Integration of Analysis Methods and Development of Analysis Plan (2012) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Pages 70-127
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 70... ...
70 A p p e n d i x C Research Question Analyses
|
From page 71... ...
71 Table C.1. How Do Dynamic Driver Characteristics, as Observed Through Driver Performance Measures, Influence Crash Likelihood?
|
From page 72... ...
72Table C.2. What Impacts Do Roadway Countermeasures Have on Lane-Keeping Performance?
|
From page 73... ...
73 Does rumble strip noise reduce the deviation from the lane, or does it function as an alarm to improve subsequent alertness and lane keeping after encountering the rumble strip? VTTI Alertness Noise from rumble strips Lane departure Do rumble strips reduce the frequency and duration of lane deviations, making successful recovery more likely, and/or does a lane departure over a rumble strip improve subsequent lane keeping and decrease the frequency of lane departures?
|
From page 74... ...
74 Table C.3. How Does Driver Distraction Influence Crash Likelihood?
|
From page 75... ...
75 Table C.4. How Do Aggressive Driving Behaviors Influence Crash Likelihood?
|
From page 76... ...
76 Table C.5. How Does Driver Fatigue Influence the Likelihood and Type of Crashes?
|
From page 77... ...
77 Table C.6. How Do Advanced Driver Support Systems Influence Crash Likelihood?
|
From page 78... ...
78 What are the benefits of lane-change aids and CWS? VTTI Lane-change aids Benefits to safety How does ACC use (compared with cruise control)
|
From page 79... ...
79 Table C.7. What Is the Influence of Driver Impairment on Crashes and Driver Errors?
|
From page 80... ...
80 Table C.8. How Does the Turn-Lane Configuration Influence Behavior and Crash Risks?
|
From page 81... ...
81 Table C.9a. What Variables or Pre-Event Factors Are the Most Effective Crash Surrogate Measures?
|
From page 82... ...
82Table C.9b. What Explanatory Factors Are Associated with Crashes or Crash Surrogates, and What Analytical Models Can Be Developed to Predict Crashes or Crash Surrogates?
|
From page 83... ...
83 Actual Research Question Source Driver Factors Vehicle Factors Roadway Factors Environmental Factors OutcomeDynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static What factors are associated with unconditional event occurrences? PSU Aggression, risky driving, life stress Gender, driving experience, miles driven, education, history of driving violations, past crashes Vehicle age Crashes What is the nature of the relationship between crashes, near crashes, incidents, and pre-event maneuvers and precipitating factors, driver factors, contributing factors, and environmental factors?
|
From page 84... ...
84 Actual Research Question Source Driver Factors Vehicle Factors Roadway Factors Environmental Factors OutcomeDynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static What hierarchical structure (statistically speaking) , if any, exists in the manner in which these relationships need to be explored?
|
From page 85... ...
85 Actual Research Question Source Driver Factors Vehicle Factors Roadway Factors Environmental Factors OutcomeDynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Can satisfactory crash risk predictions be made based on vehicle, driver, and highway factors available from naturalistic driving data (e.g., via extreme value theory) , or do additional roadside and environmental factors need to be introduced?
|
From page 86... ...
86Table C.10. How Do Roadway Features Influence Crash Likelihood?
|
From page 87... ...
87 Actual Research Question Source Driver Factors Vehicle Factors Roadway Factors Environmental Factors OutcomeDynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Are any specific highway features (e.g., isolated horizontal curves, sharp horizontal curves, sequences of horizontal curves, combinations of horizontal and vertical curves) associated with single-vehicle roaddeparture crashes and specific driving control performance measures?
|
From page 88... ...
88Table C.11. How Do Signage, Lighting Conditions, and Other Traffic Control–Related Countermeasures Influence Crash Likelihood and Driver Performance?
|
From page 89... ...
89 Table C.11. How Do Signage, Lighting Conditions, and Other Traffic Control–Related Countermeasures Influence Crash Likelihood and Driver Performance?
|
From page 90... ...
90 Actual Research Question Source Driver Factors Vehicle Factors Roadway Factors Environmental Factors OutcomeDynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static How does signage influence gap acceptance at intersections? VTTI Signage Gap acceptance What is the prevalence of straight crossing path traffic signal violations?
|
From page 91... ...
91 Table C.12. How Do Static Driver Characteristics Influence Driver Performance and Crash Likelihood?
|
From page 92... ...
92Table C.13. How Do Static Driver Characteristics, as Observed Through Driver Performance Measures, Influence Crash Likelihood?
|
From page 93... ...
93 Actual Research Question Source Driver Factors Vehicle Factors Roadway Factors Environmental Factors OutcomeDynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static How do driver testing scores serve as predictors to driving performance, in particular, to lane keeping? VTTI Driver test scores Driving performance Does the relative risk of different intersection maneuvers vary with driver age and gender?
|
From page 94... ...
94Table C.13. How Do Static Driver Characteristics, as Observed Through Driver Performance Measures, Influence Crash Likelihood?
|
From page 95... ...
95 Actual Research Question Source Driver Factors Vehicle Factors Roadway Factors Environmental Factors OutcomeDynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static What is the level of compliance by drivers of various age categories to stop signs, traffic signals, advisory speeds on curves, speed limits, and stopping for pedestrians? VTTI Age Compliance to traffic signals and signs How do drivers adjust their behavior (relative to expected adjustments)
|
From page 96... ...
96 Actual Research Question Source Driver Factors Vehicle Factors Roadway Factors Environmental Factors OutcomeDynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static How often, for what length of time, and in what pattern do drivers look away from the forward roadway? What are the individual differences among and between drivers?
|
From page 97... ...
97 Table C.14. What Are the Relationships Between Driver Behavior, Performance, Crash Types, Crash Likelihood, and Population-Attributable Risk for Each Factor Contributing to Crashes?
|
From page 98... ...
98 What is the role of illegal maneuvers in collision risk at intersections? VTTI Illegal maneuvers Gap acceptance What driver actions occur in the seconds preceding and during intersection crashes and near crashes?
|
From page 99... ...
99 What is the role of driver factors in the risk associated with inappropriate gap acceptance with opposing traffic on left turns? VTTI Driver factors Gap acceptance What is the role of driver factors in the risk associated with inappropriate gap acceptance with opposing traffic on right turns?
|
From page 100... ...
100 To what degree does the lead vehicle driver (i.e., the driver in the instrumented vehicle) contribute to the crash as a result of the following distance?
|
From page 101... ...
101 What is the role of sight distance in lane-change or merge crashes? VTTI Sight distance Sight distance Lane-change or merge crashes What is the role of failure to visually verify (i.e., overthe-shoulder check)
|
From page 102... ...
102 What is the error/accident involvement in crashes, near crashes, and incidents, and how can the driver behavior that contributed to the involvement be assessed? VTTI Driver error/ accident involvement Crashes, near crashes What are the response times, deceleration, braking behavior, and turn-signal use of following drivers in response to vehicles that enter the forward driving path?
|
From page 103... ...
103 What types of accidents occur when drivers are paying attention? VTTI Paying attention Crashes In what circumstances do distracted drivers have accidents (e.g., are these more likely within the influence area of intersections or in stop-and-go traffic, but less likely on freeways)
|
From page 104... ...
104 Table C.15. How Do Individual Differences (e.g., Age, Gender, or Speed Selection)
|
From page 105... ...
105 Table C.16. How Do Traffic and Traffic Volume Influence Intersection Negotiation, Lane-Keeping Performance, and Crashes?
|
From page 106... ...
106 Table C.17. Do Vehicle Characteristics Influence Crash Likelihoods or Driver Behaviors?
|
From page 107... ...
107 Table C.18. What Are the Interrelationships of Environmental, Road, and Driver Factors with Nondriving-Related Activities (i.e., Technology, OEM, or Nomadic Devices)
|
From page 108... ...
108 What is the relative risk of pedestrian or cyclist density on driver behavior when using OEM system tasks? VTTI OEM system tasks Relative risk of pedestrian or cyclist density What is the relative risk of pedestrian or cyclist density on driver behavior when using nomadic devices?
|
From page 109... ...
109 Table C.19. How Does Seatbelt Use Vary with Different Levels of Enforcement and in Different Jurisdictions?
|
From page 110... ...
110 Table C.20. General or Very High-Level Questions Driver Factors Vehicle Factors Roadway Factors Environmental Factors OutcomeActual Research Question Source Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static What driver, vehicle, operational, roadway, and environmental factors increase inadvertent lane departures?
|
From page 111... ...
111 Table C.20. General or Very High-Level Questions (continued)
|
From page 112... ...
112 Driver Factors Vehicle Factors Roadway Factors Environmental Factors OutcomeActual Research Question Source Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static How can crash data from the 100-car naturalistic driving study be used to investigate the potential role of specific crash-avoidance systems in preventing near crashes and actual crashes? VTTI How do drivers process multiple sources of information?
|
From page 113... ...
113 Actual Research Question Source Driver Factors Vehicle Factors Roadway Factors Environmental Factors OutcomeDynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Can the analysis of data from southeast Michigan be applied or recreated in another region, such as Virginia? UMTRI Can roadside factors (e.g., locations of poles, trees, bridge abutments, and side slopes)
|
From page 114... ...
114 Actual Research Question Source Driver Factors Vehicle Factors Roadway Factors Environmental Factors OutcomeDynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static What is the incidence of drowsiness and the conditions under which drowsiness arises? VTTI Drowsiness conditions Incidents of drowsiness How can lane-change events be classified according to subject vehicle, role, event severity, precrash or event maneuvers, causal or contributing factors, evasive maneuvers, and state variables?
|
From page 115... ...
115 Table C.22. How Does the Speed That Drivers Select Influence Other Driver Behaviors or Actions?
|
From page 116... ...
116 Table C.23. How Do Roadway Features Influence Driver Performance and Behavior?
|
From page 117... ...
117 What effect do access points near the intersection have? VTTI Access points near intersections Crashes How does sight distance affect safety at intersections?
|
From page 118... ...
118 Table C.24. How Do the Number and Type of Passengers Influence the Driver's Behavior?
|
From page 119... ...
119 Table C.25. How Does Driver Fatigue Affect Driver Performance?
|
From page 120... ...
120 Actual Research Question Source Driver Factors Vehicle Factors Roadway Factors Environmental Factors OutcomeDynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static How do driver factors such as inattention or fatigue affect lane keeping? VTTI Inattention or fatigue Lane keeping How does signage influence inattention at intersections?
|
From page 121... ...
121 Actual Research Question Source Driver Factors Vehicle Factors Roadway Factors Environmental Factors OutcomeDynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static How does distraction influence gap acceptance at intersections? VTTI Distraction What is the relative contribution of inattention to red light running?
|
From page 122... ...
122 Actual Research Question Source Driver Factors Vehicle Factors Roadway Factors Environmental Factors OutcomeDynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static What is the level of exposure for technologyrelated tasks? VTTI Technologyrelated tasks What is the level of exposure for nomadic devices?
|
From page 123... ...
123 Actual Research Question Source Driver Factors Vehicle Factors Roadway Factors Environmental Factors OutcomeDynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Does the use of nomadic devices outside of the vehicle's infotainment system (e.g., iPod or MP3 player) degrade driving performance more than typical vehicle infotainment system use?
|
From page 124... ...
124 Actual Research Question Source Driver Factors Vehicle Factors Roadway Factors Environmental Factors OutcomeDynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static How well are drivers able to divert their attention from nondriving voluntary distractions (e.g., cell phones, use of the sound system, eating, or conversing with passengers)
|
From page 125... ...
125 Actual Research Question Source Driver Factors Vehicle Factors Roadway Factors Environmental Factors OutcomeDynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static How often and in what circumstances do drivers check the speedometer and rearview mirrors? VTTI Driving circumstances What is the relative risk of eyes off the forward roadway?
|
From page 126... ...
126Table C.27. What Nonsafety-Related but Useful Information Can Be Obtained from These Data?
|
From page 127... ...
127 How often do drivers receive lane-keeping alerts? How often are those alerts a nuisance?
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.