Practical Approaches for Involving Traditionally Underserved Populations in Transportation Decisionmaking (2012) / Chapter Skim
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5-1 This chapter describes various activities -- tools and techniques -- that transportation agencies and practitioners (as well as other community- or advocacy-based organizations and academic researchers) can take to identify and engage with traditionally underserved populations and communities.
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5-2 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking or project websites) to which interested practitioners can turn to learn more about the topic or the successful case examples.
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Table 5-1. Summary of tools and techniques by task objective, stage of decisionmaking, and successful examples.
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Table 5-1. (Continued)
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Distribute Flyers Provide Information • Massachusetts DOT, South Coast Rail • North Carolina DOT, Business 40 Project • Georgia DOT, Buford Highway Pedestrian Safety • La Casa de Don Pedro, Caminos Seguros All Stages Advertise on Billboards, Marquees, and Variable Message Signs Provide Information • Ridewise, Variable Message Notice • Denver Regional Transit District, Billboard Advertising • Hoopa Valley Tribal Reservation, Draping Banners All Stages Publicize through Local and Ethnic Media Outlets Provide Information • Houston Metro • San Antonio-Bexar County MPO • Texas DOT All Stages Employ Visualization Techniques Provide Information • Mississippi DOT, Project Overview Videos • Atlanta Regional Commission, Photo Contest • Mecklenburg-Union MPO & Huntersville (NC) , Simulations All Stages Recruit and Mobilize Community Ambassadors, Beacons, or Trusted Advocates • Provide Information • Build Relationships • Seattle (WA)
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Table 5-1. (Continued)
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Use Games to Educate and Explore Priorities • Provide Information • Gather Feedback • Barren River and Bluegrass Area Development Districts (ADDs) , Strings & Ribbons • FHWA & Lummi Nation, Reservation Road Planner • Seattle DOT, Land Use-Transportation Table Top Exercise • DVRPC, Dots and Dashes • Volusia County MPO, Strings and Ribbons • Statewide/Metropolitan Planning • Project Development/NEPA Compliance Form Advisory Boards, Committees, Taskforces, and Working Groups Build Relationships • Minnesota DOT, Advocacy Council for Tribal Transportation • Tahoe MPO, Social Services Transportation Advisory Council • Alameda-Contra Costa Transit, Accessibility Advisory Committee • Mar yl and Bicycle and Pedestrian Advisory Committee • Washington State DOT, Alaskan Way Viaduct, Working Groups • Statewide/Metropolitan Planning • Project Development/NEPA Compliance Foster Understanding of Communities Through Relationships with Community Organizations and Other Local Experts Build Relationships • California DOT, Third River Bridge Crossing Replacement Project • Florida DOT, Route 301, Urban Campers • California DOT, SR 68 Design Charette Project All Stages Develop Mitigation Strategies • Mitigate Impacts • Deliver Benefits • Illinois DOT, West State Street Corridor Study • Washington State DOT, Project Mitigation Cost Case Studies • FHWA Community Impact Mitigation Case Studies • Project Development/NEPA Compliance • Right-of-Way • Construction • Operations & Maintenance Provide a Citizen-Driven Community Enhancement Fund • Mitigate Impacts • Deliver Benefits • Oregon DOT, I-5 Delta Park Project • Project Development/NEPA Compliance • Right-of-Way • Construction • Operations & Maintenance Recognize Com munity Benefits Agreements • Mitigate Impacts • Deliver Benefits • Alameda Corridor Transportation Authority, Jobs Agreement • Project Development/NEPA Compliance • Construction • Operations & Maintenance Create Transportation Planning Grant Programs to Support Environmental Justice and Community -Based Planning • Mitigate Impacts • Deliver Benefits • California DOT, Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation, Traffic Calming and Safety • DVRPC, Transportation and Community Development Initiative Grants • Project Development/NEPA Compliance (continued on next page)
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Table 5-1. (Continued)
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Develop Community Hiring Program • Overcome Institutional Barriers • Deliver Benefits • Port of Oakland, Maritime & Aviation Labor Agreement • Missouri DOT, I-64, Apprenticeship Training • U.S. DOT, Transportation Equity Network (TEN)
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5-10 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking What Is It? A social and economic demographic profile is critical to understanding the needs of low-income and minority populations as well as other segments of the traditionally underserved populations.
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tools and techniques 5-11 every public school and many of the nation's private schools that provide information on students by minority status, participation in free and reduced price meal programs, and use of English Language Learners curricula. • Work with community leaders within communities with high concentrations of traditionally underserved populations to gather information.
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5-12 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking • Despite the requirement to prepare benefits and burdens assessments in the planning stage, many MPOs give insufficient attention to compiling detailed socioeconomic data to support a distributional assessment of the key question: does the existing (or planned) transportation system improve or exclude "access to opportunities"?
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tools and techniques 5-13 includes a detailed description of each project's scope and focus, the types of indicators used, contact information, and links to the project website and the website of the project's lead organization. Contacts/Resources Community Indicators Consortium: http://www.communityindicators.net/projects How to Engage Low-Literacy and Limited-English-Proficiency Populations in Transportation Decisionmaking: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep/lowlim/ Federal Highway Administration.
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5-14 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Define the Project and Study Area Identifying Populations Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way □ Statewide/Metropolitan Planning □ Construction □ Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance □ What Is It? The study area is the area expected to be affected by the proposed project.
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tools and techniques 5-15 criteria for the primary study area -- for example, a quarter or half-mile radius around highway interchanges and 250 to 500 feet on either side of a proposed corridor. However, additional research such as a field visit to the area and talking to knowledgeable local parties may reveal that different study area boundaries are warranted to address actual social patterns and real community concerns.
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5-16 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking practitioners evaluate the effects of a transportation project on a community and its quality of life. These handbooks include guidance on how to define the project, study, and planning area and how to develop a community profile, among other steps, in the CIA process.
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tools and techniques 5-17 Utilize GIS to Engage Communities Identifying Populations Policy/Research H Right-of-Way □ Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction □ Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? Geographic information systems (GIS)
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5-18 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking for encouraging citizen engagement, inviting local stakeholders to inventory features of the built environment along with subjective perceptions of the physical environment, sometimes with the aid of mobile GIS data collection tools, to advocate and design for safer routes and conditions for pedestrians, bicyclists, and transit users. What Are Some Techniques for Implementing This Tool?
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tools and techniques 5-19 • Minority and Low-Income Populations -- percentage of minority populations, persons living below the poverty line, schools with children receiving free and reduced price lunches. • Capital Facilities -- sewage treatment plants, power plants, jails, solid waste facilities, bus depots, etc.
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5-20 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Its effectiveness lies, in part, in helping agencies to identify traditionally underserved populations that may not be otherwise "visible." Visuals such as charts and maps may be used in meetings to aid participants in identifying potential adverse impacts and mitigation solutions. The "picture that paints a thousand words" may be developed from aerial or satellite overlays of the study area, the proposed project or plan, and input from the population on how the study area currently is used, and from gathering information on desired potential improvements or enhancements.
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tools and techniques 5-21 can increase transparency in a process that seeks to engage and empower locally affected communities in order to better understand environmental health risks. Conveying complex findings and communicating public health risk issues in ways that can prove informative and accessible to laypersons is a continuing challenge to ensure meaningful involvement of traditionally underserved populations.
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5-22 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Resources/Contacts Federal Transit Administration, FTA Circular, C 4702.1A, 05-13-07, Title VI and Title VI-Dependent Guidelines for FTA Recipients, http://www.fta.dot.gov/laws/circulars/leg_reg_5956.html Federal Highway Administration and Federal Transit Administration, 2002. Transportation and Environmental Justice: Effective Practices.
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tools and techniques 5-23 Conduct a Community Characteristics Inventory Identifying Populations Policy/Research H Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction □ Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance □ What Is It? Community characteristics inventories can be interactive, web-based geographic information systems (GIS)
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5-24 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking component of the tool can be a large undertaking. The right leadership is essential to make sure the tool does not become a "technological trap." Organizations can become overly reliant upon the information compiled in its databases, obscuring the fact that practitioners cannot adequately investigate community values and needs, assess project impacts, or explore feasible alternatives solely through desktop tools.
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tools and techniques 5-25 Resources/Contacts Miami-Dade MPO Integrated Transportation Information System (ITIS) : http://itis.fiu.edu/itisportal/ Florida Department of Transportation, Efficient Transportation Decision Making Website: http://etdmpub.
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5-26 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Identify "Affected Populations" Using a Community Attribute Index Identifying Populations Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way □ Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction □ Project Development/NEPA Compliance □ Operations & Maintenance □ What Is It? The community attribute index (CAI)
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tools and techniques 5-27 What Are Its Limitations? This technical, quantitative approach assumes that there are core attributes critical to measuring community well being and quality of life that can be identified; that these core attributes can be combined to establish a better indicator of "need" for targeting programs and policies and allocating resources; and that the technical research team has done an effective job identifying these core attributes.
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5-28 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking "majority–minority" communities, such as Atlanta, where segments of minority communities occupy middle- and upper-class rings of the social strata, the approach can shift the discussion and place a greater emphasis on dimensions of poverty, economic opportunity, educational attainment, and family stability to target resources to communities that are in need (i.e., lower scoring)
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tools and techniques 5-29 Upfront Site Visits to Establish Scope of Public Involvement Plan Implement Public Involvement Plan Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? Prior to establishing the scope of a public involvement plan, a thorough analysis of the social and economic characteristics data for the study area communities should be prepared.
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5-30 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking provide critical background demographic information -- for example, the age of structure, renter or owner occupancy, and number of vehicles per household. But it is through conversations held during a site visit that the practitioner may learn more about the occupants of the affected residences.
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tools and techniques 5-31 from planning through construction. The agency allowed its consultants to take one month to collect social and economic demographic data, complete a physical reconnaissance of the project area, and identify and interview formal and informal leaders.
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5-32 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Develop and Maintain a Community Contacts Database Implementing Public Involvement Plans Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance □ What Is It? A community contacts database is an electronic list of contact information for community organizations.
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tools and techniques 5-33 Who Has Used It Successfully? The Miami-Dade Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO)
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5-34 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Prepare an LEP Plan Implement Public Involvement Plan Policy/Research H Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? Individuals who have a limited ability to read, write, speak, or understand English are considered to have limited English proficiency, or "LEP." An LEP plan describes the policies, services, and information that government agencies, including transportation agencies, will take so LEP persons have meaningful access to an agency's programs and activities.
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tools and techniques 5-35 • Providing language assistance measures such as using telephone and video-conferencing interpretation services; • Training staff to behave without bias and with respect and courtesy toward all customers, availing it of tools such as "language identification flashcards," "I Speak" cards, symbolic signs, bilingual phone lists, and so forth. • Training staff or hiring bilingual staff to act as interpreters and translators and formalizing the use of qualified community volunteers; • Using centralized interpreter and translator services; • Translating vital written materials into languages other than English, such as applications or instructions on how to participate in a recipient's program, notices of public hearings and other community outreach, and notices advising LEP persons of free language assistance; and • Monitoring and updating the LEP plan, as appropriate.
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5-36 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking of persons eligible to be served or likely to be affected or encountered. This safe harbor provision applies to the translation of written documents only.
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tools and techniques 5-37 The 311 line provides translation services in over 120 languages to any caller. Most NYCDOT requests are processed by 311 and, consequently, most NYCDOT service requests can be made in any language.
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5-38 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Use "I Speak" Cards to Ensure Communications with LEP Populations Implement Public Involvement Plan Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? "I Speak" cards are two-sided bilingual cards that invite persons with limited English proficiency (LEP)
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tools and techniques 5-39 • The Merrimack Valley MPO in Massachusetts outlines in their LEP plan that "I Speak" cards will be provided at all workshops and conference sign-in tables. The plan states that while interpretation may not be present at that particular meeting, the cards will help the MPO anticipate future needs.
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5-40 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Offer Assistance for Hearing Impaired and Sight Impaired Persons Implement Public Involvement Plan Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? Strategies to effectively inform and assist those who are hearing or sight impaired so that they can be aware of upcoming events, understand the proceedings at these events, and participate actively in the exchange of information provided at these events and at other times during a project.
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tools and techniques 5-41 website, provided to radio stations as well as free and cable access television stations as public service announcements or as short programs, or sent to a reading service for the blind as a script to read or as a product (e.g., CD, DVD, digital audio file) to play as part of their regular radio programming.
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5-42 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking – Photographs of landmarks placed on maps or drawings showing where they are located provide orientation rather than relying on text. – Illustrations of each alternative shown in a different color that corresponds to a specific roadway cross section.
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tools and techniques 5-43 • Large print materials can be produced using a standard copier by increasing the image size and using an 11˝ by 17˝ sheet of paper rather than an 8.5˝ by 11˝ sheet of paper. • The project budget will help determine what level of visualization can be used.
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5-44 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Offer Assistance for Low-Literate Persons Implement Public Involvement Plan Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? Literacy, as defined by the National Literacy Act of 1991, is "an individual's ability to read, write, and speak in English, and compute and solve problems at levels of proficiency necessary to function on the job and in society, to achieve one's goals, and develop one's knowledge and potential." Assistance offered to members of the public that are low literate varies depending upon their literacy level.
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tools and techniques 5-45 scripts and play prerecorded messages. These programs are available to anyone who has an AM or FM radio.
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5-46 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking • The South Carolina DOT used morphs to show what widening SC 6 from a two-lane roadway to a five-lane roadway with planted median and bicycle accommodations would look like at several locations along the project corridor. • The Volusia County MPO also used "drive throughs" to show the public and elected officials what the impacts of several proposed projects would be.
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tools and techniques 5-47 Treat People Courteously and with Respect Implement Public Involvement Plan Policy/Research H Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? "Treat people the way you want to be treated" is a useful maxim for practitioners to consider in their activities with a diverse public.
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5-48 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking meetings that will ensure that the public is given many ways to communicate with the agency. Agencies and practitioners can: • Choose support staff and recruit staff from the community that resembles the demographics of the community.
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tools and techniques 5-49 • Purchase needed supplies from local merchants as a way of building goodwill for the project. Merchants and residents that are befriended are not only likely to offer constructive advice, but also will support the field crews in some communities.
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5-50 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Resources/Contacts FHWA, Federal Highway Administration.
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tools and techniques 5-51 Assess Public Involvement Plan's Effectiveness Implementing Public Involvement Plans Policy/Research H Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? Assessment of the public involvement plan's (PIP's)
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5-52 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking in the development of effectiveness measures aids in identifying goals, objectives, and practices that are meaningful to both planners and to the community. What Are Some Techniques for Implementing This Tool?
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tools and techniques 5-53 meetings for its Opportunity Corridor project in Cleveland. The populations within the corridor's study area are predominantly Black and low income.
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5-54 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Resources/Contacts International Association of Public Participation (IAP2) : http://www.iap2.org Public Involvement: Feedback, Evaluation and Customer Satisfaction: http://www.epa.gov/stakeholders/feedback/ index.html South Carolina Route 72, Environmental Assessment, South Carolina Department of Transportation Case Study: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/ejustice/case/case10.htm Hillsborough County (FL)
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tools and techniques 5-55 Brand Project through Clothing and Other Paraphernalia Implementing Public Involvement Plans Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance □ What Is It? Branding projects through clothing and other paraphernalia is a way to visually identify members of the project team in the field or at public events.
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5-56 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking • Incorporate a project logo or agency logo. • Make people return uniform materials at the end of the project to preserve brand identity.
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tools and techniques 5-57 Offer Refreshments Implement Public Involvement Plan Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? Offering food and/or beverages is a way to improve attendance and productive dialogue at public events.
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5-58 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking cost of refreshments such as avoiding catering companies and buying packaged foods from the supermarket, using volunteer cooks, or soliciting food donations from local businesses. Who Has Used It Successfully?
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tools and techniques 5-59 Use Videos to Convey Information Provide Information Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? Videos are recorded images that can be used to present ideas and information.
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5-60 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking significantly with advances in digital recording, storage, and duplication. Professional services can be employed to create especially elaborate or refined videos; however, it is often reasonable to assume that in-house staff will be capable of producing rudimentary to somewhat advanced video presentations.
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tools and techniques 5-61 • The Oregon Department of Transportation, Civil Rights Office's video, Start Building Your Future Today: Welcome to the Construction Industry Apprentice Programs describes what to expect as an apprentice in the construction industry getting on-the-job training. • Miami-Dade MPO and several other MPOs offer live streaming videos and/or make video records of proceedings of MPO meetings and upload them to their website.
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5-62 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Distribute Flyers Provide Information Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? Flyers are one-page paper notices for distribution, and can provide information about upcoming events and project information directly to a wide variety of groups.
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tools and techniques 5-63 What Types of Resources and Costs Are Required? Reproduction costs will vary depending on the color and quality of flyers.
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5-64 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Resources/Contacts Anne Morris Senior Project Manager Atkins 810 Dutch Square Boulevard, Suite 310 Columbia, SC 29210 (803) 772-4404 ext 224 anne.morris@atkinsglobal.com Alle Ries Division Director, Community and Economic Development La Casa de Don Pedro 75 Park Avenue Newark, New Jersey 07104 (973)
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tools and techniques 5-65 Advertise on Billboards, Marquees, and Variable Message Signs Provide Information Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? Billboards and marquees display large-scale advertisements in highly-visible places, such as alongside highways or on the sides of buildings.
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5-66 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Route 202. Over 1,000 online surveys were collected from commuters over the 2-month period during which the sign was posted (see Figure 5-10)
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tools and techniques 5-67 Publicize through Local and Ethnic Media Outlets Provide Information Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? Using local and ethnic media outlets is a mechanism for reaching populations that would not necessarily be reached using "regular" media outlets.
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5-68 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking larger, mainstream media outlets, but they are more directed at the particular populations and consequently can get the information to them more directly. What Are Some Techniques for Implementing This Tool?
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tools and techniques 5-69 run PSAs at no cost, but the times they run them will usually be during off-hours -- late at night or very early in the morning. Television stations will usually cooperate with PSAs as well, but the information needs to get to them a couple of months before the event and they need to see that it significantly impacts their viewing audience.
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5-70 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Laura Lopez Public Information Officer Texas Department of Transportation, San Antonio District 4615 NW Loop 410 San Antonio, TX 78229-0928 210-615-5839 laura.lopez@txdot.gov Leroy Alloway Alamo Regional Mobility Authority 1222 N Main Ave., #1000 San Antonio, TX 78212 Office 210/495-5804 Fax 210/495-5403 Email: lalloway@alamorma.org www.alamorma.org
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tools and techniques 5-71 Employ Visualization Techniques Provide Information Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way □ Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance □ What Is It? Visualizations are worth a thousand words.
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5-72 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking How diverse is my library? Are there hidden biases depicted in terms of race, ethnicity, income and age, among other considerations?
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tools and techniques 5-73 introduction to the project. Environmental and project development project processes are described, specific issues are identified, and the project's purpose and need is discussed.
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5-74 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Recruit and Mobilize "Community Ambassadors," "Beacons," or "Trusted Advocates" Provide Information, Build Relationships Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way □ Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction □ Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? Community ambassadors, beacons, and trusted advocates are individual citizens or leaders who are capable of bridging the communications gap between professional practitioners and members of the public, including traditionally underserved populations.
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tools and techniques 5-75 What Types of Resources and Costs Are Required? Ambassador programs at minimum require staff resources to recruit and educate ambassadors.
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5-76 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking assist with promoting transit, walking, and bicycling as travel options. Student ambassadors are trained in safety practices, bicycling equipment, maintenance, and navigating the area's bicycle network.
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tools and techniques 5-77 Provide Technical Training to Citizen Groups Provide Information, Build Relationships Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way □ Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction □ Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? Training is often used to prepare advocacy, community-based, nonprofit, education, and other groups to assist in data collection, analysis, and other public involvement and outreach activities.
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5-78 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking with photo recordation can identify select locations and develop strategies for improving public safety for pedestrians, transit users, and shoppers as they interface with transportation facilities. What Are Its Limitations?
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tools and techniques 5-79 experts can be trained to carry out other activities. Many transit agencies and advocacy groups (e.g., Easter Seals/Project Action)
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5-80 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking facilitating the final team discussion on issues and potential resolutions. Two presentations were given to prepare participants before the field visit: one was on the principles of CPTED and the other on conducting a field assessment.
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tools and techniques 5-81 Conduct Periodic Field Visits Provide Information, Build Relationships Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? An upfront site visit is critically important to the beginning of a project, but periodic field visits throughout the duration of a project are also important.
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5-82 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking What Are Its Limitations? Often staff members may not be aware of an event until they are in the field, or they may not realize the significance of the event.
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tools and techniques 5-83 Conduct Outreach at Nontraditional Locations Provide Information/Gather Feedback Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? This technique involves using nontraditional locations to reach out to traditionally underserved populations.
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5-84 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Who Has Used It Successfully? Metropolitan planning organizations, departments of transportation, transit agencies, local governments, and public involvement professionals recognize the effectiveness of going to established community focal points and events to engage populations and conduct outreach: • The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans)
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tools and techniques 5-85 Resources/Contacts Alaskan Way Viaduct Replacement Project, Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement Appendix H: Social Discipline Report (2010) : http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/21BB772B-BD94-43E2-805271D73D4A8FD3/0/2010SDEISAppendixH.pdf Peter Bond, Senior Environmental Planner California Department of Transportation Division of Environmental Analysis P.O.
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5-86 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Go to "Their" Meetings Provide Information/Gather Feedback Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? Cosponsorship, participation in, or other support for meetings held by advocacy groups, employers, and human service or public agencies that serve traditionally underserved populations.
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tools and techniques 5-87 address these. The emphasis here is on building partnerships with the organizations to "leverage each other." What Types of Resources and Costs Are Required?
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5-88 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Amy Luft, Communication Coordinator COMPASS 800 S Industry Way, Ste 100 Meridian, Idaho 83642 (208) 855-2558 x231 aluft@compassidaho.org http://compassidaho.org/ Tony Mazzella, Strategic Advisor Seattle Department of Transportation PO Box 34996 Seattle, Washington 98124-4996 206-684-0811 tony.mazzella@seattle.gov http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/
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tools and techniques 5-89 Go to the Schools Provide Information/Gather Feedback Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way □ Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance □ What Is It? Working with the administration and teachers of local elementary, middle, or high schools to reach the children and youth of minority, low-income, and limited English proficiency households via assemblies, flyers, classroom projects, and other events.
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5-90 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking What Types of Resources and Costs Are Required? As a small element of a broader community involvement effort, working with schools can be a low-resource, high-payoff tool.
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tools and techniques 5-91 Resources/Contacts Hass, Kim. Careers in Motion: Science, Engineering, and Transportation, Hamlin Garland Elementary School Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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5-92 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Go to Faith-Based Institutions Provide Information/Gather Feedback Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? Using the venue of faith-based institutions to hold events and provide information to, and get feedback from, the institutions' leadership and membership about transportation, social, or other community-related issues.
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tools and techniques 5-93 What Are Some Techniques for Implementing This Tool? Faith-based institutions can accommodate many techniques for providing information (e.g., printed materials, flyers, newsletters, website links)
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5-94 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking • Are the institutions willing to provide additional outreach beyond their membership (e.g., clothing exchanges, congregation meal sites, counseling groups, food banks, ministerial, or other outreach, etc.)
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From page 378... ...
tools and techniques 5-95 • The San Antonio-Bexar County Metropolitan Planning Organization employed a "beacon" for the development of the East Corridor Multi-Modal Alternatives Plan in San Antonio, TX. The beacon and others from the project team met with the Coalition of Churches for Social Action (CCSA)
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From page 379... ...
5-96 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Apply Social and New Media Appropriately Provide Information/Gather Feedback Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? Social media are tools and methods used to increase social interaction among persons with common interests.
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From page 380... ...
tools and techniques 5-97 Examples of techniques for implementing social and new media include (note that the following lists are not exhaustive) : Communication • Blogs: Blogger, LiveJournal, Open Diary, TypePad, WordPress, Vox, ExpressionEngine, Xanga • Micro-blogging/Presence applications: FMyLife, Jaiku, Plurk, Twitter, Tumblr, Posterous, Yammer, Qaiku • Social networking: Facebook, LinkedIn, Cyworld • Events: Upcoming, Eventful, Meetup.com Collaboration • Wikis: Wikimedia, Wikia, PBworks, Wetpaint • Social bookmarking (or social tagging)
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5-98 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking overall communications strategies, including the agency's website. Some DOTs and metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs)
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From page 382... ...
tools and techniques 5-99 Conduct Market Research Interviews and Focus Groups Gather Feedback Policy/Research H Right-of-Way □ Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction □ Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance □ What Is It? Convening one-on-one interviews or focus group meetings to discover the transportation needs and practices of traditionally underserved communities.
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From page 383... ...
5-100 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking opinions and express values to fit in rather than deviate from others from their home country also in the focus group. Some individuals and communities may be reluctant to provide information to representatives of government because of their immigration status or their past experience with governments in the United States or in the nation of their origin.
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From page 384... ...
tools and techniques 5-101 • The New Jersey Department of Transportation, working in association with New Jersey Transit, also funded a study that involved a series of focus groups with immigrants from the Philippines, India, and Latin America. The study explored the underlying reasons for changes in routine daily travel by immigrants over time, recognizing that segments of foreign-born populations exhibit increasing levels of auto ownership.
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From page 385... ...
5-102 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Undertake Surveys to Understand Needs, Preferences, and Impacts Gather Feedback Policy/Research H Right-of-Way H Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction H Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance H What Is It? A predefined series of questions to be used in gathering information from the public or from knowledgeable representatives from social services or other community-based or advocacy-based organizations.
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From page 386... ...
tools and techniques 5-103 such as defining the population of concern, sample size, and margins of error; developing and administering a questionnaire and sampling plan that provides quality information and avoids response biases; and ensuring that the final survey results will address research goals and questions. Of course, not all surveys must be administered with the same degree of technical rigor to provide useful information for sponsoring agencies.
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From page 387... ...
5-104 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking • For the South Jersey Transportation Planning Organization, a transportation needs assessment survey was targeted to community, social service, church, and advocacy organizations that serve or work with disadvantaged populations in the South Jersey region as part of the metropolitan planning organization's (MPO's) Environmental Justice Evaluation and Strategy report.
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From page 388... ...
tools and techniques 5-105 Try Meeting-in-a-Box Gather Feedback Policy/Research □ Right-of-Way □ Statewide/Metropolitan Planning H Construction □ Project Development/NEPA Compliance H Operations & Maintenance □ What Is It? A Meeting-in-a-Box gives stakeholder groups and individuals all the materials necessary to hold a successful self-guided meeting.
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From page 389... ...
5-106 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Who Has Used It Successfully? • The Community Planning Association of Southwest Idaho (COMPASS)
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From page 390... ...
tools and techniques 5-107 What Is It? These tools are used to collect responses from stakeholders in a variety of settings, from oneon-one individual responses to responses from several people in focus groups or neighborhood workshops.
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5-108 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking What Are Some Techniques for Implementing This Tool? There are a wide range of computer-assisted techniques that can be used to explore stakeholder preferences.
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From page 392... ...
tools and techniques 5-109 demographic information that was collected from each person allowed for assessing the different perspectives of the participants based on where they lived, and what organization they represented. • The California Department of Transportation used interactive polling in their meetings for updating the California Transportation Plan in three regions.
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From page 393... ...
5-110 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Resources/Contacts Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning, GO TO 2040: http://www.cmap.illinois.gov/2040/main Regional Visioning Public Participation -- Best Practices: http://www.sustainablepittsburgh.org/pdf/Regional_ Visioning_Jan_05.pdf EPA -- Tools for Public Involvement: http://www.epa.gov/stakeholders/involvework.htm Fowler, G
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From page 394... ...
tools and techniques 5-111 What Is It? A game engages multiple parties in a single activity around a predetermined set of objectives and rules for play.
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From page 395... ...
5-112 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Who Has Used It Successfully? • Kentucky's 10-county Barren River Area Development District (ADD)
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From page 396... ...
tools and techniques 5-113 developed a list and map of future investment priorities that, together with the results of other groups who played the game, was intended to inform DVRPC's next long range plan and other projects, including a new regional transit vision plan. Resources/Contacts Beever, L., and Wagner, N
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From page 397... ...
5-114 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking What Is It? An advisory board, committee, taskforce, or working group of volunteers that meets regularly on a long-term basis to provide advice and/or support to a plan, project or policy issue under study.
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From page 398... ...
tools and techniques 5-115 for the advisory committee is particularly important as the committee will only be as balanced and useful as its members. The time commitment associated with the advisory committee should be clearly laid out to ensure that those who become members are able to sustain participation.
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From page 399... ...
5-116 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Resources/Contacts AASHTO Center for Environmental Excellence, (December 2006) , Utilizing Community Advisory Committees for NEPA Studies: http://environment.transportation.org/pdf/programs/PG05.pdf Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District: http://www.actransit.org/wp-content/uploads/board_policies/board_ policy_39.pdf Alaskan Way Viaduct Replacement Project, Appendix H: Social Discipline Report (2010)
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From page 400... ...
tools and techniques 5-117 What Is It? Building relationships with community organizations and other local experts gives the agency and the practitioner an opportunity to develop a deeper appreciation of the traditionally underserved communities that they will encounter.
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From page 401... ...
5-118 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking What Are Some Techniques for Implementing This Tool? • Identify a person or persons of influence in the target community to assist in doing outreach to get people to meetings and/or to get information out to the target audience or get input/feedback from them.
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From page 402... ...
tools and techniques 5-119 reached out to several health and social services organizations including the Salvation Army, Red Cross, churches, soup kitchens, medical clinics, emergency rooms, and housing agencies. The Florida DOT then developed its strategy for a communications plan, resolving to work with these local health and social service organizations to disseminate critical project- and construction-related notices to better prepare the transient population for relocation.
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From page 403... ...
5-120 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking What Is It? Mitigation, in the context of developing projects compliant with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
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From page 404... ...
tools and techniques 5-121 • Minimization measures -- modifications of a project to reduce the severity of one or more adverse impacts. Examples of minimization include: – Providing on-street parking instead of additional travel lanes along a corridor where pedestrian activity is high, – Redesigning a project to limit effects to one side of the roadway and not to both sides to minimize community effects, – Phase a project to minimize impedance to business access during peak shopping periods, or – Limiting construction time periods to reduce noise and vibration impacts to neighboring properties.
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From page 405... ...
5-122 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking directed specifically to the community that was harmed, and not for general benefit of those who have not been harmed. At times, agencies may argue that the general benefits of the proposed transportation project will be enjoyed by the community that is harmed and that this benefit is sufficient to "offset" the adverse impacts to the community.
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From page 406... ...
tools and techniques 5-123 predominantly by the area's low-income and minority residents, leaving the project sponsors concerned about environmental justice. Having successfully used deferred mortgages on HUD-funded owner-occupied rehab housing in the same corridor, Rockford officials suggested that the concept could be adapted to solve the displacement and relocation problem caused by the transportation project.
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From page 407... ...
5-124 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking What Is It? A citizen-driven community enhancement fund sets aside a portion of a project budget for small-scale side projects that the community has a significant voice in choosing.
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From page 408... ...
tools and techniques 5-125 The citizen-directed community enhancement fund approach is a nontraditional means of delivering benefits to communities. Because it differs from the normal ways of doing business exercised by state DOTs, it requires significant buy-in and support from agency leadership, as well as an active champion in the project manager.
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5-126 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking The awards provided partial funding, which was bolstered by leveraging the fund money or through in-kind contributions. Of these, the neighborhood tree planting, the Killingsworth pedestrian overpass, and the Kenton traffic calming are complete.
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tools and techniques 5-127 What Is It? A community benefits agreement (CBA)
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From page 411... ...
5-128 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking • Make sure that contractors and unions are involved in discussions and agreements. • Pay for local hiring using the state's cost-sharing portion of project funds.
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tools and techniques 5-129 What Is It? Funding programs typically established by state departments of transportation or metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs)
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From page 413... ...
5-130 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking • Transit oriented/adjacent development or "transit village" studies or plans, • Infill or compact development studies or plans, • Mixed-land use development studies or plans, • Context-sensitive streetscapes or town center studies or plans, • Complete street studies or plans, • Suburban community or urban commercial corridor retrofit studies or plans, and • Community revitalization studies or plans. What Are Its Limitations?
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From page 414... ...
tools and techniques 5-131 STU and local funds. Through fiscal years 2002–2007, DVRPC had distributed $9 million to over 100 communities for TCDI planning grants.
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5-132 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking and goals of DVRPC's regional plan. TCDI funding has been used by grant recipients to reevaluate their zoning ordinances and comprehensive master plans (e.g., to permit mixed use districts and limit highway commercial sprawl)
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tools and techniques 5-133 What Is It? Safe Routes to Schools (SRTS)
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From page 417... ...
5-134 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking records, and participate in neighborhood walkability audits. Conduct focus groups and workshops with parents, students, school officials, and teachers to identify concerns.
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From page 418... ...
tools and techniques 5-135 The capital costs may also be absorbed or leveraged with other county or municipal capital improvement program items, making it difficult to isolate project costs solely for SRTS. Operating costs can be equally difficult to track, depending on what types of nonengineering services are employed (e.g., student safety training, crossing guards, bike clubs, etc.)
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From page 419... ...
5-136 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking which was generally composed of parents, caregivers, teachers, police, and community leaders. The evening workshops identified barriers, areas of concern, and opportunities for change in the school environment and a mapping exercise was facilitated by the project team (see Figure 5-24)
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From page 420... ...
tools and techniques 5-137 Active Living Resource Center Website: http://www.activelivingresources.org/saferoutestoschool8.php Roerty, Sharon (2006)
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From page 421... ...
5-138 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking What Is It? Transportation planning studies intended to identify and address persistent safety issues for pedestrians in communities affected by high volumes of auto and truck vehicular traffic.
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From page 422... ...
tools and techniques 5-139 DOTs, local governments, transit agencies) about "hot-spots" with severe types of accidents or high-frequency locations.
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From page 423... ...
5-140 Practical Approaches for Involving Traditionally Underserved Populations in Transportation Decisionmaking holding public safety events, including celebrations of successfully implemented traffic safety improvements. Upcoming outreach is expected to incorporate door-knocking and intercept discussions with persons in the vicinity of "hot-spots," developing an informational pamphlet about the program, distributing an information form to expand their mailing list and screen for committed local individuals to join in grassroots organizing, and designing and implementing focus groups.
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From page 424... ...
tools and techniques 5-141 vicinity of a local school and community park. These efforts included holding a walking tour as a means for drawing attention to the critical safety issues.
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From page 425... ...
5-142 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking What Is It? The health impact assessment (HIA)
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From page 426... ...
tools and techniques 5-143 • Recommendations: Providing solutions based on the modeled data to maximize the project's benefits, minimize the project's harm, and mitigate inequality among the groups that the project affects. • Communication: Providing the findings and recommendations to all stakeholders.
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From page 427... ...
5-144 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking What Types of Resources and Costs Are Required? • The cost of preparing an HIA will vary depending on the scope of a project and the time, from a few days to a month, and cost up to $10,000; a medium-level HIA with public engagement will cost at least $50,000 and take several months; a comprehensive HIA can cost up to $250,000 and can last up to 2 years, with as many as six full-time HIA professionals producing a significant amount of engagement and original research.
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From page 428... ...
tools and techniques 5-145 Center for Quality Growth and Regional Development (CQGRD) : Atlanta Beltline HIA Assessment -- http:// www.cqgrd.gatech.edu/projects/beltline_hia/index.php City of Decatur Community Transportation Plan: http://www.cqgrd.gatech.edu/projects/decatur_transportation_ plan/index.php American Public Health Association, Transportation Issues from Public Health Perspective: http://www.apha.
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From page 429... ...
5-146 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking What Is It? Measuring the individual and cumulative environmental effects of transportation projects upon communities and their vulnerable or at-risk populations, and making those measurements available to the public for discussion about public health impacts and risks and to ensure accountability and implementation of mitigation strategies.
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From page 430... ...
tools and techniques 5-147 • Partnering with research universities, research hospitals, or public health agencies to conduct scientific research into investigations of the linkages between air quality and public health. • Drawing upon the services of environmental engineering firms capable of employing air monitoring equipment as a feature of a project.
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From page 431... ...
5-148 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking on the study steering committee and have led the outreach efforts. Interviews are conducted in English, Spanish, Portuguese, Haitian Creole, Chinese, and Vietnamese in order to engage residents living near the highway across the study area.
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From page 432... ...
tools and techniques 5-149 Ellin Reisner, Ph.D. Somerville Transportation Equity Partnership 51 Mt.
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From page 433... ...
5-150 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking What Is It? Prepare low-income people and people of color to secure appointments to boards and commissions and build networks of support to strengthen the capacity of appointees to influence policy.
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From page 434... ...
tools and techniques 5-151 Trainings are regularly held and may include a variety of topics, including role-playing exercises to understand how to use Robert's Rules of Order and how to work with the media. Lectures and discussion groups are used to address issue areas such as transportation, equitable development, housing, jobs, climate, and public health.
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From page 435... ...
5-152 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking What Is It? A public involvement training program teaches transportation professionals about the importance of meaningful participation in transportation decisionmaking and describes the tools and techniques for achieving it.
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From page 436... ...
tools and techniques 5-153 • Training is the first item to suffer from budget cuts. Many decisionmakers do not see training as a priority.
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5-154 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Dr. Martha A
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From page 438... ...
tools and techniques 5-155 What Is It? The ability to work effectively across cultures -- oftentimes with peoples and cultures with whom the agency and the practitioner have little or no familiarity -- requires skills and knowledge, which others in the healthcare, social services, and education professions often define as "cultural competency." Culture can refer to an individual's race, class, gender, sexual orientation, age, immigration status, physical functionality, and religion, among other things.
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5-156 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking What Are Some Techniques for Implementing This Tool? Training sessions typically include participatory and role-playing activities for those in attendance.
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From page 440... ...
tools and techniques 5-157 approach for the early recognition of potential adverse impacts that might be discriminatory and the need to develop alternative solutions in all stages of the Federal-Aid Highway Program (e.g., planning, project development, construction, and research)
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From page 441... ...
5-158 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Walk and Bicycle Safety Curriculum: http://www.nhtsa.gov/ Driving+Safety/Pedestrians/For+English+as+Second+Language+%28ESL%29+Teachers+and+Learners National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Among Hispanics: http://www. nhtsa.gov/Driving+Safety/Bicycles/Pedestrian+and+Bicycle+Safety+among+Hispanics Rothman, J
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From page 442... ...
tools and techniques 5-159 What Is It? Established by transportation agencies, community groups, contractors, and unions, these programs feed project-area residents into project jobs, creating community buy-in, giving unions and contractors access to pipelines of workers, and ensuring quick completion times and good public relations for transportation agencies.
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From page 443... ...
5-160 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Who Has Used It Successfully? • In 1999, the Port of Oakland began a large scale expansion of its facilities that would take place over several years through several different projects.
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From page 444... ...
tools and techniques 5-161 Linda Wilson, Public Information Manager Missouri Department of Transportation 105 W Capitol Avenue Jefferson City, MO 65102 314-340-4117 Linda.Wilson@modot.mo.gov http://www.modot.mo.gov Laura Barrett, Policy Director Transportation Equity Network/Gamaliel 4501 Westminster Place, 3rd Floor St.
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From page 445... ...
5-162 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking What Is It? On-the-job training (OJT)
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From page 446... ...
tools and techniques 5-163 What Types of Resources and Costs Are Required? • Identification and implementation of the training program and the materials that accompany it.
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From page 447... ...
5-164 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking highway construction. The program is conducted with contractors and subcontractors in the highway construction industry who must follow the training and tracking procedures instituted by the Mississippi DOT.
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From page 448... ...
tools and techniques 5-165 What Is It? Internship programs targeted to recruit high-performing students from Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)
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From page 449... ...
5-166 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Who Has Used It Successfully? Morgan State University has partnered with the Maryland Department of Transportation and the Maryland State Highway Administration (MSHA)
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From page 450... ...
tools and techniques 5-167 What Is It? Mentoring, according to the American Management Association, is a "a developmental, caring, sharing, and helping relationship where one person invests time, know-how, and effort in enhancing another person's growth, knowledge and skills, and responds to critical needs in the life of that person in ways that prepare the individual for greater productivity or achievement in the future (Shea, 1994)
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From page 451... ...
5-168 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking • Mentoring requires dedicating a specific amount of time on a regular basis to the mentoring relationship. • Ending a mentoring relationship once the project is complete can sometimes be difficult.
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From page 452... ...
tools and techniques 5-169 What Is It? Unbundling project contracts means taking single contracts for large projects and breaking them down into smaller contracts for different parts of the projects, making them more accessible for Disadvantaged Business Enterprises (DBEs)
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From page 453... ...
5-170 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking project by geographic area and ramps, WisDOT separated out individual landscaping, sidewalk, and roundabout contracts giving DBEs further opportunities to compete for contracts. The $810 million project was completed in 2008 and 19 percent of the contracts were awarded to DBE firms -- more than double the federal participation requirement of 8 percent.
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tools and techniques 5-171 What Is It?
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From page 455... ...
5-172 practical approaches for Involving traditionally Underserved populations in transportation Decisionmaking Who Has Used It Successfully? • The Wisconsin DOT (WisDOT)
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From page 456... ...
tools and techniques 5-173 Resources/Contacts U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business, "Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE)
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