Evaluation of Bridge Scour Research: Geomorphic Processes and Predictions (2011) / Chapter Skim
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APPENDIX A Annotated Bibliography (of Priority Research only)
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A-i CONTENTS 1.0 Research Included in Geomorphology Category of NCHRP Project 20-07(178) 1.1 Briaud, J.L., Hamn, C., Kuang, A., Chung, Y., Park, N., Wang, W., and Yeh, P., 2007.
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A-ii 3.20 Jia, Y
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A-iii 5.47 Field, J., 2001. Channel avulsion on alluvial fans in southern Arizona ..........................
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A-iv 8.4 Voight, R.L., Jr., Toro-Escobar, C.M., and Parker, G., 1997. Research Needs in Geomorphology Pertaining to Bridge Scour, Hydraulic Engineering, P
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A-1 NCHRP Project 24-27(03) Evaluation of Bridge-Scour Research: Geomorphic Processes and Predictions Annotated Bibliography 1.0 Research Included in Geomorphology Category of NCHRP Project 20-07(178)
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A-2 1.3 Johnson, P.A., 2006. Assessing Stream Channel Stability at Bridges in Physiographic Regions, Federal Highways Administration Publication No.
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A-3 3.0 Articles from ASCE "Journal of Hydraulic Engineers" 3.2 Langendoen, E.J., Wells, R.R., Thomas, R.E., Simon, A., and Bingner, R.L., 2009. Modeling the Evolution of Incised Streams III: Model Application, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.
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A-4 3.9 Doyle, M.W., Shields, D., Boyd, K.F., Skidmore, P.B., and Dominick, D
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A-5 relatively simple ones based on stream classification and regional hydraulic geometry relations to more complex two-and three-dimensional numerical models. Herein an intermediate approach featuring application of hydraulic engineering tools for assessment of watershed geomorphology, channel-forming discharge analysis, and hydraulic analysis in the form of one-dimensional flow and sediment transport computations is described.
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A-6 3.30 Julien, P.Y. and Klassen, G.J., 1995.
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A-7 vegetation growth and decay in relation to typical morphodynamic scales. In particular, the differences with respect to the constant erodibility case can be of the order of tens or hundreds of meters (10–20% of the meander wavelength)
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A-8 channel width using several indices of local and basin wide disturbance. Contrary to our expectations, the data suggest that the dominant response of channel width to human disturbance in the United States is a reduction in bankfull width in streams with greater disturbance, particularly in the Western Mountains (where population density, road density, agricultural land use, and local riparian disturbance were all negatively related to channel width)
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A-9 term impacts of climate and land-use change on channel dynamics is traditionally derived from the sedimentary record. The dynamics of the mesoscale (broadly 100–102 km and 101–103 years)
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A-10 5.20 Brummer, C.J., Abbe, T.B., Sampson, J.R., and Montgomery, D.R., 2006. Influence of vertical channel change associated with wood accumulations on delineating channel migration zones, Washington, USA.
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A-11 5.29 Eaton, B.C. and Millar, R.G., 2004.
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A-12 5.46 Bledsoe, B.P. and Watson, C.C., 2001.
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A-13 bankfull stage appear important for pattern generation, with braiding relating to higher excess shear stress and Froude number. There seems to be an upper threshold to both meandering and braiding which is achieved at extreme discharges and steep gradients, as on steep alluvial fans, rather than for the rivers with available flow data here considered.
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A-14 6.0 Articles from "Earth Surface Processes and Landforms" 6.1 Hauet, A., Muste, M., and Ho, H-C., 2009. Digital mapping of riverine waterway hydrodynamic and geomorphic features.
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A-15 photographs and field observation of painted gravel particles. The available photographs (five flights from August 1997 to November 2002)
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A-16 7.10 Montgomery, D.R. and MacDonald, L.H., 2002.
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A-17 8.0 Papers from ASCE Conferences 1991 – 1998 (from ASCE "Stream Stability and Scour at Highway Bridges: Compendium of Papers, ASCE Water Resources Engineering Conferences, 1991-1998) 8.2 Schumm, S.A.
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A-18 8.13 March, D.E., Abt, S.R., and Thorne, C.R., 1993. Bank Stability Analyses Verses Field Observations, Hydraulic Engineering, P
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A-19 10.0 Chapters from ASCE "Sedimentation Engineering" Manual García, M.H.
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A-20 10.5 Chapter 15: Two- and Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Mobile-Bed Hydrodynamics and Sedimentation, Miodrag Spasojevic and Forrest M Holly, Jr.
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A-21 11.2 Rosgen, D.L., 2006. WARSSS – Watershed Assessment of River Stability and Sediment Supply – an Overview WARASS integrates the disciplines of hydrology, geomorphology, geology, engineering, soil and plant science into a watershed assessment methodology.
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APPENDIX B Prioritized Research (D-1s)
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B-1 Geomorphology Publication Description Reason for Qualitative Rank 3.11 Lee and Julien, 2006 Extends work by Julien and Wargadalam (1995) on the topic of hydraulic geometry relationships.
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B-2 Publication Description Reason for Qualitative Rank 7.1 Simon et al., 2007 Critical review, of Rosgen method, highlighting inconsistencies and identifying technical problems of Rosgen's "natural channel design"' approach. Reference to this paper should accompany any reference to the Rosgen method and ‘natural channel design' approaches to channel design and/or stream restoration.
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B-3 Reconnaissance Publication Description Reason for Qualitative Rank 1.3 FHWA-HRT05-072, 2007 Improved Rapid Channel stability assessment This assessment methodology has promise and is referenced in HEC-20. But there are a small number of streams used to define the major stream characteristics necessary to fully represent the range of channels.
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B-4 Aggradation and Degradation Publication Description Reason for Qualitative Rank 1.2 MSHA Chapter 14, 2007 Assessment of stream morphology. This chapter includes guidance on long term changes in bed elevation.
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B-5 Channel Migration Publication Description Reason for Qualitative Rank 1.1 Texas Migration Rate, 2007 The report includes a review of selected papers and documents and concludes that no existing method is suitable for predicting meander migration. A new approach incorporating a soil property is proposed.
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B-6 Publication Description Reason for Qualitative Rank 5.6 Hooke, 2004 Cutoffs are inherent to meander behavior. Flood events were observed to cause multiple cutoffs but long-term evolution accords with ideas that a river reaches a critical state at which clustering of meander cutoffs is likely to take place.
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B-7 Publication Description Reason for Qualitative Rank 5.48 Lewin and Brewer, 2001 The distinction between meandering and braided river channel patterns, on the basis of bankfull specific stream power and bed material size, is analyzed and rejected. This paper concludes that the use of a single-stage stream power measure and bed material size alone is unlikely to achieve meandering versus braiding discrimination.
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B-8 Channel Widening Publication Description Reason for Qualitative Rank 3.18 Melville and Coleman, 2000 Chapter 4 – channel lateral and vertical instability This chapter draws together a great deal of research and experience relevant to geomorphic hazards at bridges. While it is somewhat dated, there are techniques and rules of thumb that may still be usable.
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B-9 Publication Description Reason for Qualitative Rank 8.13 March et al., 1993 Bank stability analyses are applied to retreating banks in Long Creek, MS. The sensitivity of banks to destabilization by lateral erosion or toe scour is demonstrated.
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B-10 Sediment Dynamics Publication Description Reason for Qualitative Rank 3.9 Doyle et al., Channel Forming Discharge, 2007 Paper compares the use of effective discharge, bankfull discharge, and a recurrence interval discharge as measures of the channel forming discharge. The paper concludes that the effective discharge, though most computationally intensive, is the best estimate for channel forming discharge.
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B-11 Numerical Modeling Publication Description Reason for Qualitative Rank 3.2 Langendoen et al., 2009 Model incision and widening with calibration A computer model CONCEPTS, which simulates the evolution of incised stream systems, was tested against observed adjustment of two incised streams in northern Mississippi. The model can satisfactorily predict different stages of channel evolution, bed elevation change, and channel width change.
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APPENDIX C Critical Review of Priority Research
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C-1 Geomorphology 3.11 Lee and Julien, 2006 "Downstream Hydraulic Geometry of Alluvial Channels," ASCE Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-2 3.11 Lee and Julien, 2006 (continued) "Downstream Hydraulic Geometry of Alluvial Channels," ASCE Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 7.
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C-3 3.31 Julien and Wargadalam, 1995 (Superseded by Ref. 3.11 – Lee and Julien, 2006)
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C-4 5.9 Thorndycraft et al. 2008 "Fluvial Geomorphology: A perspective on Current Status and Methods," Geomorphology 1.
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C-5 5.21 Goudie, 2006 "Global Warming and Fluvial Geomorphology" Geomorphology 1. How does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-6 5.26 Millar, 2005 (Superseded by Ref. 3.11 – Lee and Julien, 2006)
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C-7 5.47 Field, 2001 "Channel Avulsion on Alluvial Fans in Southern Arizona," Geomorphology 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-8 5.51 Dade, 2000 "Grain Size, Sediment Transport and Alluvial Channel Pattern," Geomorphology 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-9 6.3 Surian et al., 2009 Morphological Effects of Different Channel-Forming Discharges in a Gravel-Bed River 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-10 7.1 Simon, et al., 2007 "Critical Evaluation of how the Rosgen classification and associated "Natural Channel Design" methods fail to integrate and quantify fluvial processes and channel response" Journal of the American Water Resources Association 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-11 7.2 Bledsoe et al., 2007 "GeoTools: A Toolkit for Fluvial System Analysis," Journal of the American Water Resources Association 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-12 7.14 Merigliano, 1997 (Superseded by Ref. 3.11 – Lee and Julien, 2006)
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C-13 7.21 Booth, 1990 "Stream-Channel Incision Following Drainage-Basin Urbanization," AWRA Water Resources Bulletin 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-14 8.2 Schumm, 1998 "Alluvial Fan Dynamics – Hazards to Highways," Water Resources Engineering '98 (Proceedings of the 1998 International Water Resources Engineering Conference)
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C-15 9.13 Bledsoe, 2000 "Regional Risk Analysis of Channel Stability," Watershed Management 2000 (Proceedings from the 2000 Watershed Management & Operations Management Conferences)
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C-16 10.6 Schumm and Harvey, 2008 "Chapter 18 – Engineering Geomorphology," ASCE Sediment Engineering Manual 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-17 10.7 Biedenharn et al., 2008 "Chapter 6 – Fundamentals of Fluvial Geomorphology," ASCE Sediment Engineering Manual 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-18 11.1 Oregon Dept. of Transportation, 2005 OTIA III State Bridge Delivery Program Environmental Performance Standards 1.
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C-19 Reconnaissance 1.3 Johnson, 2006 Assessing Stream Channel Stability at Bridges in Physiographic Regions, FHWA-HRT-05072 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-20 2.5 NCHRP Report 426, NCHRP 24-06, 1999 CAESAR: An Expert System for Evaluation of Scour and Stream Stability 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-21 3.16 Shields et al., 2003 Design for Stream Restoration, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-22 5.44 Thorne, 2002 Geomorphic Analysis of Large Alluvial Rivers, Geomorphology 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-23 6.1 Hauet et al., 2009 Digital Mapping of Riverine Waterway Hydrodynamic and Geomorphic Features, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-24 7.10 Montgomery and MacDonald, 2002 Diagnostic Approach to Stream Channel Assessment and Monitoring, Journal of the American Water Resources Association 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-25 8.9 Cotton, 1999 Effect of Geomorphic Hazards on Bridge Reliability, Stream Stability and Scour at Highway Bridges – Compendium of Papers – ASCE conferences 1991-1998 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-26 8.10 Johnson and Simon, 1995 Reliability of Bridge Foundations in Unstable Alluvial Channels, Water Resources Engineering.
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C-27 Aggradation/Degradation 1.2 MDSHA, 2007 Guidance on evaluation of long-term channel degradation, Manual for Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design - Chapter 14 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-28 3.18 Melville & Coleman, 2000 Quantitative assessment of aggradation and degradation, "Bridge Scour," Section 4.3 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-29 3.18 Melville & Coleman, 2000 (continued)
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C-30 4.14 James, 1997 Channel Incision on the Lower American River, California, from Stream-flow Gage Records, Water Resources Research 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-31 6.2 Raven et al., 2009 Monitored erosion and aggradation over 6 years, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-32 8.4 Voight et al., 1997 Identify shifting channels and degradation as research needs in geomorphology, Compendium of ASCE Papers (1991-1998)
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C-33 10.3 Richardson & Richardson, 2006 Bridge Scour Evaluation, Sedimentation Engineering, Chapter 10 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-34 Channel Migration 1.1 Briaud et al., 2007 Establish guidance for soils properties-based prediction of meander migration rate 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-35 1.2 MDSHA, 2007 Guidance on evaluation of lateral channel movement, Manual for Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design - Chapter 14 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-36 1.6 NCHRP 24-16, 2004 Methodology for predicting channel migration 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-37 3.18 Melville and Coleman, 2000 Bridge Scour (especially, Section 4.8)
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C-38 4.8 Perucca et al., 2007 Significance of the riparian vegetation dynamics on meandering river morphodynamics 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-39 5.6 Hooke 2004 Cutoffs galore! : occurrence and causes of multiple cutoffs on a meandering river 1.
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C-40 5.20 Brummer et al., 2006 Influence of vertical channel change associated with wood accumulations on delineating channel migration zones, Washington, USA 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-41 9.2 Odgaard, 2008 Stability Analysis in Stream Restoration 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-42 10.2 Odgaard and Abed, 2007 River Meandering and Channel Stability 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-43 Channel Widening 3.18 Melville and Coleman, 2000 Bridge Scour (especially, Section 4.8.6)
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C-44 5.2 Faustini et al., 2009 Downstream variation in bankfull width of wadeable streams across the conterminous United States 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-45 5.29 Eaton and Millar, 2004 Optimal alluvial channel width under a bank stability constraint 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-46 5.38 Mount et al., 2003 Estimation of error in bankfull width comparisons from temporally sequenced raw and corrected aerial photographs 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-47 5.46 Bledsoe and Watson, 2001 Logistic analysis of channel pattern thresholds: meandering, braiding, and incising 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-48 5.48 Lewin and Brewer, 2001 Predicting Channel Patterns Incorporates Discussion by van den Berg and Bledsoe (5.40) and Reply by Lewin and Brewer (5.37)
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C-49 5.49 Simpson and Smith, 2001 The braided Milk River, northern Montana, fails the Leopold-Wolman discharge-gradient test 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-50 7.17 Beeson and Doyle, 1995 Comparison of bank erosion at vegetated and non-vegetated channel bends 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-51 8.13 March et al., 1993 Application of bank stability analysis in Long Creek, MS, Compendium of ASCE Papers (1991-1998)
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C-52 10.1 ASCE TC, 2006 Streambank erosion and river width adjustment, Sedimentation Engineering, Chapter 7 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-53 Sediment Dynamics 3.9 Doyle et al., 2007 Channel-forming discharge, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-54 3.22 Karim, 1999 Bed configuration and hydraulic resistance, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-55 3.30 Julien & Klassen, 1995 Sand-dune geometry, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-56 11.1 Rosgen (WARSSS) Watershed Assessment of River Stability and Sediment Supply (WARSSS)
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C-57 Numerical Modeling 3.2 Langendoen et al., 2009 Model incision and widening with calibration, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-58 3.7 Papanicolaou et al., 2008 Sediment transport modeling review, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-59 3.20 Jia and Wang, 2000 2D hydrodynamic and sediment transport model, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-60 5.11 Bransiton & Richardson, 2007 Overview of geomorphical modeling, Geomorphology 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-61 10.4 Thomas & Chang, 2006 1D model of sedimentation processes, Sedimentation Engineering, Chapter 14 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-62 10.5 Spasojevic & Holly, 2006 2D and 3D models of mobile-bed hydrohynamics and sedimentation, Sedimentation Engineering, Chapter 15 1. Does the research relate to the current state of practice?
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C-63 References Chen, H.L., Lyn, D., Rao, A.R., and Altschaeffl, A., 2000. Evaluation of Scour and Stream Stability by Using CAESAR, Technical Summary, Joint Transportation Research Program, INDOT Research, Pub.
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APPENDIX D Research Statements
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D-1 IMPACTS OF RIVER BASIN MODIFICATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ON BRIDGE SAFETY Background Engineering analyses of risks associated with channel changes at bridge crossings, although imperfect, have advanced to the stage that reliable predictions can be made for years or decades in advance. Predictions are based on established relationships linking channel changes (degradation, aggradation, lateral migration, widening, and planform change)
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D-2 be qualitative, but with as much quantification as the generality of the topic allows. Outcomes should include recommended strategies for identifying and responding to bridge problems likely to be induced by basin modification and climate change, based on risk assessment and leading to prioritized, basin-scale programs for bridge replacement or countermeasures to ensure that future risks are kept down to acceptable levels.
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D-3 PREDICTION OF HEADCUT MIGRATION AND SCOUR AT BRIDGES Background Headcuts, also known as nickpoints, are erosional features where an abrupt drop occurs in the stream bed elevation. The drop can be vertical, near vertical, or steep (nickzone)
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D-4 BRIDGE CROSSINGS ON ACTIVE ALLUVIAL FANS Background Alluvial fans are fan-shaped landforms created by the distribution of significant volumes of sediment by confined and unconfined flow moving from higher to lower elevations. Alluvial fans are common throughout the western continental United States and Alaska.
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D-5 Special Note A number of Federal, State, and County agencies and foreign countries have compiled detailed methodologies for dealing with active alluvial fans. A literature search should also be conducted of these sources as well.
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D-6 COUPLING ADVANCED NUMERICAL MODELING WITH SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND BANK MECHANICS IN BRIDGE REACHES – AGGRADATION, DEGRADATION, CONTRACTION SCOUR, AND CHANNEL WIDENING Background Natural channels not only change their depth through degradation or aggradation, but also change their width through channel widening, channel narrowing, or channel migration. Channel widening is a common response to channel bed degradation or aggradation, while lateral channel migration is a progressive change in the position of a stream that occurs in both vertically stable and unstable channels.
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D-7 5. Create the module for bank failure mechanisms in the coding level and add it to the model.
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D-8 IMPACTS OF VEGETATION RESTORATION, REHABILITATION AND STABILIZATION ON CHANNEL STABILITY IN BRIDGE REACHES Background Research in river mechanics and fluvial geomorphology has recently established that vegetation exerts much stronger influences on channel forms and processes than was previously thought. For example; rates of bank erosion and lateral channel shifting are significantly lower along rivers flowing through mature, riparian corridors than where native vegetation has been removed from the banks, patterns of vegetation on floodplains have been shown to materially alter channel planform patterns and their evolution, and the presence of large woody debris has been found to limit degradation in incised channels.
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D-9 3. Develop tools for assessing benefits and risks related to the presence, removal, or reintroduction of aquatic and riparian vegetation (including any associated organic debris)
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D-10 PERMITTING AND ASSOCIATED BRIDGE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Background State Departments of Transportation (DOT) have numerous hydraulic design standards for bridges over waterways.
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D-11 impacts. This research would not establish standards, but would develop model standards that would serve as a rational basis of negotiation at the State level.
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D-12 BEND AND CONFLUENCE SCOUR NEAR BRIDGES Background Bend and confluence scour are related phenomena, the first characteristic of meandering streams and the second characteristic of braided streams. Both are produced by secondary flow cells generated by streamline curvature.
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D-13 Special Notes: No independent experimental or field work on bend and confluence scour is to be performed under the auspices of this project. The available data base is likely sufficient.
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D-14 ADVANCED MAPPING AND MONITORING TOOLS FOR BRIDGES Background The bridge is subject to changing conditions of the bridge structure and changing stream conditions in the vicinity of the bridge. Bridge failure in the United States primarily results from (1)
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