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From page 71... ... 71 A p p e n d i x e This appendix presents the results of the literature search on the state-of-the-art theory and practice for "fingerprinting" the most common materials used in highway construction. The appendix includes a review of the theory behind several spectroscopic techniques and a discussion on their applicability to highway construction materials. Read the entire page →
From page 72... ... 72 detected by coupling the chromatographic column with a detector that identifies each compound separately. The stationary phase can be placed in two shapes of apparatus, the column and the planar chromatograph. Read the entire page →
From page 73... ... 73 and are recombined when they meet back at the beam splitter. Because the path that one beam travels is a fixed length and the other is constantly changing as its mirror moves, the signal, which exits the interferometer, is the result of these two beams "interfering" with each other. Read the entire page →
From page 74... ... 74 magnetic field and exposed to a second oscillating magnetic field. Only the nuclei with spin (a fundamental particle property produced by the rotation of nucleons, protons, or electrons around their own axis) Read the entire page →
From page 75... ... Table E.1. Summary of References by Materials and Methods Methods NMR Raman FTIR NIR XRD XRF GC LC/HPLC SEC/GPC IEC Reference 13, 55, 70, 79, 88–92 50, 63–73 19, 24, 34–59 60–62 69, 70, 74–83 81, 84–87 33–35 20, 29, 30 12–25,26–28 28, 31, 32 Materials Coatings Epoxy coatings 59 AsphaltRelated Materials and Properties Hydrated lime 32 Antistripping agents 45, 46 Asphalt contaminants 34, 35 34, 35 Phosphoric acid additives 27 Aging and antioxidants 91 19, 38–44 20 18–20, 22–25 Polymer additives 71 24, 47–49 33 24–26, 31 Asphalt emulsions 42, 43 Air-blown asphalt 21 Physical properties 13, 88–90, 92 72,73 60 74 12–14, 28 Sealants Joint sealants 16, 17 Portland Cement ConcreteRelated Materials Sulfate– magnesium reactions 54, 55 Fly ash and aggregates 67 81, 82 Portland cement 55,70, 79 50, 63–66, 68–70 50–53 69, 70, 75–80 Admixtures 56–58 29 Reinforcement/corrosion 83 Soil stabilization/compaction 62 Wood structures 61 Detection of metals in air and soils 78, 83 84–87 75 Read the entire page →
From page 76... ... 76 The study showed that GPC could be successfully used to identify sealants that have been exposed to prolonged heating in the laboratory or to natural weathering in the field. However, the researchers failed to correlate the changes in the molecular size distribution of the sealants to their physical properties (16, 17) Read the entire page →
From page 77... ... 77 zinc dibutyl dithiocarbamate, was effectively tracked using FTIR even at very low concentrations (41) Read the entire page →
From page 78... ... 78 method for analyzing portland cement and its supplements (69, 70, 75–79) Read the entire page →
From page 79... ... 79 SEC Fraction-II eluates. The method is very precise when the same asphalt dependent cut point for SEC Fraction-I is used for each run (28) Read the entire page →
From page 80... ... 80 without any sample preparation) Read the entire page →
From page 81... ... 81 the basis of the review of the spectroscopic equipment, the following preliminary conclusions can be drawn: • The GPC, HLPC, and GC chromatographs are useful for separation and qualitative analysis before further identification by other spectroscopic methods. Portable chromatographs are available for use in the field and mobile laboratories. Read the entire page →
From page 82... ... 82 Table E.4. SHA Spectroscopic Testing Procedures State Material Spectroscopic Method Arizona Exchangeable sodium in topsoil Spectrophotometry Chloride in concrete admixtures Ion meter California Portland cement, fly ash, pozzolan XRF Chloride in soils and waters Ion chromatography Portland cement concrete admixtures FTIR Pigments and extenders in paints and coatings XRD Kentucky Hydrated lime, fly ash, portland cement XRF Louisiana Portland cement concrete admixtures FTIR Maryland Sulfur fungicide products FTIR Washington State Coatings (pigmented sealers) Read the entire page →
From page 83... ... 83 Table E.5. Universality Rank of Spectroscopic Devices Material Category Method ObjectiveSEC/GPC SEC/HPLC GC FTIR Raman XRD XRF NMR Structural coatings (epoxy and polyurethane based) Read the entire page →
From page 84... ... 84 Table E.6. General Ranking of Spectroscopic Devices Feature Weighting Factor SEC/GPC SEC/ HPLC GC FTIR Raman XRD XRF NMR Analysis time 0.8 8–12 h (29) Read the entire page →
From page 85... ... 85 The literature search indicated that, because of the complexity of asphalt-related materials, chromatography is typically used first to separate the components of interest, and then a spectroscopic analysis is performed to verify the identity and quantity of the components. The literature also indicates that some techniques are more favorable for the analysis of particular materials than others are. Read the entire page →
From page 86... ... 86 27. Baumgardner, G Read the entire page →
From page 87... ... 87 61. Zanetti, M., T Read the entire page →
From page 88... ... 88 93. Bruker. Read the entire page →

From page 71...

... 71 A p p e n d i x e This appendix presents the results of the literature search on the state-of-the-art theory and practice for "fingerprinting" the most common materials used in highway construction. The appendix includes a review of the theory behind several spectroscopic techniques and a discussion on their applicability to highway construction materials.