Practitioners Guide to Incorporating Greenhouse Gas Emissions into the Collaborative Decision-Making Process (2012) / Chapter Skim
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50 This chapter outlines an analysis framework for considering GHG emissions in transportation planning and project development. The framework assists in answering the questions identifi ed in Chapter 2 for each of the key decision points.
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51 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS The five analysis steps and 13 key questions are, for the most part, common across all four levels of the TCAPP framework. However, they may be addressed at different decision points in each level, and require somewhat different analysis methods.
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52 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS Figure 3.1. Incorporating GHG emissions into long-range transportation planning.
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53 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS Figure 3.3. Incorporating GHG emissions into corridor planning.
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54 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS DETERMINE INFORMATION NEEDS What Stakeholders Should Be Included in GHG Strategy Development and Evaluation? Key Decision Points: LRP-1, PRO-2, COR-1, ENV-1 Objective Identify key stakeholders who should be included in the development and analysis of GHG mitigation strategies.
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55 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS What Is the Scope of GHG Emissions Analysis? Key Decision Points: LRP-1, PRO-2, COR-1, ENV-1 Objective Define the scope of GHG emissions considered as part of LRP or transportation improvement program (TIP)
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56 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS DEFINE GOALS AND MEASURES What Goals, Objectives, and Policies Relate to GHG Emissions Reduction? Key Decision Points: LRP-2, PRO-2, COR-3, ENV-3 Objective Identify relevant policies related to GHG emissions reduction, as well as goals and objectives for the plan or project that may inform what types of GHG emissions reduction targets should be set, metrics evaluated, analysis methods used, and strategies considered.
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57 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS For the project development and environmental permitting step in particular, an important question is whether GHG emissions reductions are part of the purpose and need for the project. If they are, it may be especially important to demonstrate quantitatively that the project reduces emissions and include additional GHG reduction and/ or mitigation strategies as appropriate.
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58 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS Factors) , but refrigerants cannot.
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59 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS For additional information, refer to Grant et al.
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60 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS TABLE 3.5. BASELINE INVENTORY: CALCULATION METHODS AND DATA SOURCES Method Comments Method A: VMT trend extrapolation with VMT-based emissions factors Appropriate CDMF levels: LRP, PRO, COR Description: This is the simplest approach available for transportation GHG emissions inventory development at a substate level.
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61 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS Method Comments Method B: Travel demand and emissions factor models Appropriate CDMF levels: LRP, PRO, COR Description: This approach uses the regional or statewide travel demand model and HPMS data to develop forecasts of VMT by road type and vehicle type and speed, to which emission factors from EPA's MOVES model or another emission factor model (such as EMFAC) are applied.
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62 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS Method Comments Method C: Traffic counts, forecasts, and transit operating data with emissions factors (continued) Calculation methods: • Identify road network links to be assessed, including all those whose traffic is expected to be affected by the project.
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63 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS Method Comments Method D: Traffic simulation model Appropriate CDMF levels: COR, ENV Description: A traffic simulation model is used in conjunction with operations-based emissions factors to model current and forecast operating conditions and GHG emissions. Situations in which to apply: Traffic simulation models offer an opportunity to add additional detail in both traffic capacity analysis and GHG analysis.
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64 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS What Is the Goal or Target for GHG Emissions Reduction? Key Decision Points: LRP-4, PRO-2, COR-3, ENV-3 Objective Define a quantitative target or qualitative goal for GHG emissions reductions compared with the baseline inventory or forecast.
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65 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS How Will GHG Consideration Affect Funding Availability and Needs? Key Decision Points: LRP-5, PRO-1 Objective Determine how considering GHG issues in the transportation process may affect (1)
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66 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS • Develop a list of other potential strategies; • Assess the general magnitude of effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, cobenefits and impacts, political feasibility, jurisdictional authority, and funding constraints for each strategy; and • Select strategies for further consideration based on these factors. At the screening stage, existing literature is generally used to assist in identifying the general level of benefit, cost, cost-effectiveness, and cobenefits associated with each GHG emissions reduction strategy.
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67 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS Potential GHG Emissions Reduction Projects and Strategies Likely Levels of Application LRP PRO COR ENV ____ Congestion pricing X X X X ____ Speed management (limits, enforcement) X X X ____ Truck and bus idle reduction X X X ____ Transit fare measures (discounts and incentives)
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68 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS Are Program, Corridor, or Project Alternatives Consistent with a Long-Range Plan and/or Other Relevant Plans That Meet GHG Emssions Reduction Objectives? Key Decision Points: LRP-6, PRO-3, COR-6, ENV-6 Objective Determine whether projects considered for the TIP, corridor alternatives and strategies, or project alternatives and strategies are consistent with a higher-level plan (such as an LRTP, strategic highway safety plan, state energy plan, or state climate action plan)
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69 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS EVALUATE GHG BENEFITS AND IMPACTS OF PROJECTS AND STRATEGIES What Calculation Methods and Data Sources Will Be Used to Evaluate the GHG Impacts of Projects and Strategies? Key Decision Points: LRP-3, PRO-2, COR-5, ENV-5 Objective Define what level of analysis is required to support the decision-making process, and identify appropriate analysis tools and data.
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70 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS Level of Analysis Comments (A) Order of magnitude assessment (continued)
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71 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS TABLE 3.9. EXAMPLE ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR GHG ANALYSIS Category of Tool Description Examples Travel demand and related models Regional, statewide, or subarea models of the transportation network.
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72 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS What Are the Emissions Impacts of Specific Projects and Strategies? Key Decision Points: LRP-6, PRO-4, COR-6, COR-9, ENV-6, ENV-7, ENV-8 Objective Apply appropriate analysis tools to analyze strategies and estimate GHG emissions impacts of individual projects or strategies proposed for inclusion in a long-range plan, TIP, corridor plan, or project design.
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73 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS TABLE 3.10. GHG EVALUATION TOOLS BY STRATEGY Tool or Method G H G I n ve n to ry D ev el op m en t H ig h w ay N et w or k Im p ro ve m en ts U rb an T ra n si t E xp an si on In te rc it y R ai l an d B u s N on m ot or iz ed I m p ro ve m en ts R ai l an d M ar in e Im p ro ve m en ts IT S / O p er at io n s an d M an ag em en t S p ee d M an ag em en t Id le R ed u ct io n Tr an si t S er vi ce I m p ro ve m en ts R oa d w ay P ri ci n g La n d U se a n d S m ar t G ro w th TD M a n d P u b lic E d u ca ti on V eh ic le a n d F u el P ol ic ie s C on st ru ct io n a n d M ai n te n an ce P ra ct ic es Travel Demand and Related Models Travel demand models: Basica X X X Travel demand models: Enhancedb X X X Xc X X X X X Integrated transportation–land use models X X X Xc X X X ITS Deployment Analysis System (IDAS)
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74 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS Tool or Method G H G I n ve n to ry D ev el op m en t H ig h w ay N et w or k Im p ro ve m en ts U rb an T ra n si t E xp an si on In te rc it y R ai l an d B u s N on m ot or iz ed I m p ro ve m en ts R ai l an d M ar in e Im p ro ve m en ts IT S / O p er at io n s an d M an ag em en t S p ee d M an ag em en t Id le R ed u ct io n Tr an si t S er vi ce I m p ro ve m en ts R oa d w ay P ri ci n g La n d U se a n d S m ar t G ro w th TD M a n d P u b lic E d u ca ti on V eh ic le a n d F u el P ol ic ie s C on st ru ct io n a n d M ai n te n an ce P ra ct ic es Other Travel Demand Analysis Tools COMMUTER model X X TRIMMS X X Land use scenario planning tools X X Emissions Factor and Fuel Economy Modelsd GlobeWarm X X X X X X X X MOVES X X X X X X X X X EMFAC X X X X X X X X X GREET X X VISION X X Other off-model methods Elasticities X X X X X X Case examples Various Other tools Various – see Appendix A for examples Notes: TDM = transportation demand management. aBasic regional travel demand models typically do not include transit or nonmotorized modes, auto ownership, freight, or time-of-day effects.
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75 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS SELECT STRATEGIES AND DOCUMENT OVERALL GHG BENEFITS AND IMPACTS OF ALTERNATIVES What GHG Emissions Reductions Strategies Should Be Part of the Plan or Project? Key Decision Points: LRP-7, PRO-5, COR-6, COR-9, ENV-8 Objective Determine which strategies should be part of the final plan or project.
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76 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS Various methodologies are available for calculating GHG emissions at the overall plan or project level, similar to the methodologies used to calculate a baseline for the study area (Question 5)
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77 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS Method Comments (B) Travel demand model with enhancements and/ or off-model strategy analysis Appropriate CDMF levels: LRP, PRO, COR Description: This approach applies additional modeling enhancements and/or off-model techniques to include the impacts of strategies not directly assessed in the regional model (e.g., transportation demand management, nonmotorized investment, microscale land use design, traffic operations)
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78 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE TO INCORPORATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INTO THE COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS Method Comments (D) Traffic simulation models Appropriate CDMF levels: COR, ENV Description: A traffic simulation model is used in conjunction with operations-based emissions factors to model current and forecast operating conditions and GHG emissions.
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