $8.07 $8.53 $0.81 $7.19 $8.00 Las Vegas-Paradise, NV $1.96 $11.38 $13.35 $7.89 $23.50 $31.39 $10.73 $62.25 $72.98 $18.62 $55.46 $74.08 Lawrence, KS $0.12 $5.16 $5.28 $0.50 $10.65 $11.15 $0.48 $20.04 $20.52 $0.83 $17.85 $18.69 Lawton, OK $0.46 $4.96 $5.43 $1.87 $10.25 $12.12 $1.38 $14.71 $16.08 $2.39 $13.10 $15.49 Lebanon, PA $0.08 $3.64 $3.72 $0.33 $7.51 $7.84 $0.34 $15.29 $15.63 $0.60 $13.62 $14.22 Lewiston-Auburn, ME $0.05 $2.25 $2.30 $0.22 $4.64 $4.86 $0.23 $9.33 $9.56 $0.39 $8.31 $8.70 Lexington-Fayette, KY $0.48 $5.81 $6.29 $1.94 $11.99 $13.93 $2.14 $25.86 $28.00 $3.72 $23.04 $26.76 Lincoln, NE $0.35 $5.75 $6.11 $1.42 $11.87 $13.30 $1.48 $23.97 $25.45 $2.56 $21.36 $23.92 Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR $0.64 $4.31 $4.95 $2.58 $8.90 $11.48 $2.80 $18.77 $21.57 $4.85 $16.73 $21.58 Logan, UT-ID $0.17 $6.65 $6.82 $0.67 $13.73 $14.41 $0.56 $22.34 $22.90 $0.98 $19.90 $20.88 Longview, WA $0.07 $2.69 $2.76 $0.27 $5.55 $5.82 $0.25 $10.27 $10.52 $0.44 $9.15 $9.59 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA $34.19 $27.79 $61.98 $137.39 $57.37 $194.76 $166.23 $135.10 $301.33 $288.27 $120.38 $408.66 Louisville, KY-IN $2.54 $7.74 $10.27 $10.19 $15.97 $26.16 $12.35 $37.66 $50.02 $21.42 $33.56 $54.98 Lubbock, TX $0.37 $5.81 $6.19 $1.49 $12.00 $13.49 $1.55 $24.29 $25.84 $2.69 $21.65 $24.33 Lynchburg, VA $0.42 $5.23 $5.66 $1.70 $10.81 $12.50 $1.78 $22.04 $23.82 $3.08 $19.64 $22.72 Macon, GA $0.38 $5.34 $5.72 $1.52 $11.03 $12.54 $1.46 $20.64 $22.10 $2.53 $18.39 $20.92 Madison, WI $0.73 $11.43 $12.16 $2.93 $23.59 $26.52 $3.07 $48.08 $51.14 $5.32 $42.84 $48.16 Mansfield, OH $0.08 $1.95 $2.02 $0.31 $4.02 $4.33 $0.33 $8.19 $8.51 $0.57 $7.30 $7.86 McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr, TX $0.26 $1.30 $1.56 $1.04 $2.68 $3.72 $1.02 $5.13 $6.14 $1.77 $4.57 $6.33
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265 Medford, OR $0.12 $3.12 $3.24 $0.47 $6.45 $6.92 $0.46 $12.37 $12.83 $0.80 $11.02 $11.82 Memphis, TN-MS-AR $1.99 $6.87 $8.87 $8.01 $14.19 $22.21 $9.57 $32.99 $42.57 $16.60 $29.40 $46.00 Merced, CA $0.64 $12.06 $12.71 $2.58 $24.90 $27.49 $3.14 $58.94 $62.08 $5.45 $52.52 $57.97 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL $8.96 $15.02 $23.98 $36.01 $31.01 $67.02 $43.61 $73.10 $116.71 $75.63 $65.14 $140.77 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI $3.28 $16.98 $20.26 $13.18 $35.06 $48.24 $15.31 $79.28 $94.59 $26.56 $70.64 $97.20 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI $6.53 $16.25 $22.78 $26.22 $33.54 $59.77 $28.21 $70.23 $98.44 $48.92 $62.58 $111.50 Missoula, MT $0.15 $5.78 $5.93 $0.60 $11.93 $12.53 $0.70 $26.97 $27.67 $1.21 $24.03 $25.24 Mobile, AL $0.52 $3.71 $4.22 $2.08 $7.65 $9.73 $2.17 $15.55 $17.72 $3.77 $13.86 $17.62 Modesto, CA $0.46 $4.70 $5.16 $1.85 $9.70 $11.56 $2.10 $21.43 $23.54 $3.65 $19.10 $22.75 Monroe, LA $0.14 $3.72 $3.87 $0.58 $7.69 $8.26 $0.71 $18.49 $19.20 $1.24 $16.48 $17.71 Morgantown, WV $0.30 $8.85 $9.15 $1.21 $18.26 $19.48 $1.36 $39.75 $41.11 $2.36 $35.42 $37.77 Muncie, IN $0.25 $7.56 $7.80 $0.99 $15.60 $16.59 $0.97 $29.72 $30.69 $1.68 $26.48 $28.16 Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI $0.17 $2.72 $2.89 $0.67 $5.62 $6.29 $0.67 $10.98 $11.65 $1.16 $9.79 $10.95 Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC $0.17 $2.68 $2.85 $0.69 $5.53 $6.22 $1.00 $15.54 $16.54 $1.73 $13.84 $15.58 Naples-Marco Island, FL $0.37 $4.79 $5.16 $1.48 $9.89 $11.37 $1.93 $25.21 $27.15 $3.36 $22.47 $25.82 Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN $1.47 $3.97 $5.44 $5.91 $8.20 $14.11 $6.88 $18.57 $25.45 $11.93 $16.55 $28.48 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA $1.19 $6.22 $7.42 $4.79 $12.85 $17.64 $7.28 $37.95 $45.23 $12.62 $33.82 $46.44 New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA $34.61 $46.73 $81.34 $139.08 $96.46 $235.54 $155.45 $209.84 $365.29 $269.58 $186.98 $456.56 Niles-Benton Harbor, MI $0.02 $0.40 $0.42 $0.09 $0.82 $0.92 $0.10 $1.75 $1.85 $0.18 $1.56 $1.74 Odessa, TX $0.28 $8.02 $8.30 $1.12 $16.56 $17.68 $1.28 $37.03 $38.31 $2.22 $32.99 $35.22 Oklahoma City, OK $0.92 $3.22 $4.14 $3.68 $6.65 $10.33 $4.21 $14.78 $18.99 $7.29 $13.17 $20.46 Olympia, WA $0.40 $11.88 $12.28 $1.62 $24.52 $26.14 $1.40 $41.27 $42.67 $2.43 $36.77 $39.20 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA $1.00 $6.42 $7.41 $4.01 $13.25 $17.26 $4.65 $29.87 $34.52 $8.06 $26.62 $34.68 Orlando, FL $2.57 $9.25 $11.82 $10.32 $19.10 $29.41 $14.19 $51.11 $65.30 $24.60 $45.55 $70.15 Oshkosh-Neenah, WI $0.14 $4.89 $5.03 $0.57 $10.09 $10.66 $0.56 $19.32 $19.89 $0.98 $17.22 $18.20 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA $1.17 $5.99 $7.16 $4.71 $12.36 $17.07 $5.01 $25.62 $30.63 $8.70 $22.83 $31.52 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL $0.77 $3.18 $3.95 $3.10 $6.56 $9.67 $2.96 $12.21 $15.17 $5.14 $10.88 $16.02 Panama City-Lynn Haven, FL $0.29 $6.47 $6.76 $1.17 $13.36 $14.53 $1.23 $27.17 $28.40 $2.13 $24.21 $26.34 Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL $0.35 $4.98 $5.34 $1.43 $10.29 $11.71 $1.32 $18.57 $19.89 $2.29 $16.54 $18.84 Peoria, IL $0.59 $7.17 $7.76 $2.36 $14.80 $17.16 $2.57 $31.45 $34.02 $4.46 $28.02 $32.49 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD $8.13 $16.88 $25.01 $32.66 $34.84 $67.51 $39.31 $81.60 $120.90 $68.17 $72.71 $140.87
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266 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ $8.27 $12.44 $20.71 $33.21 $25.69 $58.90 $39.34 $59.21 $98.55 $68.22 $52.76 $120.98 Pittsburgh, PA $3.32 $16.41 $19.73 $13.32 $33.88 $47.21 $16.18 $80.07 $96.24 $28.06 $71.34 $99.40 Pocatello, ID $0.09 $3.26 $3.35 $0.37 $6.73 $7.10 $0.34 $11.82 $12.15 $0.59 $10.53 $11.11 Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce, FL $0.32 $0.65 $0.97 $1.29 $1.34 $2.63 $1.48 $3.00 $4.48 $2.57 $2.67 $5.24 Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA $6.12 $20.95 $27.07 $24.60 $43.25 $67.85 $28.47 $97.44 $125.91 $49.37 $86.82 $136.20 Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY $0.62 $5.27 $5.89 $2.50 $10.88 $13.38 $2.18 $18.52 $20.70 $3.79 $16.50 $20.29 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA $1.72 $7.73 $9.45 $6.92 $15.96 $22.88 $7.71 $34.56 $42.26 $13.36 $30.79 $44.16 Pueblo, CO $0.16 $3.65 $3.81 $0.66 $7.53 $8.19 $0.61 $13.54 $14.15 $1.06 $12.06 $13.12 Punta Gorda, FL $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Racine, WI $0.28 $8.01 $8.29 $1.13 $16.53 $17.66 $1.29 $36.83 $38.12 $2.24 $32.82 $35.05 Rapid City, SD $0.07 $1.82 $1.89 $0.26 $3.77 $4.03 $0.27 $7.58 $7.85 $0.47 $6.75 $7.22 Reading, PA $0.21 $4.96 $5.16 $0.83 $10.23 $11.06 $0.85 $20.36 $21.21 $1.47 $18.14 $19.62 Redding, CA $0.30 $4.27 $4.57 $1.21 $8.81 $10.03 $1.21 $17.14 $18.35 $2.10 $15.27 $17.37 Reno-Sparks, NV $1.90 $22.57 $24.47 $7.62 $46.60 $54.22 $8.80 $104.78 $113.58 $15.26 $93.36 $108.63 Richmond, VA $0.09 $0.50 $0.58 $0.35 $1.03 $1.38 $0.37 $2.13 $2.50 $0.64 $1.90 $2.54 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA $3.28 $3.32 $6.60 $13.17 $6.86 $20.03 $14.30 $14.50 $28.80 $24.80 $12.92 $37.72 Roanoke, VA $0.74 $11.87 $12.61 $2.99 $24.50 $27.49 $3.13 $49.91 $53.04 $5.43 $44.47 $49.90 Rochester, MN $0.28 $7.63 $7.91 $1.13 $15.76 $16.88 $1.10 $30.08 $31.18 $1.92 $26.80 $28.72 Rochester, NY $0.62 $6.57 $7.19 $2.51 $13.56 $16.07 $2.79 $29.34 $32.13 $4.83 $26.14 $30.98 Rockford, IL $0.39 $4.57 $4.96 $1.55 $9.44 $10.98 $1.67 $19.75 $21.42 $2.89 $17.60 $20.49 Rome, GA $0.18 $5.24 $5.42 $0.71 $10.82 $11.54 $0.73 $21.54 $22.27 $1.26 $19.20 $20.46 Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA $4.20 $12.34 $16.53 $16.87 $25.47 $42.34 $16.08 $47.25 $63.33 $27.89 $42.10 $69.99 Saginaw-Saginaw Township North, MI $0.21 $4.10 $4.31 $0.85 $8.46 $9.32 $0.87 $16.89 $17.76 $1.51 $15.05 $16.56 Salem, OR $0.44 $5.86 $6.30 $1.77 $12.09 $13.86 $1.68 $22.31 $23.98 $2.91 $19.88 $22.78 Salt Lake City, UT $2.49 $22.05 $24.53 $10.00 $45.51 $55.51 $11.53 $102.19 $113.72 $20.00 $91.05 $111.05 San Angelo, TX $0.17 $3.30 $3.47 $0.68 $6.82 $7.49 $0.68 $13.31 $13.99 $1.17 $11.86 $13.03 San Antonio, TX $4.93 $11.87 $16.80 $19.82 $24.51 $44.33 $21.05 $50.65 $71.70 $36.50 $45.13 $81.63 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA $6.59 $15.19 $21.77 $26.46 $31.35 $57.82 $29.68 $68.44 $98.12 $51.47 $60.98 $112.45 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA $18.43 $51.67 $70.10 $74.06 $106.66 $180.72 $82.14 $230.25 $312.39 $142.44 $205.17 $347.61 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA $6.80 $33.08 $39.89 $27.34 $68.30 $95.64 $27.93 $135.79 $163.72 $48.43 $121.00 $169.43 San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA $0.09 $1.67 $1.76 $0.38 $3.44 $3.82 $0.44 $7.76 $8.20 $0.76 $6.91 $7.67
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267 Sandusky, OH $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, CA $1.57 $23.37 $24.94 $6.33 $48.25 $54.57 $6.69 $99.32 $106.01 $11.60 $88.50 $100.11 Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA $1.26 $34.67 $35.93 $5.07 $71.58 $76.65 $5.14 $141.39 $146.54 $8.92 $125.99 $134.91 Santa Fe, NM $0.25 $7.01 $7.26 $0.99 $14.47 $15.46 $1.14 $32.43 $33.57 $1.98 $28.90 $30.88 Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA $1.65 $16.75 $18.41 $6.64 $34.59 $41.23 $6.95 $70.41 $77.36 $12.05 $62.74 $74.80 Savannah, GA $0.60 $8.91 $9.51 $2.41 $18.39 $20.79 $2.44 $36.21 $38.65 $4.23 $32.26 $36.49 Scranton -- Wilkes-Barre, PA $0.31 $4.05 $4.36 $1.23 $8.36 $9.59 $1.40 $18.50 $19.90 $2.42 $16.48 $18.91 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA $10.60 $31.64 $42.24 $42.59 $65.32 $107.91 $47.41 $141.52 $188.93 $82.21 $126.10 $208.32 Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL $0.14 $2.57 $2.71 $0.56 $5.31 $5.87 $0.67 $12.18 $12.84 $1.15 $10.85 $12.00 Sheboygan, WI $0.17 $6.12 $6.29 $0.67 $12.64 $13.31 $0.80 $29.48 $30.28 $1.39 $26.27 $27.66 Sherman-Denison, TX $0.12 $2.13 $2.24 $0.47 $4.39 $4.86 $0.47 $8.61 $9.08 $0.82 $7.67 $8.49 Shreveport-Bossier City, LA $1.00 $6.74 $7.75 $4.03 $13.92 $17.95 $6.79 $45.66 $52.45 $11.78 $40.69 $52.47 Sioux City, IA-NE-SD $0.19 $3.90 $4.09 $0.77 $8.05 $8.82 $0.99 $20.24 $21.23 $1.72 $18.03 $19.75 Sioux Falls, SD $0.17 $3.68 $3.85 $0.67 $7.61 $8.27 $0.98 $21.71 $22.68 $1.70 $19.34 $21.04 South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI $0.55 $6.44 $7.00 $2.23 $13.30 $15.53 $2.90 $33.66 $36.56 $5.03 $30.00 $35.03 Spartanburg, SC $0.09 $1.22 $1.31 $0.37 $2.51 $2.88 $0.38 $5.08 $5.45 $0.66 $4.52 $5.18 Spokane, WA $1.17 $15.24 $16.41 $4.70 $31.45 $36.16 $4.68 $60.86 $65.53 $8.11 $54.23 $62.34 Springfield, IL $0.28 $6.84 $7.12 $1.12 $14.12 $15.24 $1.01 $24.88 $25.89 $1.75 $22.17 $23.92 Springfield, MO $0.23 $2.63 $2.86 $0.93 $5.44 $6.36 $0.96 $10.90 $11.85 $1.66 $9.71 $11.37 Springfield, OH $0.08 $1.77 $1.84 $0.31 $3.64 $3.96 $0.31 $7.10 $7.41 $0.54 $6.32 $6.86 St. Cloud, MN $0.23 $6.52 $6.75 $0.94 $13.46 $14.40 $0.96 $26.76 $27.72 $1.66 $23.84 $25.50 St.
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268 Topeka, KS $0.27 $4.95 $5.22 $1.08 $10.22 $11.30 $1.03 $18.90 $19.93 $1.78 $16.84 $18.62 Tucson, AZ $2.02 $9.00 $11.01 $8.10 $18.58 $26.68 $7.69 $34.31 $41.99 $13.33 $30.57 $43.90 Tulsa, OK $0.67 $3.91 $4.58 $2.68 $8.08 $10.76 $3.23 $18.96 $22.20 $5.61 $16.90 $22.50 Tuscaloosa, AL $0.10 $1.35 $1.44 $0.38 $2.78 $3.16 $0.40 $5.63 $6.03 $0.70 $5.02 $5.71 Utica-Rome, NY $0.23 $3.95 $4.18 $0.90 $8.16 $9.06 $0.79 $13.80 $14.59 $1.36 $12.30 $13.66 Victoria, TX $0.29 $3.93 $4.22 $1.16 $8.12 $9.28 $1.54 $21.00 $22.54 $2.67 $18.71 $21.38 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC $3.72 $8.59 $12.30 $14.93 $17.73 $32.66 $15.24 $35.21 $50.45 $26.43 $31.37 $57.81 Visalia-Porterville, CA $0.39 $3.82 $4.21 $1.56 $7.88 $9.44 $1.66 $16.23 $17.89 $2.87 $14.46 $17.34 Waco, TX $0.21 $3.53 $3.75 $0.86 $7.30 $8.16 $0.94 $15.51 $16.45 $1.63 $13.82 $15.45 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV $14.74 $41.71 $56.46 $59.24 $86.12 $145.36 $58.84 $166.49 $225.33 $102.05 $148.35 $250.40 Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA $0.24 $4.45 $4.69 $0.95 $9.19 $10.13 $1.11 $20.95 $22.06 $1.93 $18.67 $20.60 Wausau, WI $0.12 $5.21 $5.33 $0.48 $10.76 $11.24 $0.51 $22.38 $22.89 $0.88 $19.94 $20.82 Wenatchee, WA $0.43 $17.86 $18.28 $1.71 $36.86 $38.58 $1.70 $71.11 $72.81 $2.94 $63.36 $66.30 Wheeling, WV-OH $0.13 $4.69 $4.82 $0.51 $9.69 $10.20 $0.61 $22.47 $23.08 $1.06 $20.02 $21.08 Wichita, KS $0.53 $3.54 $4.07 $2.12 $7.31 $9.43 $2.39 $16.01 $18.39 $4.14 $14.26 $18.40 Williamsport, PA $0.12 $7.04 $7.16 $0.48 $14.53 $15.01 $0.52 $30.65 $31.17 $0.90 $27.32 $28.22 Yakima, WA $0.24 $3.89 $4.13 $0.97 $8.03 $8.99 $1.06 $17.10 $18.16 $1.83 $15.24 $17.07 York-Hanover, PA $0.14 $3.91 $4.05 $0.56 $8.07 $8.63 $0.63 $17.52 $18.15 $1.09 $15.61 $16.70 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA $0.23 $1.33 $1.56 $0.93 $2.75 $3.68 $1.00 $5.75 $6.76 $1.74 $5.13 $6.87 Yuba City, CA $0.30 $5.50 $5.80 $1.21 $11.35 $12.56 $1.14 $20.80 $21.94 $1.97 $18.54 $20.51 Yuma, AZ $0.17 $2.69 $2.85 $0.67 $5.55 $6.22 $0.70 $11.28 $11.98 $1.22 $10.05 $11.27
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269 TABLE G 5 Average change per 1% change in rail seat capacity per capita Average wage changes Average GDP per capita changes name OLSemp OLSpop OLStotal IV-emp IV-pop IV-total OLSemp OLSpop OLStotal IV-emp IV-pop IV-total Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA $1.95 $5.88 $7.83 $10.32 $16.65 $26.97 $9.05 $27.24 $36.28 $20.64 $33.29 $53.93 Baltimore-Towson, MD $3.85 $33.47 $37.32 $20.37 $94.77 $115.13 $15.09 $131.11 $146.20 $34.43 $160.23 $194.66 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY $0.65 $7.80 $8.44 $3.42 $22.08 $25.50 $2.82 $34.02 $36.84 $6.43 $41.58 $48.01 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI $12.53 $28.02 $40.55 $66.23 $79.35 $145.58 $57.10 $127.73 $184.82 $130.28 $156.09 $286.37 Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH $2.26 $16.19 $18.45 $11.97 $45.83 $57.80 $10.70 $76.52 $87.22 $24.42 $93.52 $117.94 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX $1.80 $3.36 $5.16 $9.54 $9.51 $19.05 $9.21 $17.16 $26.37 $21.02 $20.97 $41.99 Denver-Aurora, CO $1.38 $9.05 $10.43 $7.30 $25.62 $32.92 $6.45 $42.33 $48.78 $14.73 $51.73 $66.46 Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX $0.18 $0.48 $0.65 $0.94 $1.35 $2.29 $1.01 $2.70 $3.71 $2.31 $3.29 $5.60 Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR $0.25 $3.61 $3.86 $1.32 $10.21 $11.53 $1.08 $15.70 $16.78 $2.47 $19.19 $21.66 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA $1.25 $2.19 $3.43 $6.58 $6.19 $12.77 $6.05 $10.63 $16.68 $13.81 $12.99 $26.80 Memphis, TN-MS-AR $0.43 $3.17 $3.59 $2.25 $8.96 $11.21 $2.04 $15.19 $17.23 $4.66 $18.57 $23.22 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL $1.03 $3.72 $4.75 $5.44 $10.54 $15.98 $5.00 $18.12 $23.12 $11.42 $22.14 $33.56 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI $0.31 $1.68 $1.99 $1.65 $4.75 $6.40 $1.35 $7.25 $8.60 $3.08 $8.86 $11.94 Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN $0.62 $3.60 $4.22 $3.27 $10.20 $13.46 $2.89 $16.85 $19.74 $6.59 $20.59 $27.18 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA $1.04 $11.71 $12.75 $5.50 $33.16 $38.65 $6.34 $71.43 $77.77 $14.47 $87.29 $101.76 New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA $7.34 $21.41 $28.75 $38.81 $60.61 $99.42 $32.96 $96.14 $129.10 $75.22 $117.49 $192.71 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD $5.03 $22.54 $27.56 $26.57 $63.82 $90.39 $24.30 $108.98 $133.27 $55.44 $133.18 $188.62 Pittsburgh, PA $0.61 $6.49 $7.10 $3.21 $18.38 $21.59 $2.96 $31.66 $34.62 $6.76 $38.70 $45.45 Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, ME $0.58 $16.96 $17.55 $3.08 $48.03 $51.11 $2.57 $74.79 $77.35 $5.86 $91.40 $97.26 Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA $1.82 $13.42 $15.24 $9.60 $38.01 $47.61 $8.44 $62.44 $70.88 $19.27 $76.31 $95.57 Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA $1.48 $9.40 $10.89 $7.83 $26.63 $34.46 $5.68 $36.02 $41.69 $12.95 $44.02 $56.97 Salt Lake City, UT $1.18 $22.63 $23.82 $6.25 $64.08 $70.34 $5.48 $104.91 $110.39 $12.51 $128.21 $140.71 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA $2.52 $12.54 $15.06 $13.31 $35.52 $48.83 $11.35 $56.53 $67.87 $25.89 $69.08 $94.97 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA $7.88 $47.75 $55.63 $41.68 $135.19 $176.87 $35.13 $212.78 $247.91 $80.17 $260.04 $340.21 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA $3.18 $33.37 $36.55 $16.80 $94.50 $111.30 $13.04 $136.99 $150.03 $29.75 $167.41 $197.17 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA $0.81 $5.23 $6.04 $4.29 $14.82 $19.11 $3.63 $23.41 $27.04 $8.28 $28.61 $36.89 St.
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270 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL $0.09 $0.49 $0.57 $0.45 $1.38 $1.83 $0.39 $2.20 $2.59 $0.88 $2.69 $3.57 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV $7.65 $46.76 $54.40 $40.44 $132.39 $172.82 $30.53 $186.61 $217.14 $69.66 $228.06 $297.71
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271 TABLE G 6 Average change per 1% change in motor bus seat capacity per capita Average wage changes Average GDP per capita changes Name OLSemp OLSpop OLStotal IV-emp IV-pop IV-total OLSemp OLSpop OLStotal IV-emp IV-pop IV-total Abilene, TX $2.60 $14.36 $16.96 $5.01 $13.97 $18.98 $10.25 $56.67 $66.92 $8.53 $23.79 $32.32 Akron, OH $3.62 $8.46 $12.08 $6.97 $8.23 $15.21 $15.07 $35.28 $50.34 $12.54 $14.81 $27.35 Albany, GA $2.51 $10.97 $13.47 $4.84 $10.67 $15.50 $10.34 $45.22 $55.56 $8.61 $18.98 $27.59 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY $2.19 $8.85 $11.03 $4.22 $8.61 $12.82 $8.58 $34.72 $43.30 $7.14 $14.58 $21.72 Albuquerque, NM $2.56 $6.08 $8.64 $4.93 $5.92 $10.85 $11.00 $26.14 $37.14 $9.15 $10.98 $20.13 Alexandria, LA $1.68 $12.90 $14.58 $3.23 $12.55 $15.79 $7.09 $54.51 $61.60 $5.90 $22.89 $28.78 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ $1.46 $3.97 $5.43 $2.81 $3.86 $6.67 $6.05 $16.52 $22.57 $5.04 $6.94 $11.97 Altoona, PA $2.45 $45.69 $48.14 $4.73 $44.44 $49.17 $10.74 $199.97 $210.71 $8.94 $83.96 $92.89 Amarillo, TX $1.27 $5.61 $6.88 $2.44 $5.46 $7.90 $5.52 $24.47 $29.99 $4.59 $10.28 $14.87 Ames, IA $11.21 $191.18 $202.39 $21.61 $185.97 $207.58 $46.25 $789.01 $835.26 $38.49 $331.27 $369.76 Anchorage, AK $4.89 $17.32 $22.21 $9.43 $16.85 $26.28 $24.02 $85.08 $109.10 $19.99 $35.72 $55.71 Anderson, IN $3.20 $13.66 $16.85 $6.17 $13.28 $19.45 $15.79 $67.43 $83.22 $13.14 $28.31 $41.45 Ann Arbor, MI $3.53 $33.80 $37.33 $6.81 $32.88 $39.69 $10.90 $104.30 $115.20 $9.07 $43.79 $52.86 Anniston-Oxford, AL $1.99 $10.87 $12.86 $3.83 $10.57 $14.41 $7.82 $42.77 $50.59 $6.51 $17.96 $24.47 Appleton, WI $1.70 $18.57 $20.27 $3.27 $18.06 $21.34 $7.05 $77.11 $84.16 $5.87 $32.38 $38.24 Athens-Clarke County, GA $3.77 $17.04 $20.82 $7.28 $16.58 $23.86 $13.27 $59.91 $73.18 $11.04 $25.15 $36.20 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA $2.64 $1.20 $3.85 $5.10 $1.17 $6.27 $12.25 $5.58 $17.83 $10.20 $2.34 $12.54 Auburn-Opelika, AL $1.39 $8.19 $9.57 $2.68 $7.96 $10.64 $5.29 $31.21 $36.50 $4.40 $13.10 $17.51 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC $1.44 $1.84 $3.28 $2.78 $1.79 $4.57 $5.00 $6.37 $11.37 $4.16 $2.68 $6.84 Austin-Round Rock, TX $3.52 $4.70 $8.21 $6.78 $4.57 $11.35 $14.04 $18.77 $32.81 $11.69 $7.88 $19.57 Bakersfield, CA $1.95 $3.81 $5.76 $3.76 $3.71 $7.47 $8.77 $17.13 $25.90 $7.30 $7.19 $14.49 Baltimore-Towson, MD $4.11 $5.41 $9.52 $7.93 $5.26 $13.20 $16.12 $21.19 $37.31 $13.42 $8.90 $22.31 Bangor, ME $1.54 $15.71 $17.25 $2.97 $15.28 $18.25 $6.06 $61.83 $67.89 $5.04 $25.96 $31.00 Baton Rouge, LA $1.41 $3.12 $4.53 $2.72 $3.04 $5.76 $7.11 $15.74 $22.85 $5.92 $6.61 $12.53 Battle Creek, MI $4.27 $31.63 $35.90 $8.24 $30.77 $39.01 $18.10 $133.97 $152.07 $15.07 $56.25 $71.31 Bay City, MI $7.06 $80.60 $87.66 $13.61 $78.41 $92.02 $26.19 $299.08 $325.27 $21.80 $125.57 $147.37 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX $2.10 $5.86 $7.96 $4.04 $5.70 $9.75 $8.85 $24.75 $33.60 $7.37 $10.39 $17.76
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272 Bellingham, WA $5.06 $40.63 $45.70 $9.77 $39.53 $49.29 $21.43 $171.97 $193.40 $17.84 $72.20 $90.04 Bend, OR $0.85 $7.04 $7.89 $1.64 $6.85 $8.49 $4.01 $33.15 $37.16 $3.34 $13.92 $17.26 Billings, MT $3.16 $26.96 $30.12 $6.10 $26.23 $32.32 $13.93 $118.75 $132.67 $11.59 $49.86 $61.45 Binghamton, NY $1.93 $21.40 $23.34 $3.73 $20.82 $24.55 $6.45 $71.38 $77.83 $5.37 $29.97 $35.34 Birmingham-Hoover, AL $1.68 $2.03 $3.71 $3.23 $1.98 $5.21 $7.98 $9.66 $17.64 $6.64 $4.06 $10.70 Bismarck, ND $2.19 $36.73 $38.92 $4.22 $35.73 $39.95 $8.23 $138.11 $146.34 $6.85 $57.99 $64.84 Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA $15.30 $93.42 $108.72 $29.51 $90.87 $120.38 $57.29 $349.76 $407.05 $47.68 $146.85 $194.53 Bloomington, IN $2.55 $23.78 $26.33 $4.92 $23.13 $28.05 $9.67 $90.09 $99.77 $8.05 $37.82 $45.88 Bloomington-Normal, IL $2.69 $26.23 $28.92 $5.19 $25.51 $30.70 $12.19 $118.89 $131.08 $10.15 $49.92 $60.06 Boise City-Nampa, ID $0.89 $2.52 $3.41 $1.72 $2.45 $4.17 $3.78 $10.69 $14.47 $3.15 $4.49 $7.64 Bradenton-Sarasota-Venice, FL $1.47 $4.34 $5.81 $2.84 $4.22 $7.06 $6.77 $19.97 $26.74 $5.63 $8.39 $14.02 Bremerton-Silverdale, WA $8.78 $52.40 $61.18 $16.93 $50.97 $67.90 $26.87 $160.40 $187.27 $22.36 $67.34 $89.71 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX $0.96 $2.77 $3.72 $1.85 $2.69 $4.54 $3.82 $11.02 $14.84 $3.18 $4.63 $7.80 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY $4.93 $8.99 $13.92 $9.50 $8.75 $18.25 $21.49 $39.25 $60.74 $17.89 $16.48 $34.36 Burlington-South Burlington, VT $3.75 $38.41 $42.17 $7.24 $37.37 $44.61 $14.16 $144.90 $159.07 $11.79 $60.84 $72.63 Canton-Massillon, OH $2.56 $7.53 $10.09 $4.94 $7.32 $12.27 $11.44 $33.62 $45.06 $9.52 $14.11 $23.64 Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL $2.23 $3.52 $5.75 $4.30 $3.42 $7.72 $11.38 $17.94 $29.33 $9.47 $7.53 $17.01 Carson City, NV $2.15 $42.85 $45.00 $4.15 $41.68 $45.84 $8.21 $163.30 $171.51 $6.83 $68.56 $75.40 Casper, WY $1.96 $26.69 $28.64 $3.77 $25.96 $29.73 $14.57 $198.68 $213.25 $12.13 $83.41 $95.54 Cedar Rapids, IA $3.47 $21.04 $24.51 $6.69 $20.47 $27.16 $15.84 $96.11 $111.95 $13.19 $40.35 $53.54 Champaign-Urbana, IL $5.55 $47.51 $53.06 $10.71 $46.21 $56.92 $20.17 $172.55 $192.72 $16.79 $72.45 $89.23 Charleston, WV $2.04 $13.86 $15.90 $3.94 $13.48 $17.42 $10.09 $68.54 $78.63 $8.40 $28.78 $37.17 Charleston-North Charleston, SC $2.39 $4.56 $6.95 $4.61 $4.43 $9.04 $9.71 $18.53 $28.24 $8.08 $7.78 $15.86 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC $10.46 $4.04 $14.50 $20.17 $3.93 $24.10 $64.48 $24.90 $89.39 $53.67 $10.46 $64.13 Charlottesville, VA $4.80 $58.01 $62.81 $9.26 $56.42 $65.68 $16.16 $195.22 $211.38 $13.45 $81.96 $95.41 Chattanooga, TN-GA $2.77 $6.26 $9.03 $5.35 $6.09 $11.43 $12.80 $28.90 $41.70 $10.66 $12.13 $22.79 Cheyenne, WY $2.76 $45.69 $48.45 $5.33 $44.44 $49.77 $10.79 $178.24 $189.03 $8.98 $74.83 $83.81 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI $4.04 $1.37 $5.41 $7.79 $1.33 $9.13 $18.42 $6.24 $24.66 $15.33 $2.62 $17.95 Chico, CA $2.40 $14.37 $16.77 $4.63 $13.98 $18.60 $10.21 $61.14 $71.35 $8.50 $25.67 $34.17 Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN $3.82 $3.91 $7.73 $7.36 $3.81 $11.16 $17.05 $17.49 $34.54 $14.19 $7.34 $21.54 Clarksville, TN-KY $2.46 $4.22 $6.67 $4.74 $4.10 $8.84 $8.13 $13.94 $22.07 $6.77 $5.85 $12.62
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273 Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH $4.70 $5.08 $9.78 $9.05 $4.94 $14.00 $22.20 $24.02 $46.21 $18.47 $10.08 $28.56 College Station-Bryan, TX $3.22 $13.66 $16.88 $6.22 $13.29 $19.50 $11.20 $47.45 $58.65 $9.32 $19.92 $29.24 Colorado Springs, CO $3.39 $7.84 $11.23 $6.53 $7.62 $14.16 $11.28 $26.10 $37.38 $9.39 $10.96 $20.34 Columbia, MO $2.89 $21.85 $24.75 $5.58 $21.26 $26.84 $9.19 $69.38 $78.57 $7.65 $29.13 $36.78 Columbia, SC $0.88 $2.35 $3.23 $1.69 $2.29 $3.98 $3.44 $9.20 $12.64 $2.86 $3.86 $6.73 Columbus, GA-AL $2.73 $8.81 $11.54 $5.27 $8.57 $13.84 $9.71 $31.29 $41.00 $8.08 $13.14 $21.22 Columbus, IN $0.80 $13.44 $14.24 $1.54 $13.07 $14.61 $3.58 $60.51 $64.09 $2.98 $25.40 $28.39 Columbus, OH $2.36 $2.48 $4.85 $4.56 $2.42 $6.98 $10.20 $10.72 $20.92 $8.49 $4.50 $12.99 Corpus Christi, TX $4.16 $11.35 $15.51 $8.02 $11.04 $19.06 $18.15 $49.50 $67.66 $15.11 $20.78 $35.89 Corvallis, OR $2.07 $41.97 $44.04 $3.99 $40.83 $44.82 $7.73 $156.71 $164.45 $6.43 $65.80 $72.23 Cumberland, MD-WV $0.69 $8.79 $9.48 $1.33 $8.55 $9.88 $2.55 $32.48 $35.03 $2.12 $13.64 $15.76 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX $3.30 $0.93 $4.23 $6.37 $0.90 $7.27 $16.86 $4.75 $21.61 $14.03 $1.99 $16.02 Danville, IL $3.54 $41.04 $44.58 $6.83 $39.92 $46.75 $13.53 $156.70 $170.23 $11.26 $65.79 $77.05 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL $5.14 $17.82 $22.96 $9.91 $17.33 $27.24 $23.43 $81.24 $104.67 $19.50 $34.11 $53.61 Dayton, OH $2.53 $4.88 $7.41 $4.89 $4.75 $9.63 $10.32 $19.88 $30.20 $8.59 $8.35 $16.94 Decatur, IL $5.41 $49.95 $55.36 $10.42 $48.59 $59.01 $27.94 $258.17 $286.11 $23.25 $108.39 $131.65 Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL $2.75 $4.27 $7.02 $5.30 $4.15 $9.45 $13.19 $20.52 $33.71 $10.98 $8.61 $19.59 Denver-Aurora, CO $7.30 $7.24 $14.53 $14.07 $7.04 $21.11 $34.13 $33.86 $67.99 $28.40 $14.22 $42.62 Des Moines, IA $3.88 $13.96 $17.84 $7.49 $13.58 $21.07 $19.57 $70.35 $89.92 $16.29 $29.54 $45.83 Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI $3.53 $1.57 $5.10 $6.81 $1.53 $8.34 $15.98 $7.12 $23.10 $13.30 $2.99 $16.29 Dubuque, IA $2.42 $37.21 $39.63 $4.67 $36.19 $40.86 $12.04 $185.03 $197.07 $10.02 $77.68 $87.70 Duluth, MN-WI $6.24 $25.86 $32.10 $12.03 $25.16 $37.19 $25.27 $104.74 $130.01 $21.03 $43.97 $65.01 Eau Claire, WI $1.94 $17.87 $19.81 $3.74 $17.38 $21.12 $7.88 $72.61 $80.49 $6.55 $30.49 $37.04 El Centro, CA $1.48 $15.09 $16.57 $2.85 $14.67 $17.53 $6.03 $61.43 $67.46 $5.02 $25.79 $30.81 El Paso, TX $2.88 $6.34 $9.22 $5.56 $6.16 $11.72 $15.27 $33.57 $48.85 $12.71 $14.09 $26.81 Elkhart-Goshen, IN $0.60 $4.24 $4.84 $1.15 $4.13 $5.28 $3.00 $21.31 $24.31 $2.50 $8.95 $11.44 Elmira, NY $2.11 $54.53 $56.64 $4.07 $53.05 $57.11 $8.11 $209.80 $217.91 $6.75 $88.08 $94.83 Erie, PA $2.26 $19.18 $21.44 $4.35 $18.66 $23.01 $9.67 $82.17 $91.84 $8.05 $34.50 $42.55 Eugene-Springfield, OR $5.70 $25.94 $31.64 $11.00 $25.23 $36.23 $22.39 $101.82 $124.21 $18.64 $42.75 $61.39 Evansville, IN-KY $1.27 $6.54 $7.80 $2.44 $6.36 $8.80 $6.78 $34.98 $41.76 $5.64 $14.69 $20.33 Fairbanks, AK $2.70 $26.64 $29.34 $5.21 $25.91 $31.12 $8.55 $84.34 $92.90 $7.12 $35.41 $42.53
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274 Fargo, ND-MN $1.54 $16.11 $17.66 $2.98 $15.67 $18.65 $7.57 $78.93 $86.50 $6.30 $33.14 $39.44 Farmington, NM $0.47 $5.01 $5.48 $0.92 $4.87 $5.79 $3.10 $32.73 $35.83 $2.58 $13.74 $16.32 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO $2.26 $5.46 $7.71 $4.35 $5.31 $9.66 $9.78 $23.63 $33.41 $8.14 $9.92 $18.06 Flagstaff, AZ $1.32 $12.87 $14.19 $2.54 $12.52 $15.06 $4.44 $43.50 $47.94 $3.70 $18.26 $21.96 Flint, MI $7.30 $22.31 $29.62 $14.08 $21.71 $35.79 $27.05 $82.66 $109.71 $22.51 $34.70 $57.22 Florence, SC $0.72 $3.39 $4.11 $1.38 $3.30 $4.68 $2.80 $13.27 $16.07 $2.33 $5.57 $7.90 Fond du Lac, WI $0.96 $17.73 $18.69 $1.84 $17.25 $19.09 $4.39 $81.45 $85.85 $3.66 $34.20 $37.86 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO $2.41 $10.31 $12.72 $4.65 $10.03 $14.68 $8.64 $36.94 $45.58 $7.19 $15.51 $22.70 Fort Smith, AR-OK $0.66 $3.12 $3.79 $1.28 $3.04 $4.32 $3.19 $14.97 $18.16 $2.65 $6.29 $8.94 Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, FL $0.75 $5.98 $6.73 $1.45 $5.82 $7.26 $3.27 $26.00 $29.27 $2.72 $10.92 $13.64 Fort Wayne, IN $1.81 $4.83 $6.64 $3.49 $4.70 $8.19 $8.28 $22.09 $30.37 $6.89 $9.27 $16.16 Fresno, CA $2.51 $4.69 $7.20 $4.83 $4.56 $9.40 $10.46 $19.57 $30.03 $8.70 $8.22 $16.92 Gadsden, AL $1.53 $8.93 $10.46 $2.94 $8.69 $11.63 $6.69 $39.20 $45.89 $5.57 $16.46 $22.03 Gainesville, FL $10.70 $45.65 $56.36 $20.64 $44.41 $65.05 $35.43 $151.10 $186.53 $29.49 $63.44 $92.93 Gainesville, GA $0.32 $2.04 $2.36 $0.61 $1.99 $2.60 $1.38 $8.92 $10.30 $1.15 $3.74 $4.90 Glens Falls, NY $0.75 $18.23 $18.98 $1.44 $17.73 $19.17 $2.71 $66.30 $69.01 $2.26 $27.83 $30.09 Grand Forks, ND-MN $1.25 $19.08 $20.32 $2.40 $18.56 $20.96 $4.55 $69.62 $74.17 $3.78 $29.23 $33.02 Grand Junction, CO $2.47 $17.41 $19.88 $4.76 $16.94 $21.70 $9.51 $67.05 $76.56 $7.92 $28.15 $36.07 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI $2.00 $5.73 $7.73 $3.85 $5.58 $9.43 $9.09 $26.09 $35.18 $7.56 $10.95 $18.52 Great Falls, MT $3.88 $58.65 $62.53 $7.48 $57.06 $64.53 $14.86 $224.82 $239.68 $12.37 $94.39 $106.76 Greeley, CO $0.84 $4.95 $5.79 $1.62 $4.81 $6.43 $3.21 $18.91 $22.12 $2.67 $7.94 $10.61 Green Bay, WI $2.84 $12.55 $15.39 $5.47 $12.21 $17.68 $12.55 $55.51 $68.05 $10.44 $23.30 $33.75 Greenville, SC $0.37 $1.04 $1.41 $0.71 $1.02 $1.73 $1.54 $4.33 $5.87 $1.28 $1.82 $3.10 Gulfport-Biloxi, MS $1.64 $6.10 $7.75 $3.17 $5.94 $9.11 $6.32 $23.48 $29.81 $5.26 $9.86 $15.12 Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV $0.83 $5.88 $6.72 $1.61 $5.72 $7.33 $3.52 $24.82 $28.34 $2.93 $10.42 $13.35 Hanford-Corcoran, CA $3.04 $18.92 $21.96 $5.86 $18.41 $24.27 $10.76 $67.01 $77.77 $8.96 $28.13 $37.09 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA $0.75 $7.69 $8.43 $1.44 $7.48 $8.92 $3.03 $31.16 $34.19 $2.52 $13.08 $15.60 Hattiesburg, MS $0.46 $4.21 $4.68 $0.89 $4.10 $4.99 $1.93 $17.61 $19.54 $1.60 $7.39 $9.00 Holland-Grand Haven, MI $0.84 $5.27 $6.12 $1.63 $5.13 $6.76 $4.04 $25.24 $29.28 $3.36 $10.60 $13.96 Honolulu, HI $6.36 $22.48 $28.84 $12.26 $21.87 $34.13 $26.16 $92.52 $118.68 $21.77 $38.84 $60.62 Hot Springs, AR $1.39 $11.05 $12.44 $2.68 $10.75 $13.43 $6.05 $48.04 $54.09 $5.04 $20.17 $25.21
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275 Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX $4.72 $1.90 $6.62 $9.10 $1.85 $10.95 $26.70 $10.78 $37.48 $22.23 $4.52 $26.75 Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH $1.61 $10.15 $11.76 $3.10 $9.87 $12.98 $7.16 $45.12 $52.28 $5.96 $18.94 $24.90 Huntsville, AL $1.19 $2.59 $3.78 $2.30 $2.52 $4.82 $4.28 $9.30 $13.58 $3.56 $3.91 $7.47 Idaho Falls, ID $0.90 $11.63 $12.53 $1.74 $11.31 $13.06 $3.13 $40.32 $43.45 $2.60 $16.93 $19.53 Indianapolis, IN $1.87 $1.69 $3.56 $3.61 $1.65 $5.25 $9.63 $8.71 $18.34 $8.02 $3.66 $11.67 Iowa City, IA $5.97 $78.35 $84.32 $11.52 $76.21 $87.73 $21.05 $276.09 $297.14 $17.52 $115.92 $133.44 Ithaca, NY $5.70 $159.05 $164.75 $10.99 $154.71 $165.70 $22.88 $638.51 $661.39 $19.05 $268.08 $287.13 Jackson, MI $0.64 $10.29 $10.94 $1.24 $10.01 $11.26 $2.66 $42.45 $45.11 $2.21 $17.82 $20.04 Jackson, MS $1.14 $2.47 $3.61 $2.21 $2.40 $4.61 $5.16 $11.12 $16.29 $4.30 $4.67 $8.97 Jackson, TN $2.15 $21.76 $23.91 $4.16 $21.16 $25.32 $8.87 $89.60 $98.47 $7.39 $37.62 $45.00 Jacksonville, FL $3.76 $3.52 $7.29 $7.26 $3.43 $10.68 $16.79 $15.71 $32.50 $13.97 $6.60 $20.57 Janesville, WI $4.21 $31.06 $35.27 $8.13 $30.21 $38.34 $16.59 $122.31 $138.91 $13.81 $51.35 $65.16 Jefferson City, MO $1.59 $18.00 $19.59 $3.07 $17.50 $20.58 $5.17 $58.31 $63.47 $4.30 $24.48 $28.78 Johnson City, TN $1.57 $7.50 $9.07 $3.02 $7.30 $10.32 $6.62 $31.72 $38.34 $5.51 $13.32 $18.83 Johnstown, PA $2.43 $37.22 $39.64 $4.68 $36.20 $40.88 $9.59 $147.13 $156.72 $7.98 $61.77 $69.76 Jonesboro, AR $0.62 $3.59 $4.21 $1.20 $3.49 $4.69 $2.86 $16.45 $19.31 $2.38 $6.91 $9.29 Kalamazoo-Portage, MI $2.61 $10.16 $12.77 $5.04 $9.88 $14.92 $11.26 $43.75 $55.00 $9.37 $18.37 $27.74 Kankakee-Bradley, IL $2.02 $23.04 $25.06 $3.90 $22.41 $26.31 $8.64 $98.31 $106.95 $7.19 $41.28 $48.46 Kansas City, MO-KS $3.60 $2.31 $5.91 $6.94 $2.25 $9.19 $16.06 $10.30 $26.36 $13.37 $4.32 $17.69 Kennewick-Richland-Pasco, WA $11.70 $39.96 $51.65 $22.55 $38.87 $61.42 $45.51 $155.48 $200.99 $37.88 $65.28 $103.16 Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, TX $1.11 $2.41 $3.52 $2.13 $2.35 $4.48 $2.86 $6.24 $9.10 $2.38 $2.62 $5.00 Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA $1.44 $3.89 $5.34 $2.78 $3.79 $6.57 $6.05 $16.33 $22.39 $5.04 $6.86 $11.90 Kingston, NY $3.44 $32.68 $36.12 $6.63 $31.79 $38.43 $12.14 $115.33 $127.46 $10.10 $48.42 $58.52 Knoxville, TN $2.29 $4.66 $6.95 $4.42 $4.53 $8.95 $9.83 $19.99 $29.82 $8.18 $8.39 $16.57 La Crosse, WI-MN $2.17 $32.07 $34.25 $4.19 $31.20 $35.39 $9.02 $133.22 $142.24 $7.51 $55.93 $63.44 Lafayette, IN $5.20 $47.62 $52.82 $10.04 $46.32 $56.36 $20.97 $191.91 $212.88 $17.46 $80.57 $98.03 Lafayette, LA $1.53 $9.85 $11.38 $2.96 $9.58 $12.53 $9.86 $63.34 $73.20 $8.21 $26.59 $34.80 Lake Charles, LA $0.81 $5.12 $5.94 $1.57 $4.98 $6.56 $6.20 $38.99 $45.19 $5.16 $16.37 $21.53 Lakeland, FL $1.79 $4.10 $5.89 $3.45 $3.99 $7.44 $7.67 $17.63 $25.30 $6.39 $7.40 $13.79 Lancaster, PA $0.41 $4.00 $4.41 $0.80 $3.89 $4.69 $1.86 $18.00 $19.86 $1.55 $7.56 $9.11 Lansing-East Lansing, MI $2.25 $13.76 $16.01 $4.34 $13.38 $17.72 $8.47 $51.76 $60.23 $7.05 $21.73 $28.78
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276 Laredo, TX $3.17 $17.34 $20.51 $6.11 $16.87 $22.98 $14.77 $80.83 $95.60 $12.29 $33.94 $46.23 Las Cruces, NM $1.35 $7.64 $8.99 $2.60 $7.43 $10.03 $5.47 $30.90 $36.37 $4.55 $12.97 $17.52 Las Vegas-Paradise, NV $2.34 $4.44 $6.79 $4.52 $4.32 $8.84 $12.82 $24.30 $37.12 $10.67 $10.20 $20.87 Lawrence, KS $1.46 $19.89 $21.35 $2.82 $19.34 $22.16 $5.68 $77.22 $82.90 $4.72 $32.42 $37.15 Lawton, OK $3.90 $13.63 $17.53 $7.52 $13.26 $20.78 $11.55 $40.37 $51.92 $9.62 $16.95 $26.57 Lebanon, PA $0.93 $13.51 $14.44 $1.80 $13.15 $14.94 $3.91 $56.78 $60.69 $3.26 $23.84 $27.09 Lewiston, ID-WA $0.41 $6.90 $7.32 $0.80 $6.72 $7.52 $1.50 $24.93 $26.43 $1.25 $10.47 $11.71 Lewiston-Auburn, ME $1.28 $17.32 $18.61 $2.47 $16.85 $19.32 $5.32 $71.91 $77.23 $4.43 $30.19 $34.62 Lexington-Fayette, KY $1.65 $6.51 $8.16 $3.18 $6.33 $9.51 $7.35 $28.96 $36.31 $6.11 $12.16 $18.27 Lima, OH $1.17 $14.53 $15.70 $2.25 $14.14 $16.39 $5.32 $66.15 $71.47 $4.43 $27.77 $32.20 Lincoln, NE $3.11 $16.48 $19.58 $5.99 $16.03 $22.02 $12.95 $68.67 $81.62 $10.78 $28.83 $39.61 Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR $1.55 $3.39 $4.93 $2.98 $3.30 $6.28 $6.73 $14.76 $21.48 $5.60 $6.20 $11.79 Logan, UT-ID $4.50 $58.47 $62.98 $8.68 $56.88 $65.56 $15.12 $196.31 $211.43 $12.58 $82.42 $95.00 Longview, TX $0.62 $3.08 $3.70 $1.20 $3.00 $4.20 $3.23 $16.05 $19.28 $2.69 $6.74 $9.42 Longview, WA $1.40 $18.40 $19.79 $2.69 $17.90 $20.59 $5.33 $70.27 $75.60 $4.44 $29.50 $33.94 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA $4.76 $1.26 $6.02 $9.18 $1.23 $10.41 $23.13 $6.15 $29.28 $19.25 $2.58 $21.83 Louisville, KY-IN $4.88 $4.87 $9.75 $9.42 $4.74 $14.15 $23.78 $23.70 $47.48 $19.79 $9.95 $29.74 Lubbock, TX $3.93 $20.16 $24.09 $7.58 $19.61 $27.19 $16.42 $84.20 $100.62 $13.67 $35.35 $49.02 Lynchburg, VA $14.80 $59.94 $74.74 $28.54 $58.30 $86.84 $62.31 $252.32 $314.63 $51.86 $105.94 $157.80 Macon, GA $1.92 $8.89 $10.81 $3.70 $8.65 $12.35 $7.42 $34.36 $41.78 $6.18 $14.43 $20.60 Madera, CA $1.27 $7.35 $8.62 $2.45 $7.15 $9.60 $4.85 $28.08 $32.93 $4.04 $11.79 $15.83 Madison, WI $4.32 $22.17 $26.50 $8.34 $21.57 $29.91 $18.19 $93.29 $111.49 $15.14 $39.17 $54.31 Mansfield, OH $1.52 $12.46 $13.98 $2.93 $12.12 $15.05 $6.38 $52.39 $58.77 $5.31 $21.99 $27.31 McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr, TX $0.39 $0.65 $1.04 $0.76 $0.63 $1.39 $1.55 $2.55 $4.11 $1.29 $1.07 $2.36 Medford, OR $1.60 $14.00 $15.60 $3.08 $13.62 $16.70 $6.33 $55.42 $61.75 $5.27 $23.27 $28.53 Memphis, TN-MS-AR $2.39 $2.69 $5.08 $4.60 $2.62 $7.22 $11.46 $12.91 $24.37 $9.54 $5.42 $14.96 Merced, CA $2.86 $17.53 $20.39 $5.51 $17.05 $22.56 $13.97 $85.63 $99.60 $11.63 $35.95 $47.58 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL $3.06 $1.68 $4.74 $5.91 $1.63 $7.54 $14.91 $8.17 $23.08 $12.41 $3.43 $15.84 Michigan City-La Porte, IN $1.01 $9.43 $10.44 $1.95 $9.18 $11.12 $4.27 $39.89 $44.15 $3.55 $16.75 $20.30 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI $4.68 $7.93 $12.61 $9.03 $7.71 $16.74 $21.86 $37.00 $58.87 $18.20 $15.54 $33.73 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI $6.75 $5.49 $12.24 $13.02 $5.34 $18.36 $29.18 $23.75 $52.92 $24.29 $9.97 $34.26
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277 Missoula, MT $2.62 $33.10 $35.73 $5.06 $32.20 $37.26 $12.25 $154.53 $166.78 $10.19 $64.88 $75.07 Mobile, AL $2.05 $4.79 $6.84 $3.95 $4.66 $8.61 $8.59 $20.11 $28.70 $7.15 $8.44 $15.59 Modesto, CA $1.93 $6.44 $8.37 $3.73 $6.26 $9.99 $8.81 $29.36 $38.17 $7.34 $12.32 $19.66 Monroe, LA $1.60 $13.51 $15.11 $3.08 $13.14 $16.22 $7.93 $67.11 $75.03 $6.60 $28.17 $34.77 Montgomery, AL $1.38 $3.98 $5.36 $2.66 $3.87 $6.53 $5.50 $15.85 $21.35 $4.58 $6.65 $11.23 Morgantown, WV $3.53 $33.78 $37.31 $6.81 $32.86 $39.67 $15.86 $151.77 $167.63 $13.20 $63.72 $76.92 Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA $4.77 $39.20 $43.97 $9.20 $38.13 $47.33 $22.19 $182.41 $204.60 $18.47 $76.59 $95.06 Muncie, IN $4.87 $48.76 $53.63 $9.40 $47.43 $56.83 $19.17 $191.74 $210.91 $15.95 $80.50 $96.46 Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI $2.86 $15.37 $18.24 $5.52 $14.96 $20.48 $11.56 $62.03 $73.59 $9.62 $26.04 $35.66 Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC $0.76 $3.87 $4.63 $1.47 $3.76 $5.23 $4.42 $22.46 $26.88 $3.68 $9.43 $13.11 Napa, CA $4.24 $46.97 $51.21 $8.17 $45.69 $53.86 $19.00 $210.62 $229.61 $15.81 $88.43 $104.24 Naples-Marco Island, FL $0.82 $3.50 $4.32 $1.58 $3.41 $4.99 $4.32 $18.42 $22.74 $3.60 $7.73 $11.33 Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN $2.28 $2.01 $4.28 $4.39 $1.95 $6.34 $10.64 $9.39 $20.04 $8.86 $3.94 $12.80 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA $3.38 $5.75 $9.13 $6.51 $5.60 $12.11 $20.59 $35.10 $55.68 $17.14 $14.74 $31.87 New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA $4.12 $1.82 $5.93 $7.94 $1.77 $9.71 $18.49 $8.16 $26.65 $15.39 $3.43 $18.82 Niles-Benton Harbor, MI $0.24 $1.35 $1.59 $0.47 $1.31 $1.78 $1.07 $5.93 $7.00 $0.89 $2.49 $3.38 Ocala, FL $0.80 $2.70 $3.51 $1.55 $2.63 $4.18 $3.26 $10.95 $14.21 $2.71 $4.60 $7.31 Odessa, TX $2.44 $23.06 $25.51 $4.71 $22.44 $27.15 $11.28 $106.47 $117.75 $9.39 $44.70 $54.09 Oklahoma City, OK $1.58 $1.82 $3.40 $3.05 $1.77 $4.82 $7.27 $8.35 $15.62 $6.05 $3.51 $9.56 Olympia, WA $3.30 $31.74 $35.04 $6.36 $30.88 $37.23 $11.45 $110.28 $121.74 $9.53 $46.30 $55.84 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA $3.26 $6.86 $10.12 $6.29 $6.67 $12.97 $15.20 $31.93 $47.12 $12.65 $13.40 $26.05 Orlando, FL $1.81 $2.14 $3.95 $3.50 $2.08 $5.58 $10.02 $11.81 $21.83 $8.34 $4.96 $13.30 Oshkosh-Neenah, WI $2.00 $22.36 $24.35 $3.85 $21.75 $25.60 $7.91 $88.42 $96.32 $6.58 $37.12 $43.70 Owensboro, KY $0.88 $10.34 $11.22 $1.69 $10.06 $11.75 $4.08 $48.10 $52.18 $3.40 $20.19 $23.59 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA $3.49 $5.82 $9.31 $6.73 $5.67 $12.39 $14.92 $24.92 $39.84 $12.42 $10.46 $22.88 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL $1.76 $2.37 $4.12 $3.39 $2.30 $5.69 $6.75 $9.08 $15.83 $5.62 $3.81 $9.43 Panama City-Lynn Haven, FL $1.14 $8.25 $9.39 $2.20 $8.03 $10.23 $4.78 $34.66 $39.44 $3.98 $14.55 $18.53 Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH $0.86 $6.80 $7.66 $1.66 $6.61 $8.27 $3.97 $31.30 $35.27 $3.30 $13.14 $16.44 Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL $0.99 $4.53 $5.51 $1.90 $4.40 $6.31 $3.68 $16.87 $20.54 $3.06 $7.08 $10.14 Peoria, IL $2.90 $11.60 $14.50 $5.60 $11.28 $16.88 $12.73 $50.86 $63.59 $10.60 $21.35 $31.95 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD $2.82 $1.92 $4.74 $5.44 $1.86 $7.31 $13.65 $9.26 $22.91 $11.36 $3.89 $15.25
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278 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ $2.93 $1.44 $4.37 $5.64 $1.40 $7.04 $13.92 $6.85 $20.78 $11.59 $2.88 $14.47 Pine Bluff, AR $2.06 $12.82 $14.88 $3.97 $12.47 $16.44 $8.25 $51.43 $59.68 $6.87 $21.59 $28.46 Pittsburgh, PA $3.68 $5.95 $9.63 $7.10 $5.79 $12.89 $17.95 $29.04 $46.99 $14.94 $12.19 $27.14 Pocatello, ID $2.35 $26.89 $29.24 $4.53 $26.15 $30.68 $8.52 $97.46 $105.97 $7.09 $40.92 $48.01 Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce, FL $1.68 $1.11 $2.79 $3.24 $1.08 $4.32 $7.74 $5.13 $12.87 $6.44 $2.15 $8.60 Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, ME $0.94 $4.16 $5.11 $1.82 $4.05 $5.87 $4.16 $18.35 $22.51 $3.46 $7.70 $11.17 Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA $4.88 $5.46 $10.34 $9.41 $5.31 $14.72 $22.69 $25.39 $48.08 $18.89 $10.66 $29.54 Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY $2.10 $5.83 $7.93 $4.05 $5.67 $9.72 $7.38 $20.46 $27.84 $6.14 $8.59 $14.73 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA $3.21 $4.71 $7.92 $6.19 $4.58 $10.77 $14.35 $21.05 $35.40 $11.95 $8.84 $20.78 Pueblo, CO $2.01 $14.63 $16.64 $3.88 $14.23 $18.11 $7.48 $54.32 $61.80 $6.22 $22.81 $29.03 Racine, WI $2.74 $25.56 $28.30 $5.28 $24.87 $30.15 $12.60 $117.56 $130.16 $10.49 $49.36 $59.84 Rapid City, SD $1.17 $10.74 $11.92 $2.26 $10.45 $12.72 $4.88 $44.64 $49.52 $4.06 $18.74 $22.80 Reading, PA $1.28 $10.01 $11.29 $2.46 $9.74 $12.20 $5.25 $41.12 $46.37 $4.37 $17.27 $21.63 Redding, CA $2.90 $13.44 $16.34 $5.60 $13.07 $18.67 $11.66 $53.94 $65.60 $9.70 $22.65 $32.35 Reno-Sparks, NV $3.82 $14.86 $18.67 $7.36 $14.45 $21.81 $17.71 $68.95 $86.67 $14.74 $28.95 $43.70 Richmond, VA $2.52 $4.78 $7.31 $4.87 $4.65 $9.52 $10.79 $20.44 $31.23 $8.98 $8.58 $17.56 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA $2.02 $0.67 $2.69 $3.89 $0.65 $4.54 $8.81 $2.92 $11.73 $7.33 $1.23 $8.56 Roanoke, VA $3.91 $20.36 $24.27 $7.53 $19.81 $27.34 $16.43 $85.65 $102.08 $13.68 $35.96 $49.63 Rochester, NY $2.44 $8.39 $10.83 $4.70 $8.17 $12.87 $10.90 $37.50 $48.40 $9.07 $15.74 $24.81 Rockford, IL $1.86 $7.22 $9.09 $3.60 $7.03 $10.62 $8.06 $31.22 $39.28 $6.71 $13.11 $19.81 Rome, GA $11.60 $112.17 $123.77 $22.37 $109.12 $131.48 $47.66 $460.93 $508.59 $39.67 $193.52 $233.19 Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA $3.60 $3.46 $7.06 $6.94 $3.36 $10.30 $13.79 $13.24 $27.03 $11.48 $5.56 $17.03 Saginaw-Saginaw Township North, MI $3.41 $21.53 $24.94 $6.57 $20.94 $27.51 $14.03 $88.67 $102.71 $11.68 $37.23 $48.91 Salem, OR $2.59 $11.25 $13.84 $4.99 $10.95 $15.94 $9.85 $42.86 $52.71 $8.20 $17.99 $26.19 Salinas, CA $2.72 $15.90 $18.61 $5.24 $15.46 $20.70 $12.94 $75.69 $88.63 $10.77 $31.78 $42.55 Salisbury, MD $1.71 $23.17 $24.87 $3.29 $22.53 $25.83 $6.65 $90.25 $96.91 $5.54 $37.89 $43.43 Salt Lake City, UT $4.46 $12.90 $17.36 $8.59 $12.55 $21.14 $20.65 $59.81 $80.46 $17.19 $25.11 $42.30 San Angelo, TX $0.84 $5.39 $6.23 $1.62 $5.24 $6.86 $3.38 $21.72 $25.10 $2.81 $9.12 $11.93 San Antonio, TX $3.92 $3.08 $7.00 $7.55 $3.00 $10.55 $16.71 $13.14 $29.85 $13.90 $5.52 $19.42 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA $3.82 $2.88 $6.71 $7.37 $2.80 $10.18 $17.23 $12.99 $30.22 $14.34 $5.45 $19.79 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA $6.99 $6.41 $13.40 $13.48 $6.23 $19.71 $31.15 $28.55 $59.70 $25.93 $11.99 $37.92
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279 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA $7.10 $11.29 $18.40 $13.70 $10.99 $24.69 $29.16 $46.35 $75.51 $24.27 $19.46 $43.73 San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA $2.57 $14.89 $17.46 $4.96 $14.48 $19.44 $11.98 $69.29 $81.27 $9.97 $29.09 $39.06 Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, CA $5.68 $27.56 $33.24 $10.95 $26.81 $37.76 $24.14 $117.13 $141.26 $20.09 $49.18 $69.27 Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA $5.67 $50.98 $56.65 $10.94 $49.59 $60.53 $23.14 $207.89 $231.03 $19.26 $87.28 $106.54 Santa Fe, NM $2.90 $26.94 $29.84 $5.58 $26.21 $31.79 $13.40 $124.66 $138.05 $11.15 $52.34 $63.49 Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA $4.09 $13.53 $17.62 $7.88 $13.16 $21.04 $17.17 $56.87 $74.04 $14.29 $23.88 $38.17 Savannah, GA $2.43 $11.80 $14.23 $4.69 $11.48 $16.16 $9.88 $47.98 $57.86 $8.22 $20.14 $28.37 Scranton -- Wilkes-Barre, PA $1.46 $6.33 $7.80 $2.82 $6.16 $8.99 $6.69 $28.92 $35.61 $5.57 $12.14 $17.71 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA $8.89 $8.67 $17.56 $17.14 $8.44 $25.58 $39.76 $38.80 $78.56 $33.09 $16.29 $49.38 Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL $1.58 $9.47 $11.06 $3.05 $9.21 $12.27 $7.49 $44.85 $52.34 $6.24 $18.83 $25.07 Sheboygan, WI $3.27 $39.33 $42.60 $6.31 $38.26 $44.57 $15.75 $189.45 $205.20 $13.11 $79.54 $92.65 Sherman-Denison, TX $0.93 $5.53 $6.46 $1.78 $5.38 $7.17 $3.75 $22.38 $26.13 $3.12 $9.40 $12.51 Shreveport-Bossier City, LA $3.79 $8.34 $12.13 $7.31 $8.11 $15.42 $25.68 $56.45 $82.12 $21.37 $23.70 $45.07 Sioux City, IA-NE-SD $3.47 $23.17 $26.64 $6.70 $22.54 $29.24 $18.03 $120.29 $138.32 $15.01 $50.50 $65.51 Sioux Falls, SD $1.56 $11.35 $12.92 $3.02 $11.04 $14.06 $9.21 $66.88 $76.09 $7.67 $28.08 $35.75 South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI $3.25 $12.34 $15.60 $6.27 $12.01 $18.28 $17.01 $64.52 $81.53 $14.15 $27.09 $41.24 Spartanburg, SC $0.88 $3.83 $4.71 $1.69 $3.73 $5.42 $3.66 $15.98 $19.64 $3.04 $6.71 $9.75 Spokane, WA $5.21 $22.16 $27.37 $10.04 $21.56 $31.60 $20.81 $88.52 $109.33 $17.32 $37.17 $54.49 Springfield, IL $3.71 $29.79 $33.50 $7.14 $28.98 $36.13 $13.47 $108.36 $121.83 $11.22 $45.49 $56.71 Springfield, MO $0.61 $2.29 $2.91 $1.19 $2.23 $3.42 $2.55 $9.49 $12.04 $2.12 $3.99 $6.10 Springfield, OH $1.79 $13.32 $15.11 $3.45 $12.96 $16.41 $7.19 $53.56 $60.76 $5.99 $22.49 $28.48 St. Cloud, MN $2.47 $22.62 $25.09 $4.77 $22.00 $26.77 $10.15 $92.82 $102.97 $8.44 $38.97 $47.42 St.
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280 Terre Haute, IN $0.90 $5.42 $6.31 $1.73 $5.27 $7.00 $3.91 $23.62 $27.53 $3.25 $9.92 $13.17 Texarkana, TX-Texarkana, AR $0.77 $5.09 $5.85 $1.48 $4.95 $6.43 $3.10 $20.51 $23.61 $2.58 $8.61 $11.19 Topeka, KS $2.94 $17.65 $20.59 $5.67 $17.17 $22.84 $11.22 $67.38 $78.60 $9.34 $28.29 $37.63 Tucson, AZ $4.16 $6.07 $10.24 $8.03 $5.91 $13.94 $15.88 $23.16 $39.03 $13.21 $9.72 $22.94 Tulsa, OK $1.05 $2.02 $3.07 $2.03 $1.96 $4.00 $5.10 $9.79 $14.89 $4.25 $4.11 $8.36 Tuscaloosa, AL $1.13 $5.19 $6.33 $2.18 $5.05 $7.23 $4.73 $21.73 $26.47 $3.94 $9.12 $13.07 Tyler, TX $0.57 $3.90 $4.47 $1.10 $3.79 $4.89 $2.52 $17.26 $19.78 $2.10 $7.24 $9.34 Utica-Rome, NY $2.03 $11.65 $13.68 $3.92 $11.33 $15.25 $7.10 $40.70 $47.80 $5.91 $17.09 $23.00 Vallejo-Fairfield, CA $10.82 $28.98 $39.80 $20.86 $28.19 $49.05 $45.94 $123.10 $169.05 $38.24 $51.68 $89.92 Victoria, TX $3.88 $17.29 $21.17 $7.49 $16.82 $24.30 $20.72 $92.30 $113.03 $17.25 $38.75 $56.00 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC $5.33 $4.02 $9.35 $10.27 $3.91 $14.18 $21.84 $16.49 $38.34 $18.18 $6.93 $25.10 Visalia-Porterville, CA $2.04 $6.55 $8.59 $3.94 $6.37 $10.31 $8.69 $27.85 $36.55 $7.23 $11.69 $18.93 Waco, TX $1.73 $9.36 $11.09 $3.34 $9.10 $12.44 $7.61 $41.07 $48.69 $6.34 $17.24 $23.58 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV $5.70 $5.27 $10.96 $10.98 $5.12 $16.11 $22.73 $21.03 $43.76 $18.92 $8.83 $27.75 Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA $2.27 $13.95 $16.22 $4.37 $13.57 $17.94 $10.67 $65.69 $76.36 $8.88 $27.58 $36.46 Wausau, WI $3.43 $49.38 $52.81 $6.61 $48.04 $54.65 $14.72 $212.04 $226.76 $12.25 $89.02 $101.28 Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH $1.62 $9.49 $11.10 $3.12 $9.23 $12.34 $8.21 $48.18 $56.38 $6.83 $20.23 $27.06 Wenatchee, WA $5.36 $73.42 $78.79 $10.34 $71.42 $81.77 $21.36 $292.41 $313.76 $17.78 $122.77 $140.54 Wheeling, WV-OH $1.33 $16.00 $17.32 $2.56 $15.56 $18.12 $6.35 $76.61 $82.96 $5.29 $32.16 $37.45 Wichita Falls, TX $1.89 $9.99 $11.88 $3.64 $9.72 $13.35 $8.47 $44.87 $53.34 $7.05 $18.84 $25.89 Wichita, KS $1.84 $4.04 $5.89 $3.56 $3.93 $7.49 $8.34 $18.27 $26.61 $6.94 $7.67 $14.61 Williamsport, PA $2.41 $46.37 $48.77 $4.64 $45.10 $49.74 $10.48 $202.00 $212.48 $8.72 $84.81 $93.54 Winchester, VA-WV $2.34 $50.34 $52.69 $4.52 $48.97 $53.49 $10.27 $220.69 $230.96 $8.55 $92.65 $101.21 Yakima, WA $2.06 $10.89 $12.95 $3.97 $10.60 $14.57 $9.06 $47.93 $56.99 $7.54 $20.12 $27.66 York-Hanover, PA $0.48 $4.35 $4.82 $0.92 $4.23 $5.15 $2.13 $19.48 $21.60 $1.77 $8.18 $9.95 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA $1.90 $3.56 $5.46 $3.66 $3.46 $7.13 $8.22 $15.40 $23.62 $6.84 $6.47 $13.30 Yuba City, CA $4.66 $27.91 $32.57 $8.99 $27.15 $36.14 $17.64 $105.62 $123.26 $14.68 $44.34 $59.03 Yuma, AZ $1.09 $5.69 $6.78 $2.09 $5.54 $7.63 $4.55 $23.87 $28.43 $3.79 $10.02 $13.81
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281 APPENDIX H: MARGINAL CHANGES IN TOTAL WAGES AND GDP TABLE H 1 Marginal change in total payroll for a 1% increase in track mileage Employment density model based on total track miles, Population model based on track miles per capita MSA name WAGES-OLS Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change WAGES-IV Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change Albuquerque, NM $33,991,645 1.07% 98.93% $54,077,252 4.75% 95.25% Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA $9,287,398 29.96% 70.04% $29,554,280 66.28% 33.72% Baltimore-Towson, MD $39,100,410 5.65% 94.35% $72,064,169 21.59% 78.41% Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY $3,598,341 1.95% 98.05% $5,898,381 8.38% 91.62% Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC $4,786,750 14.29% 85.71% $11,101,410 43.39% 56.61% Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI $148,945,106 39.42% 60.58% $551,621,709 74.94% 25.06% Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH $13,761,642 5.74% 94.26% $25,432,050 21.87% 78.13% Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX $24,130,052 35.63% 64.37% $84,330,923 71.79% 28.21% Denver-Aurora, CO $22,266,386 4.78% 95.22% $39,973,326 18.76% 81.24% Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX $4,111,935 26.22% 73.78% $12,237,727 62.02% 37.98% Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR $3,442,277 1.02% 98.98% $5,466,692 4.53% 95.47% Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA $128,052,642 39.05% 60.95% $471,630,807 74.65% 25.35% Memphis, TN-MS-AR $4,303,294 3.43% 96.57% $7,404,392 14.03% 85.97% Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL $24,928,344 16.02% 83.98% $60,187,210 46.72% 53.28% Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI $4,732,561 10.33% 89.67% $9,942,037 34.62% 65.38% Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN $16,236,196 5.77% 94.23% $30,033,476 21.97% 78.03% New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA $9,782,702 1.87% 98.13% $15,992,353 8.05% 91.95% New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NYNJ-PA $239,922,529 41.72% 58.28% $919,047,805 76.70% 23.30% Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD $65,657,218 20.83% 79.17% $175,919,501 54.74% 45.26% Pittsburgh, PA $5,982,045 5.47% 94.53% $10,965,662 21.01% 78.99% Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA $26,970,381 4.14% 95.86% $47,466,618 16.57% 83.43% Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA $2,461,640 3.93% 96.07% $4,303,392 15.82% 84.18%
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282 Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA $20,919,011 4.31% 95.69% $37,010,488 17.15% 82.85% St. Louis, MO-IL $13,650,355 8.49% 91.51% $27,290,744 29.88% 70.12% Salt Lake City, UT $23,028,380 0.80% 99.20% $36,287,753 3.57% 96.43% San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA $37,266,491 8.93% 91.07% $75,420,278 31.07% 68.93% San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA $106,951,042 7.42% 92.58% $207,521,142 26.91% 73.09% San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA $268,942,069 1.80% 98.20% $438,625,573 7.77% 92.23% Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA $33,391,174 9.00% 91.00% $67,705,044 31.25% 68.75% Tampa-St.
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From page 292... ...
283 TABLE H 2 Marginal change in total GDP for a 1% increase in track mileage Employment density model based on total track miles, Population model based on track miles per capita MSA name GDP-OLS Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change GDP-IV Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change Albuquerque, NM $78,082,482 2.01% 97.99% $153,257,118 3.11% 96.89% Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA $28,838,588 44.69% 55.31% $70,122,943 55.85% 44.15% Baltimore-Towson, MD $85,152,535 10.16% 89.84% $174,761,250 15.05% 84.95% Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY $8,454,953 3.62% 96.38% $16,744,783 5.56% 94.44% Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC $17,605,163 23.95% 76.05% $38,798,839 33.03% 66.97% Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI $485,286,573 55.14% 44.86% $1,235,725,062 65.81% 34.19% Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH $36,194,691 10.32% 89.68% $74,345,075 15.27% 84.73% Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX $85,888,738 51.12% 48.88% $214,909,584 62.09% 37.91% Denver-Aurora, CO $57,480,771 8.66% 91.34% $117,024,029 12.94% 87.06% Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX $15,194,890 40.16% 59.84% $36,192,233 51.25% 48.75% Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR $8,003,666 1.91% 98.09% $15,700,999 2.97% 97.03% Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA $443,934,479 54.75% 45.25% $1,128,549,916 65.46% 34.54% Memphis, TN-MS-AR $11,266,756 6.28% 93.72% $22,643,118 9.50% 90.50% Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL $73,361,806 26.49% 73.51% $163,720,316 36.07% 63.93% Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MNWI $11,822,754 17.87% 82.13% $25,265,005 25.41% 74.59% Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN $42,262,930 10.37% 89.63% $86,834,592 15.34% 84.66% New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA $32,111,059 3.47% 96.53% $63,543,119 5.33% 94.67% New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA $781,950,804 57.49% 42.51% $2,011,359,930 67.93% 32.07% Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJDE-MD $199,162,452 33.20% 66.80% $459,145,804 43.77% 56.23% Pittsburgh, PA $16,199,213 9.85% 90.15% $33,190,991 14.61% 85.39% Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA $68,845,843 7.55% 92.45% $139,315,687 11.33% 88.67%
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284 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RIMA $6,030,444 7.17% 92.83% $12,178,221 10.79% 89.21% Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA $44,039,379 7.84% 92.16% $89,260,482 11.76% 88.24% St. Louis, MO-IL $33,555,921 14.90% 85.10% $70,615,868 21.53% 78.47% Salt Lake City, UT $56,905,320 1.50% 98.50% $111,372,836 2.33% 97.67% San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA $95,951,935 15.63% 84.37% $202,687,453 22.49% 77.51% San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA $268,939,794 13.14% 86.86% $560,755,972 19.16% 80.84% San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA $593,682,535 3.35% 96.65% $1,173,982,610 5.14% 94.86% Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA $85,387,014 15.74% 84.26% $180,475,745 22.64% 77.36% Tampa-St.
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From page 294... ...
285 TABLE H 3 Marginal change in total payroll for a 1 mile increase in track mileage Employment density model based on total track miles, Population model based on track miles per capita MSA name Percent change in track miles WAGES-OLS Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change WAGES-IV Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change Albuquerque, NM 2.38% $86,472,671 1.00% 99.00% $160,142,862 3.82% 96.18% Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA 2.02% $22,307,107 25.20% 74.80% $69,599,386 56.86% 43.14% Baltimore-Towson, MD 0.93% $37,640,530 5.48% 94.52% $78,549,156 18.51% 81.49% Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 15.63% $63,604,786 1.72% 98.28% $120,190,345 6.42% 93.58% Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC 10.42% $63,731,060 11.18% 88.82% $152,027,143 33.01% 66.99% Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI 0.14% $19,096,510 44.47% 55.53% $78,880,073 75.81% 24.19% Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH 2.90% $43,813,617 5.23% 94.77% $90,836,641 17.75% 82.25% Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 1.18% $26,112,657 38.92% 61.08% $100,257,612 71.37% 28.63% Denver-Aurora, CO 2.89% $45,939,589 6.70% 93.30% $98,790,335 21.93% 78.07% Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX 6.99% $26,181,930 28.79% 71.21% $86,625,122 61.28% 38.72% Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR 29.41% $118,974,647 0.87% 99.13% $219,496,910 3.32% 96.68% Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA 0.21% $17,976,104 57.79% 42.21% $86,802,485 84.27% 15.73% Memphis, TN-MS-AR 14.29% $66,279,838 3.18% 96.82% $130,303,706 11.39% 88.61% Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL 1.04% $18,740,639 22.24% 77.76% $55,572,073 52.82% 47.18% Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 8.26% $39,679,135 10.18% 89.82% $92,568,735 30.73% 69.27% Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN 3.13% $61,214,695 4.78% 95.22% $125,495,300 16.43% 83.57% New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA 7.75% $74,000,307 1.92% 98.08% $140,579,235 7.10% 92.90% New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA 0.08% $14,627,364 55.05% 44.95% $68,529,442 82.74% 17.26% Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DEMD 0.30% $20,378,041 19.96% 80.04% $57,989,468 49.39% 50.61% Pittsburgh, PA 4.55% $37,340,437 3.98% 96.02% $74,982,004 13.97% 86.03% Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA 2.07% $43,432,592 5.31% 94.69% $90,245,900 18.01% 81.99%
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286 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA 14.71% $47,176,904 3.01% 96.99% $92,338,961 10.84% 89.16% Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Roseville, CA 2.71% $41,638,274 5.87% 94.13% $87,727,581 19.61% 80.39% St. Louis, MO-IL 2.18% $33,565,940 7.52% 92.48% $73,623,076 24.13% 75.87% Salt Lake City, UT 5.26% $89,516,432 1.08% 98.92% $166,141,969 4.10% 95.90% San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA 1.08% $34,975,938 10.24% 89.76% $81,711,600 30.87% 69.13% San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA 0.54% $36,359,316 11.70% 88.30% $87,713,333 34.14% 65.86% San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 0.63% $97,209,419 3.14% 96.86% $190,926,807 11.27% 88.73% Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 1.15% $38,792,883 8.92% 91.08% $87,949,001 27.72% 72.28% Tampa-St.
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From page 296... ...
287 TABLE H 4 Marginal change in total GDP for a 1 mile increase in track mileage Employment density model based on total track miles, Population model based on track miles per capita MSA name Percent change in track miles GDP-OLS Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change GDP-IV Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change Albuquerque, NM 2.38% $198,516,791 1.88% 98.12% $455,383,344 2.49% 97.51% Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA 2.02% $66,951,597 38.89% 61.11% $172,399,371 45.90% 54.10% Baltimore-Towson, MD 0.93% $81,858,842 9.88% 90.12% $192,751,680 12.75% 87.25% Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 15.63% $149,155,458 3.21% 96.79% $343,654,232 4.23% 95.77% Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC 10.42% $228,645,304 19.21% 80.79% $554,595,417 24.07% 75.93% Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI 0.14% $64,290,247 60.21% 39.79% $175,957,629 66.86% 33.14% Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH 2.90% $114,733,569 9.43% 90.57% $269,772,907 12.19% 87.81% Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 1.18% $95,009,209 54.62% 45.38% $256,001,771 61.61% 38.39% Denver-Aurora, CO 2.89% $120,531,826 11.94% 88.06% $285,702,973 15.31% 84.69% Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX 6.99% $98,547,580 43.30% 56.70% $257,066,372 50.45% 49.55% Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR 29.41% $276,257,476 1.63% 98.37% $633,191,163 2.16% 97.84% Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA 0.21% $70,029,302 72.12% 27.88% $198,000,049 77.52% 22.48% Memphis, TN-MS-AR 14.29% $173,159,880 5.84% 94.16% $402,425,070 7.64% 92.36% Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL 1.04% $57,823,257 35.08% 64.92% $147,223,691 41.88% 58.12% Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 8.26% $99,006,181 17.63% 82.37% $238,959,534 22.21% 77.79% Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN 3.13% $158,011,105 8.67% 91.33% $370,612,948 11.23% 88.77% New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA 7.75% $242,999,463 3.56% 96.44% $560,519,361 4.69% 95.31% New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA 0.08% $51,792,905 69.82% 30.18% $145,534,856 75.52% 24.48% Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DEMD 0.30% $61,411,763 32.03% 67.97% $154,934,481 38.58% 61.42% Pittsburgh, PA 4.55% $99,842,426 7.27% 92.73% $233,115,300 9.46% 90.54% Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA 2.07% $111,982,325 9.59% 90.41% $263,432,198 12.38% 87.62%
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288 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA 14.71% $114,665,052 5.55% 94.45% $266,224,825 7.26% 92.74% Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA 2.71% $88,827,731 10.54% 89.46% $209,603,489 13.57% 86.43% St. Louis, MO-IL 2.18% $81,853,446 13.31% 86.69% $194,872,744 16.99% 83.01% Salt Lake City, UT 5.26% $221,755,815 2.02% 97.98% $508,933,112 2.68% 97.32% San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA 1.08% $91,027,595 17.73% 82.27% $219,771,474 22.32% 77.68% San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA 0.54% $94,693,615 20.01% 79.99% $230,261,684 25.01% 74.99% San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 0.63% $217,110,470 5.78% 94.22% $504,460,609 7.56% 92.44% Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 1.15% $99,138,776 15.62% 84.38% $237,762,884 19.79% 80.21% Tampa-St.
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From page 298... ...
289 TABLE H 5 Marginal change in total payroll for a 1% increase in rail revenue miles MSA name WAGES-OLS Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change WAGES-IV Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA $26,042,083 29.13% 70.87% $68,130,757 38.00% 62.00% Baltimore-Towson, MD $18,191,884 12.47% 87.53% $44,186,842 17.52% 82.48% Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY $1,383,711 9.30% 90.70% $3,311,679 13.26% 86.74% Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC $2,354,229 32.66% 67.34% $6,252,320 41.96% 58.04% Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI $304,841,090 35.62% 64.38% $819,739,008 45.20% 54.80% Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH $9,486,575 14.76% 85.24% $23,285,906 20.51% 79.49% Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX $24,262,381 39.93% 60.07% $66,417,951 49.77% 50.23% Denver-Aurora, CO $22,221,228 15.88% 84.12% $54,824,795 21.96% 78.04% Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX $5,686,135 31.70% 68.30% $15,039,900 40.90% 59.10% Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR $216,489 7.86% 92.14% $514,633 11.29% 88.71% Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA $247,961,604 41.34% 58.66% $682,737,774 51.24% 48.76% Memphis, TN-MS-AR $2,053,363 14.25% 85.75% $5,028,643 19.86% 80.14% Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL $11,550,388 25.47% 74.53% $29,742,760 33.76% 66.24% Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI $7,011,804 18.71% 81.29% $17,522,581 25.54% 74.46% Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN $497,080 17.51% 82.49% $1,235,505 24.04% 75.96% New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA $3,363,330 9.90% 90.10% $8,072,123 14.07% 85.93% New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA $589,594,879 29.79% 70.21% $1,546,867,660 38.75% 61.25% Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DEMD $85,213,469 21.63% 78.37% $215,747,077 29.15% 70.85% Pittsburgh, PA $5,414,659 10.37% 89.63% $13,024,351 14.72% 85.28% Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA $19,170,952 14.34% 85.66% $46,967,556 19.97% 80.03% Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA $7,480,432 16.32% 83.68% $18,493,054 22.53% 77.47% St.
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From page 299... ...
290 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA $258,978,768 16.97% 83.03% $642,134,240 23.35% 76.65% San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA $18,993,817 10.54% 89.46% $45,722,892 14.94% 85.06% Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA $2,287,447 16.10% 83.90% $5,649,379 22.25% 77.75% Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL $345,670 17.90% 82.10% $860,711 24.54% 75.46% Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MDWV $123,670,183 16.84% 83.16% $306,458,098 23.19% 76.81%
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291 TABLE H 6 Marginal change in total GDP for a 1% increase in rail revenue miles MSA name GDP-OLS Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change GDP-IV Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA $120,631,840 29.13% 70.87% $136,214,879 38.00% 62.00% Baltimore-Towson, MD $71,262,646 12.47% 87.53% $74,708,895 17.52% 82.48% Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY $6,037,309 9.30% 90.70% $6,236,508 13.26% 86.74% Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC $14,512,806 32.66% 67.34% $16,635,617 41.96% 58.04% Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI $1,389,369,258 35.62% 64.38% $1,612,556,257 45.20% 54.80% Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH $44,845,568 14.76% 85.24% $47,511,454 20.51% 79.49% Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX $123,893,919 39.93% 60.07% $146,385,192 49.77% 50.23% Denver-Aurora, CO $103,946,980 15.88% 84.12% $110,691,922 21.96% 78.04% Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX $32,190,687 31.70% 68.30% $36,749,641 40.90% 59.10% Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR $942,327 7.86% 92.14% $966,850 11.29% 88.71% Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA $1,205,446,794 41.34% 58.66% $1,432,559,389 51.24% 48.76% Memphis, TN-MS-AR $9,855,499 14.25% 85.75% $10,417,386 19.86% 80.14% Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL $56,207,721 25.47% 74.53% $62,470,613 33.76% 66.24% Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI $30,307,784 18.71% 81.29% $32,690,200 25.54% 74.46% Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN $2,324,988 17.51% 82.49% $2,494,216 24.04% 75.96% New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA $20,514,468 9.90% 90.10% $21,250,720 14.07% 85.93% New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA $2,647,823,347 29.79% 70.21% $2,998,358,502 38.75% 61.25% Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DEMD $412,001,883 21.63% 78.37% $450,226,413 29.15% 70.85% Pittsburgh, PA $26,414,861 10.37% 89.63% $27,423,851 14.72% 85.28% Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA $89,162,731 14.34% 85.66% $94,282,858 19.97% 80.03% Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA $28,651,630 16.32% 83.68% $30,572,179 22.53% 77.47% St.
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292 Salt Lake City, UT $37,293,079 6.07% 93.93% $37,939,605 8.79% 91.21% San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA $92,188,682 19.90% 80.10% $99,969,229 27.03% 72.97% San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA $1,154,139,859 16.97% 83.03% $1,235,137,198 23.35% 76.65% San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA $77,959,092 10.54% 89.46% $80,999,682 14.94% 85.06% Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA $10,231,363 16.10% 83.90% $10,906,322 22.25% 77.75% Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL $1,561,034 17.90% 82.10% $1,677,657 24.54% 75.46% Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VAMD-WV $493,588,144 16.84% 83.16% $527,917,323 23.19% 76.81%
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293 TABLE H 7 Marginal change in total GDP for a 1% increase in total revenue miles name WAGES-OLS Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change WAGES-IV Percent due to employmen t density change Percent due to population change Abilene, TX $291,922 5.58% 94.42% $634,495 10.32% 89.68% Albany, GA $290,464 6.96% 93.04% $639,121 12.70% 87.30% Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY $6,837,112 7.47% 92.53% $15,113,081 13.58% 86.42% Albuquerque, NM $4,242,532 12.09% 87.91% $9,760,519 21.11% 78.89% Alexandria, LA $318,704 4.08% 95.92% $683,331 7.64% 92.36% Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ $1,980,748 10.70% 89.30% $4,503,158 18.91% 81.09% Altoona, PA $282,607 1.72% 98.28% $592,957 3.30% 96.70% Amarillo, TX $529,240 6.87% 93.13% $1,163,592 12.55% 87.45% Ames, IA $767,350 1.88% 98.12% $1,612,358 3.60% 96.40% Anchorage, AK $2,704,765 8.45% 91.55% $6,030,373 15.23% 84.77% Anderson, IN $128,853 7.11% 92.89% $283,910 12.96% 87.04% Ann Arbor, MI $3,971,860 3.30% 96.70% $8,456,085 6.23% 93.77% Appleton, WI $922,115 2.90% 97.10% $1,955,950 5.50% 94.50% Athens-Clarke County, GA $526,148 6.75% 93.25% $1,155,606 12.35% 87.65% Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA $63,321,683 41.78% 58.22% $182,406,521 58.27% 41.73% Auburn-Opelika, AL $39,342 5.25% 94.75% $85,257 9.74% 90.26% Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC $484,059 20.41% 79.59% $1,192,326 33.29% 66.71% Bakersfield, CA $2,398,611 14.34% 85.66% $5,623,851 24.58% 75.42% Bangor, ME $393,778 3.11% 96.89% $836,831 5.87% 94.13% Baton Rouge, LA $2,174,753 12.87% 87.13% $5,036,366 22.32% 77.68% Battle Creek, MI $265,609 4.23% 95.77% $570,297 7.92% 92.08% Bay City, MI $601,919 2.78% 97.22% $1,275,373 5.28% 94.72% Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX $811,927 10.47% 89.53% $1,842,208 18.53% 81.47%
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294 Bellingham, WA $1,426,129 3.91% 96.09% $3,053,265 7.35% 92.65% Bend, OR $144,521 3.81% 96.19% $309,106 7.15% 92.85% Billings, MT $506,593 3.69% 96.31% $1,082,392 6.94% 93.06% Binghamton, NY $1,343,806 2.87% 97.13% $2,849,574 5.44% 94.56% Birmingham-Hoover, AL $2,995,317 21.26% 78.74% $7,427,722 34.45% 65.55% Bismarck, ND $274,214 1.91% 98.09% $576,343 3.65% 96.35% Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA $439,850 5.08% 94.92% $951,731 9.44% 90.56% Bloomington, IN $613,030 3.39% 96.61% $1,306,196 6.39% 93.61% Bloomington-Normal, IL $1,040,882 3.24% 96.76% $2,214,826 6.12% 93.88% Boise City-Nampa, ID $1,194,558 10.36% 89.64% $2,707,935 18.37% 81.63% Bradenton-Sarasota-Venice, FL $2,621,663 9.97% 90.03% $5,922,904 17.73% 82.27% Bremerton-Silverdale, WA $1,537,388 5.19% 94.81% $3,329,823 9.63% 90.37% Brownsville-Harlingen, TX $305,886 10.17% 89.83% $692,248 18.05% 81.95% Brunswick, GA $6,064,858 2.29% 97.71% $12,791,645 4.36% 95.64% Canton-Massillon, OH $1,695,525 10.01% 89.99% $3,832,043 17.80% 82.20% Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL $2,066,976 17.18% 82.82% $4,960,750 28.75% 71.25% Casper, WY $222,389 2.34% 97.66% $469,289 4.46% 95.54% Cedar Rapids, IA $1,008,027 5.11% 94.89% $2,181,731 9.49% 90.51% Champaign-Urbana, IL $2,593,377 3.68% 96.32% $5,540,406 6.92% 93.08% Charleston, WV $1,896,962 4.59% 95.41% $4,086,404 8.57% 91.43% Charleston-North Charleston, SC $2,373,717 14.63% 85.37% $5,578,848 25.01% 74.99% Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC $21,914,522 45.84% 54.16% $64,867,708 62.23% 37.77% Chattanooga, TN-GA $1,591,460 12.65% 87.35% $3,678,885 21.99% 78.01% Cheyenne, WY $320,127 1.94% 98.06% $673,026 3.71% 96.29% Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI $267,871,408 49.13% 50.87% $810,102,746 65.27% 34.73% Chico, CA $540,627 5.18% 94.82% $1,170,773 9.60% 90.40% Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN $15,988,468 24.17% 75.83% $40,556,853 38.28% 61.72% Clarksville, TN-KY $537,114 16.01% 83.99% $1,276,822 27.06% 72.94% Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH $31,042,457 23.20% 76.80% $78,157,608 37.03% 62.97% College Station-Bryan, TX $1,193,223 7.16% 92.84% $2,630,311 13.05% 86.95%
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295 Columbia, MO $475,217 4.15% 95.85% $1,019,603 7.77% 92.23% Columbia, SC $1,340,148 10.89% 89.11% $3,051,848 19.22% 80.78% Columbus, GA-AL $686,598 9.21% 90.79% $1,541,056 16.50% 83.50% Columbus, OH $9,546,009 23.74% 76.26% $24,134,311 37.73% 62.27% Corpus Christi, TX $2,163,828 10.70% 89.30% $4,919,628 18.92% 81.08% Cumberland, MD-WV $132,626 2.50% 97.50% $280,286 4.76% 95.24% Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX $80,466,977 53.71% 46.29% $250,548,849 69.31% 30.69% Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL $2,830,835 8.61% 91.39% $6,320,574 15.50% 84.50% Dayton, OH $5,103,956 14.51% 85.49% $11,983,980 24.83% 75.17% Decatur, IL $0 0.00% 0.00% $0 0.00% 0.00% Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL $773,983 3.42% 96.58% $1,649,529 6.44% 93.56% Denver-Aurora, CO $1,264,089 17.37% 82.63% $3,038,578 29.03% 70.97% Des Moines, IA $66,407,587 24.78% 75.22% $169,245,579 39.07% 60.93% Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI $2,634,021 8.34% 91.66% $5,866,890 15.04% 84.96% Dubuque, IA $39,377,246 42.32% 57.68% $113,846,324 58.81% 41.19% Duluth, MN-WI $0 0.00% 0.00% $0 0.00% 0.00% Eau Claire, WI $251,457 2.08% 97.92% $529,357 3.98% 96.02% El Centro, CA $1,316,041 7.31% 92.69% $2,904,901 13.31% 86.69% El Paso, TX $534,424 3.42% 96.58% $1,139,053 6.45% 93.55% Elkhart-Goshen, IN $260,097 3.11% 96.89% $552,754 5.88% 94.12% Elmira, NY $3,618,059 12.95% 87.05% $8,384,562 22.45% 77.55% Erie, PA $360,797 4.40% 95.60% $775,856 8.22% 91.78% Eugene-Springfield, OR $468,696 1.25% 98.75% $979,041 2.40% 97.60% Evansville, IN-KY $1,132,100 3.70% 96.30% $2,419,096 6.96% 93.04% Fairbanks, AK $2,343,795 6.71% 93.29% $5,145,814 12.28% 87.72% Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO $920,566 5.96% 94.04% $2,007,674 10.98% 89.02% Flagstaff, AZ $353,382 3.21% 96.79% $751,697 6.06% 93.94% Flint, MI $518,803 11.92% 88.08% $1,191,827 20.84% 79.16% Florence, SC $481,702 3.23% 96.77% $1,024,878 6.10% 93.90% Fond du Lac, WI $2,035,516 9.66% 90.34% $4,586,537 17.23% 82.77%
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296 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO $105,398 6.45% 93.55% $230,867 11.83% 88.17% Fort Smith, AR-OK $120,452 1.73% 98.27% $252,747 3.32% 96.68% Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, FL $829,453 7.11% 92.89% $1,827,512 12.96% 87.04% Fort Wayne, IN $179,884 6.51% 93.49% $394,240 11.93% 88.07% Fresno, CA $356,738 3.95% 96.05% $763,981 7.40% 92.60% Gainesville, FL $1,310,907 10.91% 89.09% $2,985,840 19.25% 80.75% Glens Falls, NY $3,262,745 14.87% 85.13% $7,683,392 25.36% 74.64% Grand Forks, ND-MN $2,193,901 7.12% 92.88% $4,834,380 12.98% 87.02% Grand Junction, CO $190,196 1.32% 98.68% $397,559 2.54% 97.46% Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI $285,903 2.09% 97.91% $601,916 3.99% 96.01% Great Falls, MT $607,067 4.43% 95.57% $1,305,841 8.28% 91.72% Greeley, CO $3,706,375 10.22% 89.78% $8,391,856 18.14% 81.86% Green Bay, WI $280,275 2.11% 97.89% $590,200 4.04% 95.96% Greenville, SC $257,859 5.25% 94.75% $558,790 9.73% 90.27% Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV $1,275,112 6.88% 93.12% $2,803,846 12.57% 87.43% Hanford-Corcoran, CA $499,089 10.40% 89.60% $1,131,736 18.42% 81.58% Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA $227,183 4.43% 95.57% $488,677 8.28% 91.72% Holland-Grand Haven, MI $351,427 4.99% 95.01% $759,751 9.27% 90.73% Honolulu, HI $1,796,533 3.08% 96.92% $3,816,914 5.82% 94.18% Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX $207,212 4.97% 95.03% $447,915 9.24% 90.76% Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH $17,605,291 8.46% 91.54% $39,255,747 15.25% 84.75% Huntsville, AL $79,870,435 44.76% 55.24% $234,721,292 61.19% 38.81% Indianapolis, IN $487,019 4.93% 95.07% $1,052,332 9.17% 90.83% Iowa City, IA $677,673 13.08% 86.92% $1,572,214 22.66% 77.34% Ithaca, NY $8,575,161 26.56% 73.44% $22,151,860 41.31% 58.69% Jackson, MI $1,338,018 2.43% 97.57% $2,825,861 4.63% 95.37% Jackson, MS $1,265,157 1.16% 98.84% $2,640,507 2.23% 97.77% Jackson, TN $213,423 2.01% 97.99% $448,973 3.83% 96.17% Jacksonville, FL $823,975 13.18% 86.82% $1,913,235 22.81% 77.19% Janesville, WI $441,304 3.14% 96.86% $938,096 5.93% 94.07%
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297 Jefferson City, MO $11,003,673 25.88% 74.12% $28,280,712 40.47% 59.53% Johnson City, TN $835,022 4.25% 95.75% $1,793,151 7.95% 92.05% Johnstown, PA $310,476 2.81% 97.19% $658,041 5.34% 94.66% Kalamazoo-Portage, MI $245,699 6.39% 93.61% $537,895 11.72% 88.28% Kankakee-Bradley, IL $377,033 2.09% 97.91% $793,742 3.98% 96.02% Kansas City, MO-KS $1,148,989 7.76% 92.24% $2,546,191 14.07% 85.93% Kennewick-Richland-Pasco, WA $348,647 2.79% 97.21% $738,790 5.29% 94.71% Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, TX $13,381,476 33.76% 66.24% $36,451,644 49.80% 50.20% Knoxville, TN $2,107,452 8.73% 91.27% $4,710,313 15.70% 84.30% La Crosse, WI-MN $582,726 13.04% 86.96% $1,351,467 22.59% 77.41% Lafayette, IN $2,544,684 13.85% 86.15% $5,941,944 23.83% 76.17% Lafayette, LA $0 0.00% 0.00% $0 0.00% 0.00% Lakeland, FL $597,443 2.17% 97.83% $1,258,683 4.13% 95.87% Lancaster, PA $1,091,288 3.45% 96.55% $2,326,477 6.50% 93.50% Lansing-East Lansing, MI $638,524 4.84% 95.16% $1,378,627 9.01% 90.99% Laredo, TX $1,280,156 12.46% 87.54% $2,954,360 21.69% 78.31% Las Cruces, NM $1,133,407 3.27% 96.73% $2,412,239 6.17% 93.83% Las Vegas-Paradise, NV $2,558,467 5.08% 94.92% $5,535,586 9.43% 90.57% Lawrence, KS $706,115 5.64% 94.36% $1,535,506 10.41% 89.59% Lawton, OK $194,002 5.47% 94.53% $421,226 10.11% 89.89% Lebanon, PA $15,554,063 14.71% 85.29% $36,580,183 25.13% 74.87% Lewiston-Auburn, ME $347,499 2.35% 97.65% $733,329 4.47% 95.53% Lexington-Fayette, KY $363,942 8.56% 91.44% $812,177 15.40% 84.60% Lincoln, NE $238,174 2.20% 97.80% $501,954 4.20% 95.80% Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR $151,485 2.36% 97.64% $319,728 4.50% 95.50% Logan, UT-ID $2,039,403 7.66% 92.34% $4,515,331 13.89% 86.11% Longview, WA $1,324,452 5.81% 94.19% $2,884,496 10.71% 89.29% Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA $2,160,798 12.97% 87.03% $5,008,285 22.48% 77.52% Louisville, KY-IN $490,879 2.46% 97.54% $1,036,953 4.67% 95.33% Lubbock, TX $133,207 2.42% 97.58% $281,301 4.61% 95.39%
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298 Lynchburg, VA $484,901,200 55.16% 44.84% $1,523,623,384 70.54% 29.46% Macon, GA $8,019,645 24.69% 75.31% $20,425,163 38.96% 61.04% Madison, WI $1,057,660 5.99% 94.01% $2,307,326 11.04% 88.96% Mansfield, OH $804,177 7.47% 92.53% $1,777,544 13.58% 86.42% McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr, TX $781,329 6.59% 93.41% $1,713,691 12.08% 87.92% Medford, OR $5,402,461 5.99% 94.01% $11,785,789 11.04% 88.96% Memphis, TN-MS-AR $140,096 3.83% 96.17% $299,710 7.20% 92.80% Merced, CA $477,021 16.58% 83.42% $1,139,304 27.89% 72.11% Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL $389,316 3.60% 96.40% $831,103 6.77% 93.23% Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI $7,266,546 22.49% 77.51% $18,194,212 36.09% 63.91% Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI $1,185,723 5.06% 94.94% $2,565,172 9.40% 90.60% Missoula, MT $78,505,938 37.37% 62.63% $219,380,737 53.73% 46.27% Mobile, AL $20,811,367 16.19% 83.81% $49,546,351 27.32% 72.68% Modesto, CA $52,060,749 28.66% 71.34% $136,621,891 43.87% 56.13% Monroe, LA $466,503 2.53% 97.47% $986,101 4.80% 95.20% Morgantown, WV $1,012,506 12.26% 87.74% $2,332,717 21.37% 78.63% Muncie, IN $1,155,304 8.94% 91.06% $2,586,837 16.04% 83.96% Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI $389,306 3.72% 96.28% $831,996 6.99% 93.01% Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC $688,433 3.30% 96.70% $1,465,689 6.24% 93.76% Naples-Marco Island, FL $491,366 3.16% 96.84% $1,044,786 5.98% 94.02% Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN $242,765 5.74% 94.26% $528,408 10.60% 89.40% New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA $441,590 6.04% 93.96% $963,789 11.13% 88.87% New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA $963,341 7.13% 92.87% $2,122,903 12.99% 87.01% Niles-Benton Harbor, MI $5,651,823 27.03% 72.97% $14,652,410 41.89% 58.11% Odessa, TX $5,267,090 16.09% 83.91% $12,529,424 27.18% 72.82% Oklahoma City, OK $908,298,850 42.55% 57.45% $2,630,245,695 59.05% 40.95% Olympia, WA $37,079 5.59% 94.41% $80,601 10.34% 89.66% Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA $667,142 3.35% 96.65% $1,420,940 6.32% 93.68% Orlando, FL $3,218,221 22.15% 77.85% $8,036,624 35.64% 64.36% Oshkosh-Neenah, WI $1,671,225 3.28% 96.72% $3,557,402 6.20% 93.80%
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299 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA $4,351,030 13.46% 86.54% $10,127,032 23.24% 76.76% Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL $15,500,195 21.73% 78.27% $38,578,275 35.07% 64.93% Panama City-Lynn Haven, FL $553,865 2.84% 97.16% $1,174,166 5.38% 94.62% Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL $3,157,073 16.37% 83.63% $7,527,221 27.58% 72.42% Peoria, IL $1,111,335 19.54% 80.46% $2,718,576 32.10% 67.90% Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD $688,359 4.32% 95.68% $1,479,134 8.07% 91.93% Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ $1,230,483 6.65% 93.35% $2,700,147 12.18% 87.82% Pittsburgh, PA $1,816,054 7.56% 92.44% $4,017,573 13.74% 86.26% Pocatello, ID $88,342,048 32.51% 67.49% $238,485,602 48.39% 51.61% Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce, FL $49,331,664 39.92% 60.08% $140,312,158 56.39% 43.61% Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA $28,655,527 16.81% 83.19% $68,568,170 28.23% 71.77% Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY $177,598 2.78% 97.22% $376,284 5.27% 94.73% Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA $183,373 33.04% 66.96% $496,909 48.98% 51.02% Pueblo, CO $37,577,109 22.61% 77.39% $94,175,677 36.25% 63.75% Racine, WI $2,008,316 10.54% 89.46% $4,559,750 18.66% 81.34% Rapid City, SD $8,418,430 18.23% 81.77% $20,377,808 30.26% 69.74% Reading, PA $294,441 4.31% 95.69% $632,633 8.05% 91.95% Redding, CA $0 0.00% 0.00% $0 0.00% 0.00% Reno-Sparks, NV $786,435 3.39% 96.61% $1,675,589 6.38% 93.62% Richmond, VA $156,856 3.45% 96.55% $334,396 6.50% 93.50% Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA $1,183,446 4.01% 95.99% $2,535,786 7.51% 92.49% Roanoke, VA $427,505 6.60% 93.40% $937,670 12.09% 87.91% Rochester, MN $6,880,296 7.75% 92.25% $15,245,557 14.05% 85.95% Rochester, NY $458,174 14.71% 85.29% $1,077,590 25.14% 74.86% Rockford, IL $11,513,063 49.65% 50.35% $34,935,216 65.74% 34.26% Rome, GA $2,599,912 5.90% 94.10% $5,667,184 10.88% 89.12% Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA $1,049,519 3.54% 96.46% $2,239,321 6.67% 93.33% Saginaw-Saginaw Township North, MI $4,572,029 8.68% 91.32% $10,213,756 15.60% 84.40% Salem, OR $968,398 7.78% 92.22% $2,146,445 14.11% 85.89% Salt Lake City, UT $295,061 3.27% 96.73% $627,991 6.17% 93.83%
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From page 309... ...
300 San Angelo, TX $20,288,521 25.40% 74.60% $51,950,736 39.85% 60.15% San Antonio, TX $462,601 4.92% 95.08% $999,481 9.15% 90.85% San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA $1,315,549 6.99% 93.01% $2,895,549 12.76% 87.24% San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA $20,466,149 10.14% 89.86% $46,306,679 18.01% 81.99% San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA $234,025 4.84% 95.16% $505,264 9.01% 90.99% San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA $19,934,576 29.36% 70.64% $52,586,254 44.71% 55.29% Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, CA $41,809,994 30.25% 69.75% $111,021,914 45.77% 54.23% Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA $199,744,927 26.29% 73.71% $514,965,965 40.98% 59.02% Santa Fe, NM $48,212,181 17.06% 82.94% $115,598,864 28.59% 71.41% Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA $276,053 5.35% 94.65% $598,755 9.91% 90.09% Savannah, GA $0 0.00% 0.00% $0 0.00% 0.00% Scranton -- Wilkes-Barre, PA $6,611,275 6.31% 93.69% $14,464,014 11.59% 88.41% Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA $5,239,179 3.51% 96.49% $11,175,504 6.61% 93.39% Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL $686,656 3.39% 96.61% $1,463,118 6.40% 93.60% Sheboygan, WI $5,193,388 8.98% 91.02% $11,633,126 16.12% 83.88% Sherman-Denison, TX $2,023,569 6.31% 93.69% $4,426,901 11.58% 88.42% Shreveport-Bossier City, LA $1,404,435 7.03% 92.97% $3,092,243 12.83% 87.17% Sioux City, IA-NE-SD $97,420,318 25.09% 74.91% $248,875,545 39.47% 60.53% Sioux Falls, SD $187,221 5.18% 94.82% $405,459 9.61% 90.39% South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI $498,022 2.65% 97.35% $1,053,897 5.02% 94.98% Spartanburg, SC $133,650 5.19% 94.81% $289,459 9.62% 90.38% Spokane, WA $1,858,990 12.95% 87.05% $4,307,950 22.44% 77.56% Springfield, IL $388,948 4.67% 95.33% $838,462 8.71% 91.29% Springfield, MO $680,338 4.31% 95.69% $1,461,827 8.06% 91.94% Springfield, OH $1,216,191 7.93% 92.07% $2,699,263 14.36% 85.64% St. Cloud, MN $206,490 6.96% 93.04% $454,354 12.70% 87.30% St.
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From page 310... ...
301 Sumter, SC $883,221 3.45% 96.55% $1,882,912 6.50% 93.50% Syracuse, NY $532,216 3.67% 96.33% $1,136,887 6.90% 93.10% Tallahassee, FL $28,379,824 24.86% 75.14% $72,373,750 39.17% 60.83% Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL $1,081,064 2.32% 97.68% $2,280,724 4.41% 95.59% Terre Haute, IN $2,461,039 11.37% 88.63% $5,627,513 19.98% 80.02% Toledo, OH $294,003 4.34% 95.66% $631,861 8.11% 91.89% Topeka, KS $4,894,852 5.47% 94.53% $10,628,268 10.12% 89.88% Tucson, AZ $1,396,008 6.44% 93.56% $3,057,761 11.82% 88.18% Tulsa, OK $18,531,438 27.57% 72.43% $48,238,375 42.56% 57.44% Tuscaloosa, AL $249,065 5.13% 94.87% $539,153 9.52% 90.48% Utica-Rome, NY $3,053,161 13.80% 86.20% $7,126,495 23.76% 76.24% Victoria, TX $756,021 5.16% 94.84% $1,637,037 9.58% 90.42% Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC $5,732,550 18.31% 81.69% $13,885,071 30.37% 69.63% Visalia-Porterville, CA $2,681,766 14.56% 85.44% $6,299,363 24.91% 75.09% Waco, TX $175,194 6.65% 93.35% $384,434 12.17% 87.83% Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV $682,698 5.39% 94.61% $1,481,333 9.99% 90.01% Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA $297,982 6.84% 93.16% $654,979 12.50% 87.50% Wausau, WI $12,870,935 30.21% 69.79% $34,167,429 45.72% 54.28% Wenatchee, WA $808,952 9.26% 90.74% $1,816,350 16.57% 83.43% Wheeling, WV-OH $517,725 5.71% 94.29% $1,126,609 10.55% 89.45% Wichita, KS $220,412,058 26.11% 73.89% $567,478,792 40.75% 59.25% Williamsport, PA $532,006 5.04% 94.96% $1,150,723 9.37% 90.63% Yakima, WA $491,947 2.22% 97.78% $1,036,938 4.23% 95.77% York-Hanover, PA $1,202,447 2.33% 97.67% $2,537,206 4.44% 95.56% Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA $406,562 2.64% 97.36% $860,299 5.01% 94.99% Yuba City, CA $1,617,444 12.98% 87.02% $3,749,407 22.50% 77.50% Yuma, AZ $494,372 1.67% 98.33% $1,036,729 3.20% 96.80%
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From page 311... ...
302 TABLE H 8 Marginal change in total GDP for a 1% increase in total revenue miles name GDP-OLS Percent due to employmen t density change Percent due to population change GDP-IV Percent due to employme nt density change Percent due to population change Abilene, TX $1,151,836 5.58% 94.42% $1,080,556 10.32% 89.68% Albany, GA $1,197,747 6.96% 93.04% $1,137,500 12.70% 87.30% Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY $26,828,592 7.47% 92.53% $25,596,071 13.58% 86.42% Albuquerque, NM $18,236,255 12.09% 87.91% $18,108,336 21.11% 78.89% Alexandria, LA $1,346,323 4.08% 95.92% $1,245,915 7.64% 92.36% Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ $8,236,931 10.70% 89.30% $8,082,549 18.91% 81.09% Altoona, PA $1,236,929 1.72% 98.28% $1,120,160 3.30% 96.70% Amarillo, TX $2,308,814 6.87% 93.13% $2,190,947 12.55% 87.45% Ames, IA $3,166,865 1.88% 98.12% $2,872,055 3.60% 96.40% Anchorage, AK $13,283,459 8.45% 91.55% $12,782,651 15.23% 84.77% Anderson, IN $636,224 7.11% 92.89% $605,050 12.96% 87.04% Ann Arbor, MI $12,257,101 3.30% 96.70% $11,263,108 6.23% 93.77% Appleton, WI $3,829,493 2.90% 97.10% $3,505,978 5.50% 94.50% Athens-Clarke County, GA $1,849,310 6.75% 93.25% $1,753,100 12.35% 87.65% Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA $293,317,983 41.78% 58.22% $364,688,186 58.27% 41.73% Auburn-Opelika, AL $149,988 5.25% 94.75% $140,290 9.74% 90.26% Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC $1,676,571 20.41% 79.59% $1,782,438 33.29% 66.71% Bakersfield, CA $10,782,446 14.34% 85.66% $10,911,548 24.58% 75.42% Bangor, ME $1,550,171 3.11% 96.89% $1,421,874 5.87% 94.13% Baton Rouge, LA $10,959,292 12.87% 87.13% $10,954,310 22.32% 77.68% Battle Creek, MI $1,125,049 4.23% 95.77% $1,042,615 7.92% 92.08% Bay City, MI $2,233,370 2.78% 97.22% $2,042,466 5.28% 94.72% Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX $3,427,860 10.47% 89.53% $3,356,913 18.53% 81.47%
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From page 312... ...
303 Bellingham, WA $6,035,578 3.91% 96.09% $5,577,242 7.35% 92.65% Bend, OR $680,734 3.81% 96.19% $628,417 7.15% 92.85% Billings, MT $2,231,179 3.69% 96.31% $2,057,571 6.94% 93.06% Binghamton, NY $4,481,954 2.87% 97.13% $4,102,095 5.44% 94.56% Birmingham-Hoover, AL $14,249,669 21.26% 78.74% $15,251,504 34.45% 65.55% Bismarck, ND $1,031,192 1.91% 98.09% $935,462 3.65% 96.35% Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA $1,646,787 5.08% 94.92% $1,537,949 9.44% 90.56% Bloomington, IN $2,322,845 3.39% 96.61% $2,136,201 6.39% 93.61% Bloomington-Normal, IL $4,718,097 3.24% 96.76% $4,333,112 6.12% 93.88% Boise City-Nampa, ID $5,065,899 10.36% 89.64% $4,956,586 18.37% 81.63% Bradenton-Sarasota-Venice, FL $12,060,755 9.97% 90.03% $11,760,543 17.73% 82.27% Bremerton-Silverdale, WA $4,705,776 5.19% 94.81% $4,399,103 9.63% 90.37% Brownsville-Harlingen, TX $1,218,714 10.17% 89.83% $1,190,416 18.05% 81.95% Brunswick, GA $23,470,861 2.29% 97.71% $21,366,329 4.36% 95.64% Canton-Massillon, OH $7,569,576 10.01% 89.99% $7,384,018 17.80% 82.20% Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL $10,547,122 17.18% 82.82% $10,925,489 28.75% 71.25% Casper, WY $1,655,621 2.34% 97.66% $1,507,940 4.46% 95.54% Cedar Rapids, IA $4,604,276 5.11% 94.89% $4,301,160 9.49% 90.51% Champaign-Urbana, IL $9,419,828 3.68% 96.32% $8,685,883 6.92% 93.08% Charleston, WV $9,380,568 4.59% 95.41% $8,721,814 8.57% 91.43% Charleston-North Charleston, SC $9,650,477 14.63% 85.37% $9,789,475 25.01% 74.99% Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC $135,093,553 45.84% 54.16% $172,594,233 62.23% 37.77% Chattanooga, TN-GA $7,351,733 12.65% 87.35% $7,335,088 21.99% 78.01% Cheyenne, WY $1,248,988 1.94% 98.06% $1,133,345 3.71% 96.29% Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI $1,220,873,141 49.13% 50.87% $1,593,600,205 65.27% 34.73% Chico, CA $2,300,688 5.18% 94.82% $2,150,443 9.60% 90.40% Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN $71,464,938 24.17% 75.83% $78,243,001 38.28% 61.72% Clarksville, TN-KY $1,776,174 16.01% 83.99% $1,822,402 27.06% 72.94% Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH $146,745,964 23.20% 76.80% $159,469,062 37.03% 62.97% College Station-Bryan, TX $4,145,460 7.16% 92.84% $3,944,148 13.05% 86.95%
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From page 313... ...
304 Columbia, MO $1,508,754 4.15% 95.85% $1,397,180 7.77% 92.23% Columbia, SC $5,248,046 10.89% 89.11% $5,158,255 19.22% 80.78% Columbus, GA-AL $2,438,764 9.21% 90.79% $2,362,550 16.50% 83.50% Columbus, OH $41,183,895 23.74% 76.26% $44,940,257 37.73% 62.27% Corpus Christi, TX $9,439,934 10.70% 89.30% $9,263,470 18.92% 81.08% Cumberland, MD-WV $489,991 2.50% 97.50% $446,947 4.76% 95.24% Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX $410,898,222 53.71% 46.29% $552,209,768 69.31% 30.69% Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL $12,906,065 8.61% 91.39% $12,437,439 15.50% 84.50% Dayton, OH $20,795,030 14.51% 85.49% $21,074,091 24.83% 75.17% Decatur, IL $0 0.00% 0.00% $0 0.00% 0.00% Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL $4,000,224 3.42% 96.58% $3,679,661 6.44% 93.56% Denver-Aurora, CO $6,072,311 17.37% 82.63% $6,300,018 29.03% 70.97% Des Moines, IA $310,642,960 24.78% 75.22% $341,708,865 39.07% 60.93% Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI $13,273,535 8.34% 91.66% $12,760,578 15.04% 84.96% Dubuque, IA $178,187,649 42.32% 57.68% $222,354,725 58.81% 41.19% Duluth, MN-WI $0 0.00% 0.00% $0 0.00% 0.00% Eau Claire, WI $1,250,490 2.08% 97.92% $1,136,216 3.98% 96.02% El Centro, CA $5,330,007 7.31% 92.69% $5,077,908 13.31% 86.69% El Paso, TX $2,171,359 3.42% 96.58% $1,997,490 6.45% 93.55% Elkhart-Goshen, IN $1,059,157 3.11% 96.89% $971,521 5.88% 94.12% Elmira, NY $19,168,296 12.95% 87.05% $19,172,704 22.45% 77.55% Erie, PA $1,812,760 4.40% 95.60% $1,682,492 8.22% 91.78% Eugene-Springfield, OR $1,803,118 1.25% 98.75% $1,625,656 2.40% 97.60% Evansville, IN-KY $4,849,867 3.70% 96.30% $4,472,941 6.96% 93.04% Fairbanks, AK $9,201,410 6.71% 93.29% $8,719,347 12.28% 87.72% Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO $4,925,953 5.96% 94.04% $4,636,853 10.98% 89.02% Flagstaff, AZ $1,118,927 3.21% 96.79% $1,027,296 6.06% 93.94% Flint, MI $2,247,244 11.92% 88.08% $2,228,209 20.84% 79.16% Florence, SC $1,627,441 3.23% 96.77% $1,494,495 6.10% 93.90% Fond du Lac, WI $7,539,885 9.66% 90.34% $7,332,808 17.23% 82.77%
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From page 314... ...
305 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO $412,313 6.45% 93.55% $389,809 11.83% 88.17% Fort Smith, AR-OK $553,386 1.73% 98.27% $501,184 3.32% 96.68% Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, FL $2,972,272 7.11% 92.89% $2,826,520 12.96% 87.04% Fort Wayne, IN $863,178 6.51% 93.49% $816,513 11.93% 88.07% Fresno, CA $1,551,708 3.95% 96.05% $1,434,297 7.40% 92.60% Gainesville, FL $5,996,235 10.91% 89.09% $5,894,791 19.25% 80.75% Glens Falls, NY $13,610,155 14.87% 85.13% $13,833,370 25.36% 74.64% Grand Forks, ND-MN $7,261,252 7.12% 92.88% $6,906,060 12.98% 87.02% Grand Junction, CO $691,682 1.32% 98.68% $624,026 2.54% 97.46% Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI $1,043,397 2.09% 97.91% $948,116 3.99% 96.01% Great Falls, MT $2,337,578 4.43% 95.57% $2,170,274 8.28% 91.72% Greeley, CO $16,864,412 10.22% 89.78% $16,480,674 18.14% 81.86% Green Bay, WI $1,074,299 2.11% 97.89% $976,415 4.04% 95.96% Greenville, SC $985,770 5.25% 94.75% $922,014 9.73% 90.27% Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV $5,639,718 6.88% 93.12% $5,352,520 12.57% 87.43% Hanford-Corcoran, CA $2,072,310 10.40% 89.60% $2,028,229 18.42% 81.58% Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA $958,534 4.43% 95.57% $889,915 8.28% 91.72% Holland-Grand Haven, MI $1,244,372 4.99% 95.01% $1,161,133 9.27% 90.73% Honolulu, HI $7,283,279 3.08% 96.92% $6,678,810 5.82% 94.18% Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX $991,604 4.97% 95.03% $925,152 9.24% 90.76% Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH $72,440,135 8.46% 91.54% $69,716,308 15.25% 84.75% Huntsville, AL $452,167,252 44.76% 55.24% $573,535,937 61.19% 38.81% Indianapolis, IN $2,164,766 4.93% 95.07% $2,018,892 9.17% 90.83% Iowa City, IA $2,433,633 13.08% 86.92% $2,436,922 22.66% 77.34% Ithaca, NY $44,138,537 26.56% 73.44% $49,213,128 41.31% 58.69% Jackson, MI $4,715,079 2.43% 97.57% $4,298,066 4.63% 95.37% Jackson, MS $5,079,148 1.16% 98.84% $4,575,399 2.23% 97.77% Jackson, TN $880,222 2.01% 97.99% $799,221 3.83% 96.17% Jacksonville, FL $3,717,312 13.18% 86.82% $3,725,449 22.81% 77.19% Janesville, WI $1,817,360 3.14% 96.86% $1,667,423 5.93% 94.07%
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From page 315... ...
306 Jefferson City, MO $49,078,715 25.88% 74.12% $54,442,861 40.47% 59.53% Johnson City, TN $3,288,211 4.25% 95.75% $3,047,712 7.95% 92.05% Johnstown, PA $1,005,985 2.81% 97.19% $920,262 5.34% 94.66% Kalamazoo-Portage, MI $1,038,847 6.39% 93.61% $981,616 11.72% 88.28% Kankakee-Bradley, IL $1,490,540 2.09% 97.91% $1,354,374 3.98% 96.02% Kansas City, MO-KS $4,950,018 7.76% 92.24% $4,734,532 14.07% 85.93% Kennewick-Richland-Pasco, WA $1,487,871 2.79% 97.21% $1,360,804 5.29% 94.71% Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, TX $59,675,184 33.76% 66.24% $70,161,999 49.80% 50.20% Knoxville, TN $8,200,275 8.73% 91.27% $7,910,713 15.70% 84.30% La Crosse, WI-MN $1,506,091 13.04% 86.96% $1,507,603 22.59% 77.41% Lafayette, IN $10,915,633 13.85% 86.15% $11,001,166 23.83% 76.17% Lafayette, LA $0 0.00% 0.00% $0 0.00% 0.00% Lakeland, FL $2,481,547 2.17% 97.83% $2,256,513 4.13% 95.87% Lancaster, PA $4,397,881 3.45% 96.55% $4,046,671 6.50% 93.50% Lansing-East Lansing, MI $4,107,209 4.84% 95.16% $3,827,469 9.01% 90.99% Laredo, TX $5,497,537 12.46% 87.54% $5,476,004 21.69% 78.31% Las Cruces, NM $5,100,306 3.27% 96.73% $4,685,174 6.17% 93.83% Las Vegas-Paradise, NV $9,625,952 5.08% 94.92% $8,989,233 9.43% 90.57% Lawrence, KS $3,291,888 5.64% 94.36% $3,089,697 10.41% 89.59% Lawton, OK $784,995 5.47% 94.53% $735,651 10.11% 89.89% Lebanon, PA $85,060,140 14.71% 85.29% $86,342,223 25.13% 74.87% Lewiston-Auburn, ME $1,349,427 2.35% 97.65% $1,229,109 4.47% 95.53% Lexington-Fayette, KY $1,078,148 8.56% 91.44% $1,038,467 15.40% 84.60% Lincoln, NE $1,000,714 2.20% 97.80% $910,282 4.20% 95.80% Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR $628,797 2.36% 97.64% $572,817 4.50% 95.50% Logan, UT-ID $9,076,308 7.66% 92.34% $8,673,432 13.89% 86.11% Longview, WA $5,520,550 5.81% 94.19% $5,189,331 10.71% 89.29% Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA $9,405,469 12.97% 87.03% $9,409,150 22.48% 77.52% Louisville, KY-IN $1,648,063 2.46% 97.54% $1,502,635 4.67% 95.33% Lubbock, TX $508,718 2.42% 97.58% $463,680 4.61% 95.39%
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From page 316... ...
307 Lynchburg, VA $2,357,310,925 55.16% 44.84% $3,196,953,600 70.54% 29.46% Macon, GA $39,045,019 24.69% 75.31% $42,921,129 38.96% 61.04% Madison, WI $4,418,600 5.99% 94.01% $4,160,474 11.04% 88.96% Mansfield, OH $3,385,473 7.47% 92.53% $3,229,856 13.58% 86.42% McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr, TX $3,018,722 6.59% 93.41% $2,857,701 12.08% 87.92% Medford, OR $22,730,314 5.99% 94.01% $21,402,652 11.04% 88.96% Memphis, TN-MS-AR $589,115 3.83% 96.17% $543,966 7.20% 92.80% Merced, CA $1,880,370 16.58% 83.42% $1,938,388 27.89% 72.11% Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL $1,541,073 3.60% 96.40% $1,419,945 6.77% 93.23% Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI $34,877,140 22.49% 77.51% $37,691,305 36.09% 63.91% Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI $5,793,042 5.06% 94.94% $5,409,225 9.40% 90.60% Missoula, MT $382,033,911 37.37% 62.63% $460,779,331 53.73% 46.27% Mobile, AL $97,156,512 16.19% 83.81% $99,833,908 27.32% 72.68% Modesto, CA $225,027,104 28.66% 71.34% $254,882,378 43.87% 56.13% Monroe, LA $2,177,629 2.53% 97.47% $1,986,763 4.80% 95.20% Morgantown, WV $4,247,599 12.26% 87.74% $4,223,797 21.37% 78.63% Muncie, IN $5,269,076 8.94% 91.06% $5,092,161 16.04% 83.96% Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI $1,933,510 3.72% 96.28% $1,783,493 6.99% 93.01% Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC $3,093,130 3.30% 96.70% $2,842,323 6.24% 93.76% Naples-Marco Island, FL $1,932,279 3.16% 96.84% $1,773,321 5.98% 94.02% Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN $979,510 5.74% 94.26% $920,208 10.60% 89.40% New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA $2,562,640 6.04% 93.96% $2,414,045 11.13% 88.87% New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA $5,067,689 7.13% 92.87% $4,820,092 12.99% 87.01% Niles-Benton Harbor, MI $26,435,217 27.03% 72.97% $29,580,023 41.89% 58.11% Odessa, TX $32,126,358 16.09% 83.91% $32,985,039 27.18% 72.82% Oklahoma City, OK $4,079,097,339 42.55% 57.45% $5,098,315,613 59.05% 40.95% Olympia, WA $162,935 5.59% 94.41% $152,867 10.34% 89.66% Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA $3,079,491 3.35% 96.65% $2,830,945 6.32% 93.68% Orlando, FL $14,775,185 22.15% 77.85% $15,925,231 35.64% 64.36% Oshkosh-Neenah, WI $5,806,727 3.28% 96.72% $5,334,881 6.20% 93.80%
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From page 317... ...
308 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA $20,255,566 13.46% 86.54% $20,348,368 23.24% 76.76% Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL $85,652,200 21.73% 78.27% $92,010,895 35.07% 64.93% Panama City-Lynn Haven, FL $2,190,625 2.84% 97.16% $2,004,420 5.38% 94.62% Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL $13,505,403 16.37% 83.63% $13,898,011 27.58% 72.42% Peoria, IL $4,265,882 19.54% 80.46% $4,504,020 32.10% 67.90% Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD $2,890,275 4.32% 95.68% $2,680,569 8.07% 91.93% Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ $4,584,983 6.65% 93.35% $4,342,547 12.18% 87.82% Pittsburgh, PA $7,964,151 7.56% 92.44% $7,604,484 13.74% 86.26% Pocatello, ID $427,128,369 32.51% 67.49% $497,677,737 48.39% 51.61% Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce, FL $234,775,535 39.92% 60.08% $288,215,592 56.39% 43.61% Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA $139,793,069 16.81% 83.19% $144,375,965 28.23% 71.77% Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY $643,770 2.78% 97.22% $588,712 5.27% 94.73% Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA $845,908 33.04% 66.96% $989,372 48.98% 51.02% Pueblo, CO $174,768,456 22.61% 77.39% $189,048,626 36.25% 63.75% Racine, WI $7,054,783 10.54% 89.46% $6,913,337 18.66% 81.34% Rapid City, SD $37,644,482 18.23% 81.77% $39,329,897 30.26% 69.74% Reading, PA $1,093,565 4.31% 95.69% $1,014,127 8.05% 91.95% Redding, CA $0 0.00% 0.00% $0 0.00% 0.00% Reno-Sparks, NV $3,616,709 3.39% 96.61% $3,325,929 6.38% 93.62% Richmond, VA $651,665 3.45% 96.55% $599,623 6.50% 93.50% Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA $4,862,260 4.01% 95.99% $4,496,738 7.51% 92.49% Roanoke, VA $1,716,334 6.60% 93.40% $1,624,823 12.09% 87.91% Rochester, MN $31,937,102 7.75% 92.25% $30,544,062 14.05% 85.95% Rochester, NY $1,957,727 14.71% 85.29% $1,987,333 25.14% 74.86% Rockford, IL $50,241,452 49.65% 50.35% $65,800,598 65.74% 34.26% Rome, GA $10,934,287 5.90% 94.10% $10,287,131 10.88% 89.12% Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA $4,135,793 3.54% 96.46% $3,808,728 6.67% 93.33% Saginaw-Saginaw Township North, MI $20,423,814 8.68% 91.32% $19,692,842 15.60% 84.40% Salem, OR $4,185,277 7.78% 92.22% $4,003,920 14.11% 85.89% Salt Lake City, UT $1,212,436 3.27% 96.73% $1,113,771 6.17% 93.83%
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309 San Angelo, TX $77,709,311 25.40% 74.60% $85,883,446 39.85% 60.15% San Antonio, TX $1,905,367 4.92% 95.08% $1,776,812 9.15% 90.85% San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA $5,009,636 6.99% 93.01% $4,759,103 12.76% 87.24% San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA $94,864,833 10.14% 89.86% $92,641,983 18.01% 81.99% San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA $942,915 4.84% 95.16% $878,667 9.01% 90.99% San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA $85,058,622 29.36% 70.64% $96,845,327 44.71% 55.29% Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, CA $188,402,159 30.25% 69.75% $215,928,305 45.77% 54.23% Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA $890,164,023 26.29% 73.71% $990,530,607 40.98% 59.02% Santa Fe, NM $197,884,286 17.06% 82.94% $204,787,379 28.59% 71.41% Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA $1,284,975 5.35% 94.65% $1,202,948 9.91% 90.09% Savannah, GA $0 0.00% 0.00% $0 0.00% 0.00% Scranton -- Wilkes-Barre, PA $28,097,289 6.31% 93.69% $26,531,582 11.59% 88.41% Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA $21,365,099 3.51% 96.49% $19,669,978 6.61% 93.39% Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL $3,176,862 3.39% 96.61% $2,921,684 6.40% 93.60% Sheboygan, WI $21,827,333 8.98% 91.02% $21,102,865 16.12% 83.88% Sherman-Denison, TX $8,227,311 6.31% 93.69% $7,768,460 11.58% 88.42% Shreveport-Bossier City, LA $6,412,925 7.03% 92.97% $6,094,292 12.83% 87.17% Sioux City, IA-NE-SD $435,744,626 25.09% 74.91% $480,462,855 39.47% 60.53% Sioux Falls, SD $886,333 5.18% 94.82% $828,485 9.61% 90.39% South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI $2,398,685 2.65% 97.35% $2,190,875 5.02% 94.98% Spartanburg, SC $540,831 5.19% 94.81% $505,561 9.62% 90.38% Spokane, WA $12,588,805 12.95% 87.05% $12,591,371 22.44% 77.56% Springfield, IL $2,019,212 4.67% 95.33% $1,878,749 8.71% 91.29% Springfield, MO $4,007,969 4.31% 95.69% $3,716,984 8.06% 91.94% Springfield, OH $6,357,009 7.93% 92.07% $6,089,635 14.36% 85.64% St. Cloud, MN $861,512 6.96% 93.04% $818,185 12.70% 87.30% St.
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310 Sumter, SC $3,624,889 3.45% 96.55% $3,335,418 6.50% 93.50% Syracuse, NY $2,163,874 3.67% 96.33% $1,995,064 6.90% 93.10% Tallahassee, FL $122,546,716 24.86% 75.14% $134,886,396 39.17% 60.83% Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL $2,979,771 2.32% 97.68% $2,713,311 4.41% 95.59% Terre Haute, IN $10,773,861 11.37% 88.63% $10,633,212 19.98% 80.02% Toledo, OH $1,038,201 4.34% 95.66% $963,046 8.11% 91.89% Topeka, KS $21,537,713 5.47% 94.53% $20,184,482 10.12% 89.88% Tucson, AZ $4,544,354 6.44% 93.56% $4,296,186 11.82% 88.18% Tulsa, OK $83,687,396 27.57% 72.43% $94,023,992 42.56% 57.44% Tuscaloosa, AL $1,085,971 5.13% 94.87% $1,014,640 9.52% 90.48% Utica-Rome, NY $13,123,295 13.80% 86.20% $13,220,999 23.76% 76.24% Victoria, TX $2,886,272 5.16% 94.84% $2,697,471 9.58% 90.42% Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC $21,855,926 18.31% 81.69% $22,848,862 30.37% 69.63% Visalia-Porterville, CA $12,992,276 14.56% 85.44% $13,172,134 24.91% 75.09% Waco, TX $733,109 6.65% 93.35% $694,332 12.17% 87.83% Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV $2,385,398 5.39% 94.61% $2,233,983 9.99% 90.01% Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA $1,590,778 6.84% 93.16% $1,509,185 12.50% 87.50% Wausau, WI $52,778,155 30.21% 69.79% $60,471,605 45.72% 54.28% Wenatchee, WA $3,441,224 9.26% 90.74% $3,334,916 16.57% 83.43% Wheeling, WV-OH $2,273,013 5.71% 94.29% $2,134,866 10.55% 89.45% Wichita, KS $879,700,961 26.11% 73.89% $977,562,304 40.75% 59.25% Williamsport, PA $2,504,839 5.04% 94.96% $2,338,454 9.37% 90.63% Yakima, WA $2,112,379 2.22% 97.78% $1,921,771 4.23% 95.77% York-Hanover, PA $4,788,604 2.33% 97.67% $4,361,078 4.44% 95.56% Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA $1,946,888 2.64% 97.36% $1,778,109 5.01% 94.99% Yuba City, CA $7,314,315 12.98% 87.02% $7,318,166 22.50% 77.50% Yuma, AZ $2,153,737 1.67% 98.33% $1,949,390 3.20% 96.80%
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311 TABLE H 9 Marginal change in total payroll for a 1% increase in rail seat capacity per capita name WAGES-OLS Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change WAGES-IV Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA $25,342,530 24.93% 75.07% $87,270,157 38.28% 61.72% Baltimore-Towson, MD $63,862,566 10.32% 89.68% $197,010,331 17.69% 82.31% Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY $5,562,318 7.65% 92.35% $16,794,625 13.40% 86.60% Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI $234,276,566 30.89% 69.11% $841,035,603 45.49% 54.51% Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH $24,294,695 12.27% 87.73% $76,108,435 20.71% 79.29% Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX $20,724,820 34.94% 65.06% $76,459,831 50.07% 49.93% Denver-Aurora, CO $17,748,019 13.23% 86.77% $56,018,895 22.16% 77.84% Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX $2,282,458 27.27% 72.73% $7,990,962 41.18% 58.82% Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR $1,681,487 6.45% 93.55% $5,027,450 11.41% 88.59% Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA $26,847,711 36.29% 63.71% $99,936,239 51.53% 48.47% Memphis, TN-MS-AR $2,942,043 11.84% 88.16% $9,185,609 20.05% 79.95% Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL $15,551,221 21.64% 78.36% $52,294,906 34.02% 65.98% Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI $4,548,805 15.68% 84.32% $14,630,668 25.77% 74.23% Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN $4,382,477 14.64% 85.36% $13,983,719 24.25% 75.75% New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA $9,055,629 8.15% 91.85% $27,453,456 14.22% 85.78% New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA $321,017,756 25.53% 74.47% $1,110,196,323 39.03% 60.97% Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PANJ-DE-MD $97,380,542 18.23% 81.77% $319,319,982 29.39% 70.61% Pittsburgh, PA $10,308,872 8.55% 91.45% $31,354,072 14.87% 85.13% Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, ME $6,252,413 3.32% 96.68% $18,213,160 6.02% 93.98% Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, ORWA $21,154,541 11.91% 88.09% $66,086,131 20.16% 79.84% Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA $13,357,296 13.61% 86.39% $42,284,897 22.73% 77.27%
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312 Salt Lake City, UT $19,866,884 4.96% 95.04% $58,674,523 8.89% 91.11% San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA $28,922,025 16.72% 83.28% $93,762,826 27.26% 72.74% San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA $158,518,640 14.17% 85.83% $503,997,386 23.56% 76.44% San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA $44,179,719 8.69% 91.31% $134,522,453 15.09% 84.91% Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA $13,941,170 13.42% 86.58% $44,068,786 22.45% 77.55% St. Louis, MO-IL $13,462,908 13.28% 86.72% $42,510,230 22.24% 77.76% Tampa-St.
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313 TABLE H 10 Marginal change in total GDP for a 1% increase in rail seat capacity per capita Name GDP-OLS Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change GDP-IV Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA $117,391,379 24.93% 75.07% $174,480,579 38.28% 61.72% Baltimore-Towson, MD $250,167,344 10.32% 89.68% $333,095,180 17.69% 82.31% Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY $24,269,119 7.65% 92.35% $31,627,406 13.40% 86.60% Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI $1,067,758,480 30.89% 69.11% $1,654,450,026 45.49% 54.51% Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH $114,847,496 12.27% 87.73% $155,288,026 20.71% 79.29% Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX $105,829,646 34.94% 65.06% $168,517,500 50.07% 49.93% Denver-Aurora, CO $83,022,100 13.23% 86.77% $113,102,825 22.16% 77.84% Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX $12,921,588 27.27% 72.73% $19,525,728 41.18% 58.82% Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR $7,319,137 6.45% 93.55% $9,445,157 11.41% 88.59% Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA $130,518,139 36.29% 63.71% $209,691,924 51.53% 48.47% Memphis, TN-MS-AR $14,120,883 11.84% 88.16% $19,028,998 20.05% 79.95% Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL $75,676,997 21.64% 78.36% $109,838,321 34.02% 65.98% Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI $19,661,729 15.68% 84.32% $27,295,036 25.77% 74.23% Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN $20,498,119 14.64% 85.36% $28,230,083 24.25% 75.75% New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA $55,234,372 8.15% 91.85% $72,274,135 14.22% 85.78% New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA $1,441,665,015 25.53% 74.47% $2,151,940,124 39.03% 60.97% Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJDE-MD $470,828,931 18.23% 81.77% $666,364,950 29.39% 70.61% Pittsburgh, PA $50,290,784 8.55% 91.45% $66,018,598 14.87% 85.13% Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, ME $27,563,920 3.32% 96.68% $34,655,625 6.02% 93.98% Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA $98,388,260 11.91% 88.09% $132,661,562 20.16% 79.84% Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA $51,161,258 13.61% 86.39% $69,904,162 22.73% 77.27% Salt Lake City, UT $92,087,116 4.96% 95.04% $117,385,315 8.89% 91.11% San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA $130,327,020 16.72% 83.28% $182,360,828 27.26% 72.74%
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314 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA $706,438,918 14.17% 85.83% $969,432,683 23.56% 76.44% San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA $181,333,264 8.69% 91.31% $238,311,170 15.09% 84.91% Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA $62,356,501 13.42% 86.58% $85,076,316 22.45% 77.55% St. Louis, MO-IL $58,134,086 13.28% 86.72% $79,228,336 22.24% 77.76% Tampa-St.
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From page 324... ...
315 TABLE H 11 Marginal change in total payroll for a 1% increase in bus seat capacity per capita name WAGES-OLS Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change WAGES-IV Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change Abilene, TX $1,716,852 15.31% 84.69% $1,921,312 26.39% 73.61% Akron, OH $5,126,487 29.93% 70.07% $6,453,059 45.85% 54.15% Albany, GA $1,108,189 18.61% 81.39% $1,275,081 31.19% 68.81% Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY $6,112,735 19.81% 80.19% $7,103,359 32.87% 67.13% Albuquerque, NM $4,432,732 29.61% 70.39% $5,566,242 45.47% 54.53% Alexandria, LA $1,252,166 11.50% 88.50% $1,355,679 20.49% 79.51% Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ $2,357,466 26.82% 73.18% $2,897,402 42.08% 57.92% Altoona, PA $3,637,371 5.09% 94.91% $3,715,333 9.62% 90.38% Amarillo, TX $1,086,529 18.40% 81.60% $1,247,993 30.90% 69.10% Ames, IA $11,580,260 5.54% 94.46% $11,877,380 10.41% 89.59% Anchorage, AK $5,248,322 22.02% 77.98% $6,209,537 35.88% 64.12% Anderson, IN $901,169 18.97% 81.03% $1,039,990 31.70% 68.30% Ann Arbor, MI $8,985,552 9.46% 90.54% $9,553,004 17.16% 82.84% Anniston-Oxford, AL $857,153 15.46% 84.54% $960,416 26.60% 73.40% Appleton, WI $3,065,001 8.38% 91.62% $3,226,782 15.34% 84.66% Athens-Clarke County, GA $2,412,283 18.13% 81.87% $2,764,494 30.51% 69.49% Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA $12,454,486 68.70% 31.30% $20,292,146 81.31% 18.69% Auburn-Opelika, AL $660,547 14.50% 85.50% $734,068 25.16% 74.84% Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC $1,004,611 43.96% 56.04% $1,399,276 60.86% 39.14% Austin-Round Rock, TX $8,740,041 42.80% 57.20% $12,076,452 59.73% 40.27% Bakersfield, CA $2,136,664 33.87% 66.13% $2,769,992 50.38% 49.62% Baltimore-Towson, MD $16,295,881 43.20% 56.80% $22,580,049 60.13% 39.87% Bangor, ME $1,649,845 8.93% 91.07% $1,745,639 16.27% 83.73% Baton Rouge, LA $2,192,461 31.12% 68.88% $2,784,668 47.24% 52.76% Battle Creek, MI $2,463,396 11.91% 88.09% $2,676,518 21.13% 78.87% Bay City, MI $4,398,498 8.05% 91.95% $4,617,083 14.79% 85.21%
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316 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX $1,703,661 26.34% 73.66% $2,086,071 41.48% 58.52% Bellingham, WA $5,308,864 11.08% 88.92% $5,726,366 19.81% 80.19% Bend, OR $798,286 10.80% 89.20% $858,892 19.35% 80.65% Billings, MT $3,330,274 10.50% 89.50% $3,573,592 18.86% 81.14% Binghamton, NY $3,288,206 8.29% 91.71% $3,458,994 15.19% 84.81% Birmingham-Hoover, AL $2,536,222 45.23% 54.77% $3,563,424 62.08% 37.92% Bismarck, ND $3,106,260 5.62% 94.38% $3,188,529 10.56% 89.44% Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA $9,194,247 14.07% 85.93% $10,180,296 24.51% 75.49% Bloomington, IN $2,769,249 9.70% 90.30% $2,950,382 17.55% 82.45% Bloomington-Normal, IL $3,250,481 9.30% 90.70% $3,450,786 16.89% 83.11% Boise City-Nampa, ID $1,293,153 26.12% 73.88% $1,580,739 41.21% 58.79% Bradenton-Sarasota-Venice, FL $2,269,581 25.30% 74.70% $2,756,489 40.17% 59.83% Bremerton-Silverdale, WA $7,961,091 14.35% 85.65% $8,835,693 24.93% 75.07% Brownsville-Harlingen, TX $636,832 25.72% 74.28% $775,989 40.70% 59.30% Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY $9,169,650 35.38% 64.62% $12,020,473 52.05% 47.95% Burlington-South Burlington, VT $6,474,295 8.90% 91.10% $6,848,748 16.23% 83.77% Canton-Massillon, OH $2,269,421 25.40% 74.60% $2,758,340 40.29% 59.71% Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL $1,722,440 38.81% 61.19% $2,314,394 55.70% 44.30% Carson City, NV $1,898,259 4.79% 95.21% $1,933,367 9.06% 90.94% Casper, WY $1,601,855 6.83% 93.17% $1,662,807 12.70% 87.30% Cedar Rapids, IA $4,316,130 14.15% 85.85% $4,782,173 24.63% 75.37% Champaign-Urbana, IL $7,594,799 10.46% 89.54% $8,147,315 18.81% 81.19% Charleston, WV $2,907,263 12.83% 87.17% $3,184,590 22.59% 77.41% Charleston-North Charleston, SC $2,833,180 34.39% 65.61% $3,687,124 50.96% 49.04% Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC $16,116,971 72.14% 27.86% $26,789,025 83.70% 16.30% Charlottesville, VA $8,589,960 7.65% 92.35% $8,983,497 14.10% 85.90% Chattanooga, TN-GA $2,899,563 30.70% 69.30% $3,671,357 46.76% 53.24% Cheyenne, WY $3,075,571 5.71% 94.29% $3,159,445 10.71% 89.29% Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI $31,255,573 74.71% 25.29% $52,719,640 85.42% 14.58% Chico, CA $1,819,444 14.31% 85.69% $2,018,634 24.87% 75.13%
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317 Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN $10,118,877 49.37% 50.63% $14,616,978 65.90% 34.10% Clarksville, TN-KY $982,259 36.83% 63.17% $1,301,201 53.61% 46.39% Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH $12,871,692 48.03% 51.97% $18,429,286 64.69% 35.31% College Station-Bryan, TX $2,056,492 19.09% 80.91% $2,375,647 31.87% 68.13% Colorado Springs, CO $4,290,636 30.18% 69.82% $5,411,042 46.14% 53.86% Columbia, MO $2,907,333 11.70% 88.30% $3,153,053 20.80% 79.20% Columbia, SC $1,540,458 27.21% 72.79% $1,899,112 42.57% 57.43% Columbus, GA-AL $2,011,158 23.69% 76.31% $2,411,699 38.10% 61.90% Columbus, IN $793,876 5.59% 94.41% $814,660 10.51% 89.49% Columbus, OH $5,807,337 48.78% 51.22% $8,356,021 65.37% 34.63% Corpus Christi, TX $3,843,870 26.83% 73.17% $4,724,680 42.09% 57.91% Corvallis, OR $2,473,915 4.70% 95.30% $2,517,637 8.91% 91.09% Cumberland, MD-WV $469,997 7.28% 92.72% $489,881 13.47% 86.53% Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX $16,980,539 78.02% 21.98% $29,178,202 87.56% 12.44% Danville, IL $1,794,693 7.95% 92.05% $1,882,089 14.61% 85.39% Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL $5,465,430 22.38% 77.62% $6,485,480 36.37% 63.63% Dayton, OH $3,655,572 34.18% 65.82% $4,750,015 50.73% 49.27% Decatur, IL $3,759,841 9.76% 90.24% $4,008,217 17.66% 82.34% Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL $1,514,434 39.13% 60.87% $2,039,546 56.04% 43.96% Denver-Aurora, CO $24,734,362 50.19% 49.81% $35,925,085 66.64% 33.36% Des Moines, IA $7,296,175 21.77% 78.23% $8,615,096 35.55% 64.45% Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI $12,334,147 69.18% 30.82% $20,151,949 81.65% 18.35% Dubuque, IA $2,670,332 6.11% 93.89% $2,753,448 11.43% 88.57% Duluth, MN-WI $5,302,395 19.44% 80.56% $6,142,898 32.36% 67.64% Eau Claire, WI $2,120,680 9.78% 90.22% $2,261,174 17.70% 82.30% El Centro, CA $1,173,175 8.93% 91.07% $1,241,372 16.28% 83.72% El Paso, TX $3,527,410 31.27% 68.73% $4,485,427 47.42% 52.58% Elkhart-Goshen, IN $705,011 12.34% 87.66% $768,912 21.81% 78.19% Elmira, NY $2,817,794 3.72% 96.28% $2,841,236 7.12% 92.88%
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318 Erie, PA $3,536,440 10.53% 89.47% $3,795,791 18.91% 81.09% Eugene-Springfield, OR $6,516,425 18.03% 81.97% $7,461,509 30.36% 69.64% Evansville, IN-KY $1,654,370 16.24% 83.76% $1,866,028 27.76% 72.24% Fairbanks, AK $1,765,705 9.21% 90.79% $1,872,928 16.74% 83.26% Fargo, ND-MN $2,691,321 8.75% 91.25% $2,842,999 15.97% 84.03% Farmington, NM $370,479 8.66% 91.34% $391,028 15.82% 84.18% Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO $2,057,735 29.27% 70.73% $2,577,248 45.07% 54.93% Flagstaff, AZ $1,222,797 9.27% 90.73% $1,297,803 16.84% 83.16% Flint, MI $5,906,927 24.66% 75.34% $7,137,719 39.35% 60.65% Florence, SC $484,222 17.41% 82.59% $551,596 29.48% 70.52% Fond du Lac, WI $1,138,236 5.12% 94.88% $1,162,888 9.66% 90.34% Fort Collins-Loveland, CO $2,489,033 18.96% 81.04% $2,872,200 31.69% 68.31% Fort Smith, AR-OK $620,682 17.56% 82.44% $707,912 29.69% 70.31% Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, FL $858,106 11.17% 88.83% $926,285 19.95% 80.05% Fort Wayne, IN $1,736,278 27.26% 72.74% $2,141,292 42.63% 57.37% Fresno, CA $3,239,595 34.82% 65.18% $4,229,237 51.43% 48.57% Gadsden, AL $528,724 14.58% 85.42% $588,002 25.29% 74.71% Gainesville, FL $9,350,199 18.99% 81.01% $10,792,575 31.73% 68.27% Gainesville, GA $238,616 13.43% 86.57% $262,741 23.52% 76.48% Glens Falls, NY $1,329,457 3.93% 96.07% $1,343,172 7.50% 92.50% Grand Forks, ND-MN $1,438,560 6.13% 93.87% $1,483,636 11.46% 88.54% Grand Junction, CO $1,823,824 12.42% 87.58% $1,990,675 21.95% 78.05% Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI $3,769,453 25.83% 74.17% $4,597,284 40.85% 59.15% Great Falls, MT $3,270,118 6.20% 93.80% $3,374,712 11.58% 88.42% Greeley, CO $696,698 14.49% 85.51% $774,209 25.15% 74.85% Green Bay, WI $3,217,960 18.44% 81.56% $3,697,252 30.95% 69.05% Greenville, SC $567,582 26.20% 73.80% $694,218 41.31% 58.69% Gulfport-Biloxi, MS $1,178,703 21.22% 78.78% $1,385,563 34.81% 65.19% Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV $852,348 12.42% 87.58% $930,287 21.94% 78.06%
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319 Hanford-Corcoran, CA $1,273,257 13.84% 86.16% $1,406,905 24.15% 75.85% Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA $3,398,101 8.85% 91.15% $3,592,999 16.15% 83.85% Hattiesburg, MS $382,208 9.86% 90.14% $407,794 17.82% 82.18% Holland-Grand Haven, MI $852,619 13.80% 86.20% $941,818 24.09% 75.91% Honolulu, HI $18,059,315 22.04% 77.96% $21,371,393 35.92% 64.08% Hot Springs, AR $674,117 11.19% 88.81% $727,821 19.98% 80.02% Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX $23,085,296 71.25% 28.75% $38,174,909 83.09% 16.91% Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH $1,729,051 13.69% 86.31% $1,908,108 23.92% 76.08% Huntsville, AL $1,021,912 31.52% 68.48% $1,301,927 47.72% 52.28% Idaho Falls, ID $924,831 7.20% 92.80% $963,263 13.33% 86.67% Indianapolis, IN $4,026,989 52.52% 47.48% $5,938,384 68.68% 31.32% Iowa City, IA $9,728,579 7.08% 92.92% $10,121,978 13.13% 86.87% Ithaca, NY $11,246,855 3.46% 96.54% $11,312,201 6.63% 93.37% Jackson, MI $818,642 5.90% 94.10% $842,449 11.05% 88.95% Jackson, MS $1,236,900 31.71% 68.29% $1,578,049 47.93% 52.07% Jackson, TN $1,851,320 9.01% 90.99% $1,960,286 16.41% 83.59% Jacksonville, FL $6,022,569 51.65% 48.35% $8,831,202 67.93% 32.07% Janesville, WI $2,975,808 11.95% 88.05% $3,234,410 21.19% 78.81% Jefferson City, MO $2,006,363 8.14% 91.86% $2,107,719 14.94% 85.06% Johnson City, TN $988,342 17.27% 82.73% $1,124,496 29.27% 70.73% Johnstown, PA $3,095,742 6.12% 93.88% $3,192,402 11.44% 88.56% Jonesboro, AR $277,417 14.79% 85.21% $309,071 25.60% 74.40% Kalamazoo-Portage, MI $2,307,310 20.46% 79.54% $2,695,628 33.78% 66.22% Kankakee-Bradley, IL $1,401,190 8.08% 91.92% $1,471,152 14.83% 85.17% Kansas City, MO-KS $7,796,148 60.93% 39.07% $12,122,940 75.56% 24.44% Kennewick-Richland-Pasco, WA $6,529,629 22.64% 77.36% $7,764,583 36.72% 63.28% Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, TX $792,951 31.45% 68.55% $1,009,635 47.63% 52.37% Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA $883,231 27.04% 72.96% $1,087,420 42.36% 57.64% Kingston, NY $3,217,608 9.52% 90.48% $3,422,726 17.26% 82.74% Knoxville, TN $3,179,788 32.97% 67.03% $4,094,906 49.37% 50.63%
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320 La Crosse, WI-MN $3,253,295 6.34% 93.66% $3,361,810 11.84% 88.16% Lafayette, IN $6,162,813 9.85% 90.15% $6,575,099 17.81% 82.19% Lafayette, LA $2,194,536 13.47% 86.53% $2,417,249 23.58% 76.42% Lake Charles, LA $694,648 13.72% 86.28% $766,790 23.97% 76.03% Lakeland, FL $1,610,005 30.33% 69.67% $2,032,725 46.32% 53.68% Lancaster, PA $1,370,081 9.37% 90.63% $1,455,362 17.00% 83.00% Lansing-East Lansing, MI $4,532,780 14.06% 85.94% $5,018,195 24.49% 75.51% Laredo, TX $2,364,033 15.45% 84.55% $2,648,616 26.59% 73.41% Las Cruces, NM $826,652 15.03% 84.97% $922,846 25.96% 74.04% Las Vegas-Paradise, NV $7,912,084 34.53% 65.47% $10,307,684 51.12% 48.88% Lawrence, KS $1,404,013 6.85% 93.15% $1,457,604 12.72% 87.28% Lawton, OK $1,174,984 22.25% 77.75% $1,392,825 36.20% 63.80% Lebanon, PA $924,558 6.45% 93.55% $956,322 12.02% 87.98% Lewiston, ID-WA $263,769 5.66% 94.34% $270,847 10.63% 89.37% Lewiston-Auburn, ME $1,224,367 6.89% 93.11% $1,271,623 12.79% 87.21% Lexington-Fayette, KY $2,644,413 20.23% 79.77% $3,083,623 33.46% 66.54% Lima, OH $1,055,630 7.44% 92.56% $1,101,929 13.75% 86.25% Lincoln, NE $4,247,825 15.86% 84.14% $4,775,958 27.21% 72.79% Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR $2,152,127 31.31% 68.69% $2,737,379 47.47% 52.53% Logan, UT-ID $4,532,501 7.15% 92.85% $4,718,642 13.24% 86.76% Longview, TX $497,982 16.75% 83.25% $564,106 28.51% 71.49% Longview, WA $956,828 7.05% 92.95% $995,246 13.08% 86.92% Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA $47,115,855 79.01% 20.99% $81,406,603 88.18% 11.82% Louisville, KY-IN $7,613,162 50.08% 49.92% $11,049,148 66.54% 33.46% Lubbock, TX $4,118,357 16.32% 83.68% $4,648,324 27.88% 72.12% Lynchburg, VA $10,624,190 19.80% 80.20% $12,345,230 32.86% 67.14% Macon, GA $1,477,439 17.76% 82.24% $1,687,947 29.98% 70.02% Madera, CA $518,997 14.74% 85.26% $577,956 25.52% 74.48% Madison, WI $11,776,810 16.32% 83.68% $13,292,584 27.88% 72.12% Mansfield, OH $966,971 10.86% 89.14% $1,041,004 19.46% 80.54%
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321 McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr, TX $318,761 37.81% 62.19% $425,254 54.65% 45.35% Medford, OR $1,873,383 10.25% 89.75% $2,005,820 18.46% 81.54% Memphis, TN-MS-AR $4,159,483 47.02% 52.98% $5,915,307 63.76% 36.24% Merced, CA $1,902,255 14.03% 85.97% $2,105,379 24.44% 75.56% Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL $15,525,455 64.60% 35.40% $24,687,334 78.35% 21.65% Michigan City-La Porte, IN $619,397 9.67% 90.33% $659,728 17.50% 82.50% Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI $12,951,431 37.14% 62.86% $17,195,563 53.95% 46.05% Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI $27,988,866 55.13% 44.87% $41,972,239 70.89% 29.11% Missoula, MT $2,811,801 7.34% 92.66% $2,932,508 13.58% 86.42% Mobile, AL $1,639,699 29.94% 70.06% $2,064,121 45.86% 54.14% Modesto, CA $1,873,602 23.09% 76.91% $2,236,027 37.32% 62.68% Monroe, LA $1,521,126 10.57% 89.43% $1,633,274 18.98% 81.02% Montgomery, AL $1,261,385 25.77% 74.23% $1,537,646 40.77% 59.23% Morgantown, WV $2,807,527 9.46% 90.54% $2,984,912 17.16% 82.84% Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA $2,994,956 10.85% 89.15% $3,223,751 19.43% 80.57% Muncie, IN $3,377,075 9.09% 90.91% $3,578,310 16.54% 83.46% Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI $1,533,127 15.70% 84.30% $1,721,430 26.97% 73.03% Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC $717,738 16.44% 83.56% $810,953 28.06% 71.94% Napa, CA $4,762,130 8.27% 91.73% $5,008,829 15.17% 84.83% Naples-Marco Island, FL $807,017 19.01% 80.99% $931,632 31.76% 68.24% Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro, TN $4,448,739 53.12% 46.88% $6,585,898 69.20% 30.80% New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA $6,484,189 36.97% 63.03% $8,598,528 53.77% 46.23% New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA $66,267,218 69.38% 30.62% $108,400,208 81.79% 18.21% Niles-Benton Harbor, MI $140,154 15.34% 84.66% $156,882 26.43% 73.57% Ocala, FL $507,643 22.93% 77.07% $605,061 37.10% 62.90% Odessa, TX $2,050,577 9.58% 90.42% $2,182,472 17.36% 82.64% Oklahoma City, OK $2,647,319 46.54% 53.46% $3,752,533 63.31% 36.69%
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322 Olympia, WA $4,768,107 9.41% 90.59% $5,066,853 17.07% 82.93% Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA $5,939,889 32.25% 67.75% $7,608,514 48.55% 51.45% Orlando, FL $5,182,261 45.92% 54.08% $7,315,102 62.73% 37.27% Oshkosh-Neenah, WI $2,682,420 8.21% 91.79% $2,819,688 15.06% 84.94% Owensboro, KY $742,423 7.82% 92.18% $777,662 14.39% 85.61% Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA $4,105,499 37.45% 62.55% $5,462,935 54.27% 45.73% Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL $1,159,584 42.63% 57.37% $1,600,352 59.56% 40.44% Panama City-Lynn Haven, FL $955,899 12.12% 87.88% $1,040,603 21.48% 78.52% Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH $699,745 11.25% 88.75% $755,892 20.08% 79.92% Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL $1,270,985 17.89% 82.11% $1,453,663 30.17% 69.83% Peoria, IL $3,394,393 20.02% 79.98% $3,951,367 33.17% 66.83% Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PANJ-DE-MD $16,739,841 59.57% 40.43% $25,813,718 74.50% 25.50% Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ $10,400,214 67.02% 32.98% $16,778,087 80.11% 19.89% Pine Bluff, AR $714,760 13.83% 86.17% $789,717 24.13% 75.87% Pittsburgh, PA $13,992,040 38.20% 61.80% $18,718,427 55.06% 44.94% Pocatello, ID $1,548,637 8.04% 91.96% $1,625,378 14.77% 85.23% Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce, FL $527,175 60.14% 39.86% $815,817 74.95% 25.05% Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, ME $1,819,461 18.49% 81.51% $2,091,420 31.02% 68.98% Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, ORWA $14,348,085 47.20% 52.80% $20,428,466 63.92% 36.08% Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY $2,700,644 26.50% 73.50% $3,310,937 41.68% 58.32% Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RIMA $7,051,423 40.55% 59.45% $9,591,645 57.48% 42.52% Pueblo, CO $1,286,053 12.10% 87.90% $1,399,691 21.44% 78.56% Racine, WI $2,685,314 9.68% 90.32% $2,860,571 17.53% 82.47% Rapid City, SD $989,525 9.85% 90.15% $1,055,721 17.81% 82.19% Reading, PA $2,587,460 11.32% 88.68% $2,796,801 20.19% 79.81% Redding, CA $1,528,109 17.77% 82.23% $1,745,930 29.99% 70.01% Reno-Sparks, NV $5,250,175 20.44% 79.56% $6,132,610 33.74% 66.26%
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323 Richmond, VA $5,725,327 34.55% 65.45% $7,459,411 51.13% 48.87% Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA $4,688,137 75.10% 24.90% $7,925,160 85.67% 14.33% Roanoke, VA $5,003,616 16.10% 83.90% $5,636,929 27.55% 72.45% Rochester, NY $6,887,120 22.52% 77.48% $8,181,461 36.55% 63.45% Rockford, IL $1,775,744 20.52% 79.48% $2,075,516 33.85% 66.15% Rome, GA $6,737,890 9.37% 90.63% $7,157,616 17.01% 82.99% Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Roseville, CA $8,658,808 51.01% 48.99% $12,644,026 67.37% 32.63% Saginaw-Saginaw Township North, MI $2,675,381 13.66% 86.34% $2,951,792 23.88% 76.12% Salem, OR $2,891,386 18.69% 81.31% $3,329,053 31.31% 68.69% Salinas, CA $4,265,624 14.60% 85.40% $4,744,603 25.32% 74.68% Salisbury, MD $1,765,253 6.87% 93.13% $1,832,973 12.75% 87.25% Salt Lake City, UT $14,480,752 25.66% 74.34% $17,637,709 40.63% 59.37% San Angelo, TX $419,961 13.46% 86.54% $462,548 23.57% 76.43% San Antonio, TX $8,298,795 55.97% 44.03% $12,511,429 71.59% 28.41% San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA $12,876,358 57.02% 42.98% $19,541,794 72.45% 27.55% San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA $38,175,609 52.18% 47.82% $56,172,337 68.39% 31.61% San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA $22,236,945 38.62% 61.38% $29,837,448 55.50% 44.50% San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA $2,737,331 14.74% 85.26% $3,048,358 25.53% 74.47% Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, CA $8,809,596 17.09% 82.91% $10,008,066 29.01% 70.99% Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA $8,260,204 10.02% 89.98% $8,825,729 18.08% 81.92% Santa Fe, NM $2,823,614 9.71% 90.29% $3,008,539 17.57% 82.43% Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA $4,970,477 23.19% 76.81% $5,936,684 37.45% 62.55% Savannah, GA $3,029,450 17.07% 82.93% $3,441,192 28.99% 71.01% Scranton -- Wilkes-Barre, PA $2,513,832 18.78% 81.22% $2,896,506 31.43% 68.57% Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA $40,506,669 50.61% 49.39% $58,993,980 67.01% 32.99% Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL $763,039 14.32% 85.68% $846,655 24.89% 75.11% Sheboygan, WI $3,374,643 7.68% 92.32% $3,530,206 14.15% 85.85% Sherman-Denison, TX $384,509 14.33% 85.67% $426,703 24.91% 75.09% Shreveport-Bossier City, LA $2,910,490 31.27% 68.73% $3,700,792 47.42% 52.58%
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324 Sioux City, IA-NE-SD $2,534,180 13.03% 86.97% $2,780,766 22.91% 77.09% Sioux Falls, SD $2,282,179 12.11% 87.89% $2,484,101 21.46% 78.54% South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI $2,711,844 20.86% 79.14% $3,178,508 34.32% 65.68% Spartanburg, SC $743,476 18.61% 81.39% $855,460 31.19% 68.81% Spokane, WA $7,727,457 19.03% 80.97% $8,922,243 31.78% 68.22% Springfield, IL $4,643,031 11.06% 88.94% $5,007,226 19.78% 80.22% Springfield, MO $787,971 21.14% 78.86% $925,719 34.71% 65.29% Springfield, OH $1,018,937 11.84% 88.16% $1,106,463 21.03% 78.97% St. Cloud, MN $3,281,215 9.85% 90.15% $3,500,749 17.81% 82.19% St.
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325 Visalia-Porterville, CA $1,652,766 23.78% 76.22% $1,983,381 38.22% 61.78% Waco, TX $1,531,831 15.64% 84.36% $1,718,974 26.87% 73.13% Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DCVA-MD-WV $42,804,405 51.95% 48.05% $62,888,889 68.19% 31.81% Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA $1,841,418 13.97% 86.03% $2,037,152 24.36% 75.64% Wausau, WI $4,873,746 6.49% 93.51% $5,043,259 12.10% 87.90% Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH $649,504 14.56% 85.44% $722,145 25.24% 74.76% Wenatchee, WA $5,182,129 6.81% 93.19% $5,378,008 12.65% 87.35% Wheeling, WV-OH $1,461,572 7.66% 92.34% $1,528,688 14.12% 85.88% Wichita Falls, TX $1,104,944 15.87% 84.13% $1,242,460 27.23% 72.77% Wichita, KS $2,340,261 31.34% 68.66% $2,977,357 47.50% 52.50% Williamsport, PA $3,369,611 4.93% 95.07% $3,436,619 9.33% 90.67% Winchester, VA-WV $3,935,579 4.45% 95.55% $3,995,631 8.45% 91.55% Yakima, WA $1,599,737 15.90% 84.10% $1,799,245 27.27% 72.73% York-Hanover, PA $1,114,873 9.85% 90.15% $1,189,428 17.80% 82.20% Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OHPA $1,634,763 34.79% 65.21% $2,133,686 51.40% 48.60% Yuba City, CA $2,324,715 14.31% 85.69% $2,579,309 24.87% 75.13% Yuma, AZ $559,557 16.02% 83.98% $629,965 27.44% 72.56%
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326 TABLE H 12 Marginal change in total GDP for a 1% increase in bus seat capacity per capita GDP-OLS Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change GDP-IV Percent due to employment density change Percent due to population change Abilene, TX $6,774,180 15.31% 84.69% $3,272,028 26.39% 73.61% Akron, OH $21,365,346 29.93% 70.07% $11,607,824 45.85% 54.15% Albany, GA $4,569,692 18.61% 81.39% $2,269,374 31.19% 68.81% Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY $23,986,160 19.81% 80.19% $12,030,510 32.87% 67.13% Albuquerque, NM $19,053,819 29.61% 70.39% $10,326,847 45.47% 54.53% Alexandria, LA $5,289,617 11.50% 88.50% $2,471,804 20.49% 79.51% Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ $9,803,508 26.82% 73.18% $5,200,438 42.08% 57.92% Altoona, PA $15,920,220 5.09% 94.91% $7,018,660 9.62% 90.38% Amarillo, TX $4,739,992 18.40% 81.60% $2,349,868 30.90% 69.10% Ames, IA $47,791,929 5.54% 94.46% $21,156,897 10.41% 89.59% Anchorage, AK $25,775,207 22.02% 77.98% $13,162,428 35.88% 64.12% Anderson, IN $4,449,616 18.97% 81.03% $2,216,360 31.70% 68.30% Ann Arbor, MI $27,729,277 9.46% 90.54% $12,724,152 17.16% 82.84% Anniston-Oxford, AL $3,372,605 15.46% 84.54% $1,631,027 26.60% 73.40% Appleton, WI $12,728,784 8.38% 91.62% $5,783,903 15.34% 84.66% Athens-Clarke County, GA $8,478,716 18.13% 81.87% $4,193,847 30.51% 69.49% Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA $57,691,531 68.70% 31.30% $40,570,402 81.31% 18.69% Auburn-Opelika, AL $2,518,280 14.50% 85.50% $1,207,902 25.16% 74.84% Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC $3,479,542 43.96% 56.04% $2,091,811 60.86% 39.14% Austin-Round Rock, TX $34,913,231 42.80% 57.20% $20,821,453 59.73% 40.27% Bakersfield, CA $9,604,918 33.87% 66.13% $5,374,413 50.38% 49.62% Baltimore-Towson, MD $63,835,475 43.20% 56.80% $38,177,214 60.13% 39.87% Bangor, ME $6,494,881 8.93% 91.07% $2,966,043 16.27% 83.73% Baton Rouge, LA $11,048,529 31.12% 68.88% $6,056,771 47.24% 52.76% Battle Creek, MI $10,434,280 11.91% 88.09% $4,893,207 21.13% 78.87%
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327 Bay City, MI $16,320,258 8.05% 91.95% $7,394,101 14.79% 85.21% Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX $7,192,660 26.34% 73.66% $3,801,285 41.48% 58.52% Bellingham, WA $22,467,851 11.08% 88.92% $10,460,061 19.81% 80.19% Bend, OR $3,760,140 10.80% 89.20% $1,746,140 19.35% 80.65% Billings, MT $14,667,467 10.50% 89.50% $6,793,214 18.86% 81.14% Binghamton, NY $10,967,048 8.29% 91.71% $4,979,384 15.19% 84.81% Birmingham-Hoover, AL $12,065,606 45.23% 54.77% $7,316,856 62.08% 37.92% Bismarck, ND $11,681,215 5.62% 94.38% $5,175,301 10.56% 89.44% Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA $34,423,014 14.07% 85.93% $16,450,847 24.51% 75.49% Bloomington, IN $10,493,020 9.70% 90.30% $4,825,161 17.55% 82.45% Bloomington-Normal, IL $14,733,735 9.30% 90.70% $6,751,160 16.89% 83.11% Boise City-Nampa, ID $5,484,021 26.12% 73.88% $2,893,374 41.21% 58.79% Bradenton-Sarasota-Venice, FL $10,441,027 25.30% 74.70% $5,473,295 40.17% 59.83% Bremerton-Silverdale, WA $24,368,034 14.35% 85.65% $11,673,030 24.93% 75.07% Brownsville-Harlingen, TX $2,537,269 25.72% 74.28% $1,334,420 40.70% 59.30% Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY $40,008,377 35.38% 64.62% $22,636,789 52.05% 47.95% Burlington-South Burlington, VT $24,422,088 8.90% 91.10% $11,150,557 16.23% 83.77% Canton-Massillon, OH $10,131,702 25.40% 74.60% $5,315,085 40.29% 59.71% Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL $8,789,063 38.81% 61.19% $5,097,191 55.70% 44.30% Carson City, NV $7,234,237 4.79% 95.21% $3,180,142 9.06% 90.94% Casper, WY $11,925,369 6.83% 93.17% $5,343,004 12.70% 87.30% Cedar Rapids, IA $19,714,407 14.15% 85.85% $9,427,782 24.63% 75.37% Champaign-Urbana, IL $27,586,308 10.46% 89.54% $12,772,822 18.81% 81.19% Charleston, WV $14,376,554 12.83% 87.17% $6,797,028 22.59% 77.41% Charleston-North Charleston, SC $11,518,447 34.39% 65.61% $6,469,975 50.96% 49.04% Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC $99,354,159 72.14% 27.86% $71,277,857 83.70% 16.30% Charlottesville, VA $28,910,007 7.65% 92.35% $13,049,611 14.10% 85.90% Chattanooga, TN-GA $13,394,503 30.70% 69.30% $7,320,078 46.76% 53.24% Cheyenne, WY $11,999,448 5.71% 94.29% $5,320,366 10.71% 89.29% Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI $142,453,013 74.71% 25.29% $103,707,869 85.42% 14.58%
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328 Chico, CA $7,742,811 14.31% 85.69% $3,707,769 24.87% 75.13% Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN $45,229,155 49.37% 50.63% $28,199,333 65.90% 34.10% Clarksville, TN-KY $3,248,214 36.83% 63.17% $1,857,197 53.61% 46.39% Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH $60,847,917 48.03% 51.97% $37,602,238 64.69% 35.31% College Station-Bryan, TX $7,144,602 19.09% 80.91% $3,562,281 31.87% 68.13% Colorado Springs, CO $14,285,093 30.18% 69.82% $7,775,662 46.14% 53.86% Columbia, MO $9,230,411 11.70% 88.30% $4,320,685 20.80% 79.20% Columbia, SC $6,032,463 27.21% 72.79% $3,209,892 42.57% 57.43% Columbus, GA-AL $7,143,544 23.69% 76.31% $3,697,309 38.10% 61.90% Columbus, IN $3,574,131 5.59% 94.41% $1,583,031 10.51% 89.49% Columbus, OH $25,054,317 48.78% 51.22% $15,559,662 65.37% 34.63% Corpus Christi, TX $16,769,300 26.83% 73.17% $8,896,389 42.09% 57.91% Corvallis, OR $9,237,041 4.70% 95.30% $4,057,293 8.91% 91.09% Cumberland, MD-WV $1,736,422 7.28% 92.72% $781,171 13.47% 86.53% Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX $86,709,771 78.02% 21.98% $64,308,770 87.56% 12.44% Danville, IL $6,852,766 7.95% 92.05% $3,101,781 14.61% 85.39% Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL $24,917,457 22.38% 77.62% $12,761,936 36.37% 63.63% Dayton, OH $14,893,885 34.18% 65.82% $8,353,005 50.73% 49.27% Decatur, IL $19,432,217 9.76% 90.24% $8,941,269 17.66% 82.34% Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL $7,274,894 39.13% 60.87% $4,228,681 56.04% 43.96% Denver-Aurora, CO $115,702,976 50.19% 49.81% $72,533,180 66.64% 33.36% Des Moines, IA $36,767,368 21.77% 78.23% $18,737,969 35.55% 64.45% Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI $55,813,774 69.18% 30.82% $39,359,032 81.65% 18.35% Dubuque, IA $13,279,515 6.11% 93.89% $5,910,019 11.43% 88.57% Duluth, MN-WI $21,474,863 19.44% 80.56% $10,738,082 32.36% 67.64% Eau Claire, WI $8,616,300 9.78% 90.22% $3,965,288 17.70% 82.30% El Centro, CA $4,777,362 8.93% 91.07% $2,181,837 16.28% 83.72% El Paso, TX $18,688,044 31.27% 68.73% $10,256,679 47.42% 52.58% Elkhart-Goshen, IN $3,542,200 12.34% 87.66% $1,667,436 21.81% 78.19% Elmira, NY $10,840,315 3.72% 96.28% $4,717,752 7.12% 92.88%
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329 Erie, PA $15,149,955 10.53% 89.47% $7,018,468 18.91% 81.09% Eugene-Springfield, OR $25,582,571 18.03% 81.97% $12,643,186 30.36% 69.64% Evansville, IN-KY $8,852,535 16.24% 83.76% $4,309,714 27.76% 72.24% Fairbanks, AK $5,590,822 9.21% 90.79% $2,559,610 16.74% 83.26% Fargo, ND-MN $13,185,047 8.75% 91.25% $6,011,572 15.97% 84.03% Farmington, NM $2,421,071 8.66% 91.34% $1,102,929 15.82% 84.18% Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO $8,913,266 29.27% 70.73% $4,818,354 45.07% 54.93% Flagstaff, AZ $4,131,250 9.27% 90.73% $1,892,479 16.84% 83.16% Flint, MI $21,880,232 24.66% 75.34% $11,411,554 39.35% 60.65% Florence, SC $1,894,261 17.41% 82.59% $931,348 29.48% 70.52% Fond du Lac, WI $5,229,347 5.12% 94.88% $2,305,940 9.66% 90.34% Fort Collins-Loveland, CO $8,919,229 18.96% 81.04% $4,442,284 31.69% 68.31% Fort Smith, AR-OK $2,978,352 17.56% 82.44% $1,466,160 29.69% 70.31% Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, FL $3,732,521 11.17% 88.83% $1,739,005 19.95% 80.05% Fort Wayne, IN $7,941,931 27.26% 72.74% $4,227,443 42.63% 57.37% Fresno, CA $13,513,585 34.82% 65.18% $7,614,422 51.43% 48.57% Gadsden, AL $2,319,675 14.58% 85.42% $1,113,453 25.29% 74.71% Gainesville, FL $30,946,768 18.99% 81.01% $15,417,523 31.73% 68.27% Gainesville, GA $1,041,068 13.43% 86.57% $494,770 23.52% 76.48% Glens Falls, NY $4,834,821 3.93% 96.07% $2,108,302 7.50% 92.50% Grand Forks, ND-MN $5,249,988 6.13% 93.87% $2,336,968 11.46% 88.54% Grand Junction, CO $7,022,830 12.42% 87.58% $3,308,450 21.95% 78.05% Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI $17,151,424 25.83% 74.17% $9,028,556 40.85% 59.15% Great Falls, MT $12,534,398 6.20% 93.80% $5,583,053 11.58% 88.42% Greeley, CO $2,663,412 14.49% 85.51% $1,277,460 25.15% 74.85% Green Bay, WI $14,232,779 18.44% 81.56% $7,058,024 30.95% 69.05% Greenville, SC $2,356,707 26.20% 73.80% $1,244,135 41.31% 58.69% Gulfport-Biloxi, MS $4,534,368 21.22% 78.78% $2,300,561 34.81% 65.19% Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV $3,596,239 12.42% 87.58% $1,694,116 21.94% 78.06% Hanford-Corcoran, CA $4,508,496 13.84% 86.16% $2,150,184 24.15% 75.85%
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330 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA $13,776,153 8.85% 91.15% $6,287,006 16.15% 83.85% Hattiesburg, MS $1,597,235 9.86% 90.14% $735,538 17.82% 82.18% Holland-Grand Haven, MI $4,080,168 13.80% 86.20% $1,945,293 24.09% 75.91% Honolulu, HI $74,308,299 22.04% 77.96% $37,954,561 35.92% 64.08% Hot Springs, AR $2,931,410 11.19% 88.81% $1,366,032 19.98% 80.02% Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX $130,691,848 71.25% 28.75% $93,279,490 83.09% 16.91% Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH $7,685,515 13.69% 86.31% $3,660,692 23.92% 76.08% Huntsville, AL $3,669,852 31.52% 68.48% $2,017,980 47.72% 52.28% Idaho Falls, ID $3,205,934 7.20% 92.80% $1,441,227 13.33% 86.67% Indianapolis, IN $20,727,937 52.52% 47.48% $13,192,863 68.68% 31.32% Iowa City, IA $34,282,819 7.08% 92.92% $15,395,281 13.13% 86.87% Ithaca, NY $45,152,067 3.46% 96.54% $19,601,475 6.63% 93.37% Jackson, MI $3,376,338 5.90% 94.10% $1,499,652 11.05% 88.95% Jackson, MS $5,580,201 31.71% 68.29% $3,072,776 47.93% 52.07% Jackson, TN $7,624,030 9.01% 90.99% $3,484,317 16.41% 83.59% Jacksonville, FL $26,861,934 51.65% 48.35% $17,000,842 67.93% 32.07% Janesville, WI $11,718,358 11.95% 88.05% $5,497,334 21.19% 78.81% Jefferson City, MO $6,500,893 8.14% 91.86% $2,947,618 14.94% 85.06% Johnson City, TN $4,178,844 17.27% 82.73% $2,052,115 29.27% 70.73% Johnstown, PA $12,238,533 6.12% 93.88% $5,447,249 11.44% 88.56% Jonesboro, AR $1,271,789 14.79% 85.21% $611,554 25.60% 74.40% Kalamazoo-Portage, MI $9,940,243 20.46% 79.54% $5,012,404 33.78% 66.22% Kankakee-Bradley, IL $5,979,661 8.08% 91.92% $2,709,770 14.83% 85.17% Kansas City, MO-KS $34,767,209 60.93% 39.07% $23,334,193 75.56% 24.44% Kennewick-Richland-Pasco, WA $25,407,345 22.64% 77.36% $13,040,192 36.72% 63.28% Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, TX $2,049,428 31.45% 68.55% $1,126,279 47.63% 52.37% Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA $3,705,050 27.04% 72.96% $1,968,847 42.36% 57.64% Kingston, NY $11,353,894 9.52% 90.48% $5,212,894 17.26% 82.74% Knoxville, TN $13,639,965 32.97% 67.03% $7,581,483 49.37% 50.63% La Crosse, WI-MN $13,512,942 6.34% 93.66% $6,026,909 11.84% 88.16%
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331 Lafayette, IN $24,836,074 9.85% 90.15% $11,436,716 17.81% 82.19% Lafayette, LA $14,116,029 13.47% 86.53% $6,710,988 23.58% 76.42% Lake Charles, LA $5,285,251 13.72% 86.28% $2,518,097 23.97% 76.03% Lakeland, FL $6,914,050 30.33% 69.67% $3,767,722 46.32% 53.68% Lancaster, PA $6,165,336 9.37% 90.63% $2,826,678 17.00% 83.00% Lansing-East Lansing, MI $17,054,090 14.06% 85.94% $8,149,041 24.49% 75.51% Laredo, TX $11,021,048 15.45% 84.55% $5,329,463 26.59% 73.41% Las Cruces, NM $3,344,908 15.03% 84.97% $1,611,707 25.96% 74.04% Las Vegas-Paradise, NV $43,268,628 34.53% 65.47% $24,329,795 51.12% 48.88% Lawrence, KS $5,452,143 6.85% 93.15% $2,443,041 12.72% 87.28% Lawton, OK $3,480,797 22.25% 77.75% $1,780,895 36.20% 63.80% Lebanon, PA $3,884,637 6.45% 93.55% $1,734,266 12.02% 87.98% Lewiston, ID-WA $952,565 5.66% 94.34% $422,173 10.63% 89.37% Lewiston-Auburn, ME $5,082,202 6.89% 93.11% $2,278,210 12.79% 87.21% Lexington-Fayette, KY $11,768,891 20.23% 79.77% $5,923,285 33.46% 66.54% Lima, OH $4,804,911 7.44% 92.56% $2,164,821 13.75% 86.25% Lincoln, NE $17,705,689 15.86% 84.14% $8,592,149 27.21% 72.79% Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR $9,367,727 31.31% 68.69% $5,142,760 47.47% 52.53% Logan, UT-ID $15,217,297 7.15% 92.85% $6,837,728 13.24% 86.76% Longview, TX $2,592,089 16.75% 83.25% $1,267,337 28.51% 71.49% Longview, WA $3,654,143 7.05% 92.95% $1,640,503 13.08% 86.92% Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA $229,050,206 79.01% 20.99% $170,811,983 88.18% 11.82% Louisville, KY-IN $37,065,988 50.08% 49.92% $23,218,512 66.54% 33.46% Lubbock, TX $17,205,315 16.32% 83.68% $8,381,662 27.88% 72.12% Lynchburg, VA $44,726,356 19.80% 80.20% $22,431,689 32.86% 67.14% Macon, GA $5,708,195 17.76% 82.24% $2,814,772 29.98% 70.02% Madera, CA $1,982,097 14.74% 85.26% $952,687 25.52% 74.48% Madison, WI $49,549,753 16.32% 83.68% $24,138,947 27.88% 72.12% Mansfield, OH $4,066,199 10.86% 89.14% $1,889,396 19.46% 80.54% McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr, TX $1,256,523 37.81% 62.19% $723,518 54.65% 45.35%
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332 Medford, OR $7,415,627 10.25% 89.75% $3,426,956 18.46% 81.54% Memphis, TN-MS-AR $19,964,215 47.02% 52.98% $12,254,207 63.76% 36.24% Merced, CA $9,293,775 14.03% 85.97% $4,439,652 24.44% 75.56% Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL $75,551,612 64.60% 35.40% $51,852,380 78.35% 21.65% Michigan City-La Porte, IN $2,618,921 9.67% 90.33% $1,203,964 17.50% 82.50% Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI $60,462,913 37.14% 62.86% $34,648,370 53.95% 46.05% Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI $120,978,927 55.13% 44.87% $78,303,586 70.89% 29.11% Missoula, MT $13,125,446 7.34% 92.66% $5,908,317 13.58% 86.42% Mobile, AL $6,878,757 29.94% 70.06% $3,737,456 45.86% 54.14% Modesto, CA $8,545,066 23.09% 76.91% $4,401,596 37.32% 62.68% Monroe, LA $7,554,749 10.57% 89.43% $3,501,137 18.98% 81.02% Montgomery, AL $5,026,813 25.77% 74.23% $2,644,823 40.77% 59.23% Morgantown, WV $12,614,219 9.46% 90.54% $5,788,460 17.16% 82.84% Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA $13,936,245 10.85% 89.15% $6,474,583 19.43% 80.57% Muncie, IN $13,280,226 9.09% 90.91% $6,073,484 16.54% 83.46% Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI $6,185,861 15.70% 84.30% $2,997,826 26.97% 73.03% Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC $4,165,185 16.44% 83.56% $2,031,230 28.06% 71.94% Napa, CA $21,352,896 8.27% 91.73% $9,693,639 15.17% 84.83% Naples-Marco Island, FL $4,245,344 19.01% 80.99% $2,115,289 31.76% 68.24% Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro, TN $20,808,045 53.12% 46.88% $13,295,493 69.20% 30.80% New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA $39,549,995 36.97% 63.03% $22,636,537 53.77% 46.23% New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA $297,600,766 69.38% 30.62% $210,116,672 81.79% 18.21% Niles-Benton Harbor, MI $615,867 15.34% 84.66% $297,542 26.43% 73.57% Ocala, FL $2,054,614 22.93% 77.07% $1,056,977 37.10% 62.90% Odessa, TX $9,465,346 9.58% 90.42% $4,348,147 17.36% 82.64% Oklahoma City, OK $12,154,112 46.54% 53.46% $7,435,953 63.31% 36.69% Olympia, WA $16,566,954 9.41% 90.59% $7,598,538 17.07% 82.93% Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA $27,652,259 32.25% 67.75% $15,287,878 48.55% 51.45% Orlando, FL $28,636,549 45.92% 54.08% $17,446,842 62.73% 37.27%
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333 Oshkosh-Neenah, WI $10,609,399 8.21% 91.79% $4,813,490 15.06% 84.94% Owensboro, KY $3,452,503 7.82% 92.18% $1,560,878 14.39% 85.61% Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA $17,562,602 37.45% 62.55% $10,086,582 54.27% 45.73% Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL $4,451,085 42.63% 57.37% $2,651,394 59.56% 40.44% Panama City-Lynn Haven, FL $4,013,622 12.12% 87.88% $1,885,839 21.48% 78.52% Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH $3,223,092 11.25% 88.75% $1,502,752 20.08% 79.92% Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL $4,735,899 17.89% 82.11% $2,337,872 30.17% 69.83% Peoria, IL $14,885,829 20.02% 79.98% $7,479,168 33.17% 66.83% Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DEMD $80,936,103 59.57% 40.43% $53,868,714 74.50% 25.50% Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ $49,495,912 67.02% 32.98% $34,463,914 80.11% 19.89% Pine Bluff, AR $2,867,353 13.83% 86.17% $1,367,375 24.13% 75.87% Pittsburgh, PA $68,258,741 38.20% 61.80% $39,413,200 55.06% 44.94% Pocatello, ID $5,613,615 8.04% 91.96% $2,542,977 14.77% 85.23% Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce, FL $2,431,885 60.14% 39.86% $1,624,335 74.95% 25.05% Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, ME $8,021,141 18.49% 81.51% $3,979,511 31.02% 68.98% Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA $66,731,919 47.20% 52.80% $41,008,183 63.92% 36.08% Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY $9,486,780 26.50% 73.50% $5,019,929 41.68% 58.32% Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA $31,531,675 40.55% 59.45% $18,512,216 57.48% 42.52% Pueblo, CO $4,776,441 12.10% 87.90% $2,243,741 21.44% 78.56% Racine, WI $12,349,395 9.68% 90.32% $5,678,039 17.53% 82.47% Rapid City, SD $4,111,019 9.85% 90.15% $1,893,071 17.81% 82.19% Reading, PA $10,630,741 11.32% 88.68% $4,959,599 20.19% 79.81% Redding, CA $6,135,013 17.77% 82.23% $3,025,402 29.99% 70.01% Reno-Sparks, NV $24,370,372 20.44% 79.56% $12,286,519 33.74% 66.26% Richmond, VA $24,463,720 34.55% 65.45% $13,756,940 51.13% 48.87% Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA $20,458,399 75.10% 24.90% $14,927,066 85.67% 14.33% Roanoke, VA $21,043,395 16.10% 83.90% $10,232,212 27.55% 72.45% Rochester, NY $30,765,605 22.52% 77.48% $15,774,434 36.55% 63.45% Rockford, IL $7,674,512 20.52% 79.48% $3,871,610 33.85% 66.15%
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334 Rome, GA $27,686,710 9.37% 90.63% $12,694,364 17.01% 82.99% Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Roseville, CA $33,165,058 51.01% 48.99% $20,902,735 67.37% 32.63% Saginaw-Saginaw Township North, MI $11,019,388 13.66% 86.34% $5,247,502 23.88% 76.12% Salem, OR $11,010,455 18.69% 81.31% $5,471,608 31.31% 68.69% Salinas, CA $20,310,671 14.60% 85.40% $9,750,720 25.32% 74.68% Salisbury, MD $6,877,706 6.87% 93.13% $3,082,391 12.75% 87.25% Salt Lake City, UT $67,121,280 25.66% 74.34% $35,286,320 40.63% 59.37% San Angelo, TX $1,692,076 13.46% 86.54% $804,383 23.57% 76.43% San Antonio, TX $35,410,039 55.97% 44.03% $23,041,639 71.59% 28.41% San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA $58,022,819 57.02% 42.98% $38,007,149 72.45% 27.55% San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA $170,129,748 52.18% 47.82% $108,046,789 68.39% 31.61% San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA $91,270,334 38.62% 61.38% $52,858,069 55.50% 44.50% San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA $12,741,786 14.74% 85.26% $6,124,407 25.53% 74.47% Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, CA $37,439,948 17.09% 82.91% $18,357,963 29.01% 70.99% Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA $33,684,680 10.02% 89.98% $15,534,145 18.08% 81.92% Santa Fe, NM $13,063,643 9.71% 90.29% $6,007,719 17.57% 82.43% Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA $20,890,459 23.19% 76.81% $10,769,336 37.45% 62.55% Savannah, GA $12,316,966 17.07% 82.93% $6,038,708 28.99% 71.01% Scranton -- Wilkes-Barre, PA $11,478,650 18.78% 81.22% $5,708,527 31.43% 68.57% Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA $181,179,488 50.61% 49.39% $113,889,921 67.01% 32.99% Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL $3,612,345 14.32% 85.68% $1,729,992 24.89% 75.11% Sheboygan, WI $16,253,705 7.68% 92.32% $7,338,710 14.15% 85.85% Sherman-Denison, TX $1,555,962 14.33% 85.67% $745,269 24.91% 75.09% Shreveport-Bossier City, LA $19,709,401 31.27% 68.73% $10,816,757 47.42% 52.58% Sioux City, IA-NE-SD $13,156,108 13.03% 86.97% $6,230,882 22.91% 77.09% Sioux Falls, SD $13,444,646 12.11% 87.89% $6,316,319 21.46% 78.54% South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI $14,174,762 20.86% 79.14% $7,170,830 34.32% 65.68% Spartanburg, SC $3,101,907 18.61% 81.39% $1,540,481 31.19% 68.81% Spokane, WA $30,867,221 19.03% 80.97% $15,382,612 31.78% 68.22% Springfield, IL $16,886,241 11.06% 88.94% $7,860,020 19.78% 80.22%
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335 Springfield, MO $3,261,959 21.14% 78.86% $1,654,028 34.71% 65.29% Springfield, OH $4,095,991 11.84% 88.16% $1,919,746 21.03% 78.97% St. Cloud, MN $13,466,659 9.85% 90.15% $6,201,277 17.81% 82.19% St.
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From page 345... ...
336 Wenatchee, WA $20,637,225 6.81% 93.19% $9,243,992 12.65% 87.35% Wheeling, WV-OH $6,998,972 7.66% 92.34% $3,159,570 14.12% 85.88% Wichita Falls, TX $4,962,517 15.87% 84.13% $2,408,459 27.23% 72.77% Wichita, KS $10,583,001 31.34% 68.66% $5,811,262 47.50% 52.50% Williamsport, PA $14,679,736 4.93% 95.07% $6,461,971 9.33% 90.67% Winchester, VA-WV $17,252,500 4.45% 95.55% $7,560,037 8.45% 91.55% Yakima, WA $7,037,644 15.90% 84.10% $3,416,363 27.27% 72.73% York-Hanover, PA $4,994,569 9.85% 90.15% $2,299,885 17.80% 82.20% Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA $7,069,097 34.79% 65.21% $3,982,308 51.40% 48.60% Yuba City, CA $8,796,550 14.31% 85.69% $4,212,511 24.87% 75.13% Yuma, AZ $2,347,673 16.02% 83.98% $1,140,789 27.44% 72.56%
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From page 346... ...
337 APPENDIX I: GLOSSARY OF TERMS Agglomeration effect: The economic gain that accumulates to firms by locating in a region with a large quantity of other firms. Cross-sectional analysis: Regression analysis where observations are based on one year of data across a sample of observations (e.g., a cross-section of MSAs)
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From page 347... ...
338 LEHD: Short for Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics, LEHD is a data set developed by the Census Bureau in conjunction with state governments. Using a variety of federal and state data sources, LEHD is able to impute, among other statistics, the number and characteristics of individuals employed within a given geographic area.
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From page 348... ...
339 officials in most states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of certain small nonprofit organizations," according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. With respect to (w.r.t.)
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From page 349... ...
340 APPENDIX J: DOCUMENTATION AND RESULTS FOR TASK 6B Description The data set used here is a complete set of Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) reports for every firm that is or was located within the case study areas between 1990 and 2009.
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From page 350... ...
341 Results In the first set of analyses using the variables above, we specified a panel model that uses time-series econometric techniques to better compute correlations over the course of the study period. This was done first using what is known as a fixed-effects model, which imposes statistical constraints on the model by assuming the independent variables are non-random, and a generalized least squares or random-effects model that does not have this constraint.
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From page 351... ...
342 original measurements between 1996, the year Dallas inaugurated its rail system, and 2009, the most recent year in the data set; independent variables were the six rail dummies plus the straight-line distance to the central business district (in miles)
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From page 352... ...
343 Non-Sector-Specific Panel Models Fixed-Effects Models, Dallas Dep. Variable EmpPerAcre EmpPerFirm SalesPerFirm SalesPerEmp underqtrCBD -20.365‡ (0.98)
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From page 353... ...
344 Employees per Acre by Two-Digit NAICS Sector Results Fixed-Effects Models, Dallas Dep. Variable EmpPerAcre11 EmpPerAcre21 EmpPerAcre22 EmpPerAcre23 underqtrCBD -0.187‡ (0.01)
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From page 354... ...
345 Fixed-Effects Models, Dallas (cont'd)
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From page 355... ...
346 Fixed-Effects Models, Portland Dep. Variable EmpPerAcre11 EmpPerAcre21 EmpPerAcre22 EmpPerAcre23 uhalfCBDrev -0.019 (0.17)
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From page 356... ...
347 Fixed-Effects Models, Portland (cont'd)
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From page 357... ...
348 Cross-Sectional Results Results for Dallas, 1996-2009 Dep. Variable ΔEmpPerAcre ΔEmpPerFirm ΔSalesPerFirm ΔSalesPerEmp underqtrCBD -55.862‡ (4.43)
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From page 358... ...
349 APPENDIX K: MSA DATA REALLOCATION ASSUMPTIONS 2010-09-15 APTA Transit Mileage Error Checking and Adjustments The following adjustments were made to data obtained from APTA used in the nationwide MSA analysis. Albuquerque / Santa Fe - Commuter rail opened in 2006 - Two segments o Phase 1 – Belem to Bernalillo o Phase 2 – Ext to Santa Fe - Some service connects Belem to ABQ, other service ABQ to Santa Fe o Service patterns ABQ – Santa Fe include NB and SB trains in bot AM and PM - Decisions o Service to Santa Fe didn't commence until mid-December 2008.
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From page 359... ...
350 - Allocate Brunswick 100% to DC, Penn north of Baltimore 100% to Baltimore, Penn south of Baltimore and Camden to be split on the basis of commute direction train ratios - Notes: Ideally would split based on ridership not train frequency, but ridership by station is not immediately available Boston - HR and LR seem okay - CR mostly serves Boston area only, but one line serves Providence and has several runs that operate in Providence commute direction, however ridership from Providence is about 2k PAX / day, a very small number relative to MBTA system and lower than nearby MA stations (from MBTA 2009 Blue Book) - Allocation – reduce Boston CR total by 6.8 miles, which is the distance from last MA station to Providence Chattanooga, TN - 1 mile tourist incline under ZZapta - Serves tourists only and is appropriately excluded in the regression script (may want to exclude if future analysis includes ZZapta)
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From page 360... ...
351 Houston - Galveston Island Trolley was suspended after Hurricane Ike in late 2008, but that change does not show up in APTA figures as they appear to be reported for first full year after service changes (i.e. 2009 would be first year lacking service)
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From page 361... ...
352 Morgantown WV - Concern: "8.2 mi PRT - 16k daily riders" - Response: 8.2 miles should be added to ZZapta as it serves downtown in addition to campus. However, it will not be included in regression analysis as long as the script continues to remove ZZapta from allapta variable Nashville TN - Concern: "32 mi to Lebanon - Music City Star - morning into Nashville, evening from Nashville" - Response: Should appear in 2007 and 2008 – 32 mi.
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From page 362... ...
353 Providence, RI - Does not have own CR system, but is served by one line of the MBTA CR system, however ridership at 2k / day is very small compared to overall Boston CR system - Allocation – 6.8mi CR (distance from last MA station to Providence) San Francisco - BART – Okay as is – 100% within SF/Oakland CBSA - Caltrain o length 77.4 miles o According to Feb 2010 Caltrain annual counts (source: caltrain.com)
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From page 363... ...
354 Tampa - Concern: "Teco line - october 2002 - replica vehicles - serves tourists – ridership.
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From page 364... ...
355 APPENDIX L: AUTHORSHIP The executive summary, synthesis and framework were written by Chatman, Noland, Rognlien, and Tulach with contributions from Graham and Ozbay. Data analysis sections 4 and 5 were written by Chatman, Noland, and Grady.
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