Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports (2010) / Chapter Skim
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285 A P P E N D I X B Case Studies
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Airports must spend time and resources complying with applicable environmental regulations. Because regulatory compliance is the primary environmental goal at most small airports, it may be difficult to garner the support, both top-down and within the organization, necessary to implement proactive environmental stewardship practices.
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• Use of pervious pavement in the terminal parking area • Construction of an eco-park on airport property • Development of a Sustainability Management Plan Implementation of these projects has required staff to obtain approval from the Airport Director and the Airport Authority Board (Board) (see Figure 3)
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Communicating Life Cycle Costs NFRA found that even during the economic downturn, the Board continued to authorize environmental improvements despite the increased upfront cost. To obtain Board approval of environmental stewardship projects, the project champion promoted the concepts of lifecycle costs and environmental and social benefits of the projects.
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Figure 5. A patch of preserved trees that resulted from low impact hangar development project at Northeast Florida Regional Airport at St.
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Figure 6. New low impact hangars at the Northeast Florida Regional Airport at St.
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The following sections describe some elements for other small airports to consider, based on NFRA's experience, when seeking to garner support for environmental stewardship within its organization. Obtaining Support for an Environmental Stewardship Project Institutional change of any form cannot occur without the presence of a change agent.
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• Providing a forum for staff and the community to share ideas. "Ultimately, environmental stewardship is a way of thinking.
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APPENDIX B-2 Implementing an Environmental Management System to Facilitate Compliance and Reduce Environmental Impacts at Small Airports Problem Statement As operating budgets shrink, airports are still required, as a minimum, to meet regulatory requirements. In addition, local governments and elected officials sometimes expect airports to go beyond compliance and address initiatives like climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, more stringent water quality requirements, energy consumption, and reduced impervious areas.
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Table 3. Environmental Management System terms and definitions.
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National Plan for Integrated Airport Systems. HPN is predominantly a general aviation airport, as described in Table 4.
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• An ISO 14001:2004 EMS is certified by a third party auditor, providing additional credibility to environmental results.
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The Steering Committee is responsible for review of the policy statement, criteria for determining the significance of HPN environmental impacts, and objectives and targets developed to reduce HPN's significant negative environmental impacts. The Steering Committee consists of: • County Executive • Commissioner of the Department of Transportation • Commissioner of the Department of Health The initial development of the airport EMS started with the authoring of the Environmental Policy Statement by the Working Group with the assistance of the consultant.
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Initiative Outcome and Current Status The County has implemented many initiatives through the airport EMS to reduce the Airport's environmental impacts, including the following: • Installation of storm drain markers and storm drain filters to reduce illicit discharges • Enhancement of environmental training for staff, tenants, and contractors • Identification, remediation, and closure of historic spill sites • Incorporation of material storage locations in the Airport GIS • Investigation of groundwater concerns of the community and implementation of ongoing groundwater monitoring – 52 wells sampled semi-annually • Additional monitoring of noise • Replacement of diesel and gasoline engine vehicles with electric vehicles • Conducting an air emission inventory • Source reduction and capture of aircraft deicer The primary objective for the first year of implementation of the airport EMS centered on understanding the quality of the groundwater at HPN. HPN coordinated with the New York Department of Environmental Conservation, the New York Attorney General, and other stakeholders to set up voluntary groundwater monitoring at over 50 wells at HPN.
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In 2007, HPN prepared an air emissions inventory to understand HPN's relationship to the issue of air pollution and climate change. As part of the airport EMS HPN has developed an air emissions inventory management plan to maintain compliance with regulatory requirements, anticipate and prepare for future regulatory requirements, develop strategies for managing greenhouse gasses, and report HPN's environmental performance.
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the departments. The environmental work orders allow employees to feel empowered.
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project. All staff, tenants, and contractors are also given a card that contains information about the airport EMS, including the answers to these airport EMS frequently asked questions: • What is the Environmental Policy?
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• Three Environmental Technicians • Two Environmental Mechanics Table 5 summarizes the tasks involved with maintaining the airport EMS and the frequency that the tasks are performed. Table 5.
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Planning The ISO 14001:2004 standard is somewhat complex, and there are many requirements involved in implementing an airport EMS that meets the ISO 14001:2004 standard. The County decided to hire a consultant to assist with the initial implementation of the airport EMS because County staff were not familiar with airport EMS.
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with their airport EMS is a result of several key actions taken by HPN staff during the planning, implementation, and maintenance of the program: • The initial roll out of the EMS came as a directive from the County Executive through the Environmental Policy Statement. This illustrated to airport staff, tenants, and contractors the importance the airport placed on the success of the EMS and its initiatives.
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APPENDIX B-3 Establishing a Small Airport Sustainability Program Case Study Problem Statement Airports can enhance environmental performance and meet future demands for clean water and energy by developing, through comprehensive planning, an approach to sustainability which considers environmental, social, and economic elements. Airport sustainability is defined by Airports Council International -- North America as "a holistic approach to managing an airport so as to ensure the integrity of the economic viability, operational efficiency, natural resource conservation and social responsibility (EONS)
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Summary of Key Issues Developing a sustainability plan is an effective way to incorporate environmental stewardship into all aspects of airport operations, capital improvements programming, and the cultural fabric of airport management and operations. As noted by the Sustainable Aviation Guidance Alliance (1)
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Initiative Driver(s) The City of Albuquerque Aviation Department undertook the development of a department-wide plan for addressing sustainability as a result of two motivating factors: • The City of Albuquerque was currently in the process of developing a city-wide mandate addressing sustainability.
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Figure 7. Proposed project organization for Double Eagle II Airport.
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Sustainability Planning at Double Eagle II Airport The sustainability management system identifies an approach for AEG to incorporate sustainability into its operations, planning, development, and construction. Ultimately, the AEG Manager who oversees all operational activities at AEG is responsible for implementing the sustainability program.
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However, because of increased maintenance costs, AEG is looking to revert back to using regular unleaded fuel for the fleet vehicles.
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• Due to AEG's location and the nature of its operations, it has fewer opportunities to implement sustainability initiatives, especially when compared to its larger counterpart, the Albuquerque International Sunport. AEG's small number of operations and isolation from local population centers limit the environmental and social issues associated with airport operations.
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enabling a cost comparison of different alternatives. An LCCA conducted for the conversion of taxiway lighting to LEDs demonstrated the financial viability of the project (a 2.2 year return on investment)
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Department, the decentralized approach to managing sustainability enabled AEG to pursue a program that suited its operations, environmental, and social conditions, as well as AEG's financial considerations. Those elements of the plan that were most instrumental to the initiation of sustainability initiatives at AEG include the following: • Developing a sustainability policy • Setting goals and objectives • Achieving management commitment to sustainability • Developing tools for financial analysis • Continually evaluating and improving the sustainability program An important aspect of developing the sustainability plan at AEG was to concurrently build an environmental mindset within the airport.
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• ACRP Research Results Digest 2: Model for Improving Energy Use in U.S. Airport Facilities http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/acrp/acrp_rrd_002.pdf • ACRP Project 02-13: Development of a Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports (in development)
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• Oregon Department of Transportation, Sustainability Plan, Volume 1: Setting the Context, September 2008 www.aci-na.org/static/entransit/oregon_Sustain_Plan_Volume1.pdf • Portland International Airport- Recycling program http://www.sustain.pdx.edu/hm_feature_pdx_compost.php • Sacramento County Airport System – Green Airport Initiative http://www.epa.gov/ttn/airinnovations/2005conference/Wed4/5-GregRowe.pdf • Seattle Tacoma International Airport – Sustainability Initiatives www.portseattle.org/ • Seattle Terminal Radar Approach Control facility at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport - Gold LEED certification www.djc.com/news/en/11159540.html • Seattle Tacoma International Airport – Recycling Program www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0107030.pdf • Fresno-Yosemite International Airport – Solar Installation www.fresno.gov/DiscoverFresno/Airports/default.htm • South Bend Regional Airport – List of current and planned sustainability initiatives www.sbnair.com/ • San Francisco International Airport – "Green SFO" Environmental webpage & Reports: www.flysfo.com/web/page/about/green/index.html • San Diego International Airport Environmental Initiatives & Sustainability Policy: www.san.org/sdcraa/airport_initiatives/environmental/ • San Diego International Airport - Recycling Program: www.san.org/sdcraa/airport_initiatives/environmental/recycling.aspx Example International Airports • Athens International Airport, Greece www.hochtief-airport.com/airport_en/23.jhtml • Amsterdam International Airport, Netherlands www.greenroofs.com/chic_sustainability.htm • Auckland International Airport, New Zealand www.auckland-airport.co.nz/Annual2005/downloads/enviro_sustainability_ar05.pdf • Bristol International Airport, United Kingdom (UK) www.bristolairport.co.uk/upload/sustainability_appraisal.pdf • Dusseldorf International Airport, Germany www.hochtief-airport.com/airport_en/24.jhtml • East Midlands Airport, UK Environmental Initiatives: www.eastmidlandsairport.com/emaweb.nsf/Content/Environment • East Midlands Airport, UK Community Initiatives: www.eastmidlandsairport.com/emaweb.nsf/Content/Community • Hamburg Airport, Germany www.hochtief-airport.com/airport_en/25.jhtml www.manairport.co.uk/web.nsf/Content/SustainabilityEnvironment • Munich Airport, Germany www.munich-airport.de/media/download/general/publikationen/en/nachhalt-2008_en.pdf • • Narita International Airport, Japan www.naa.jp/en/environment/index.html Manchester Airport, UK Appendix B 315
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• Sydney Airport, Australia www.hochtief-airport.com/airport_en/26.jhtml • Tirana International Airport, Albania www.hochtief-airport.com/airport_en/27.jhtml • Vancouver International Airport www.yvr.ca/authority/airmail/archive_details.asp? id=161 Other Aviation and Non-Aviation Sustainability Resources • Waste Management: NRDC Report: Trash Landings: How Airlines and Airports can clean up their Recycling Programs www.nrdc.org/cities/recycling/airline/contents.asp • Climate Change / Greenhouse gases: ACI Greenhouse Gas Emissions Guide: www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/ACI_Priorities/Environment/2009/ACI%20Guidance%20Manual%20%20Airport%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Emissions%20Management.pdf • Pew Center on Global Climate Change – Adaptation Planning: What U.S.
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APPENDIX B-4 Developing an Airport-wide Storm Water Pollution Prevention Program Problem Statement While small airports have less air traffic than large airports, the structural and facility requirements of aviation result in vast impervious areas needed for runways, taxiways, and ramps. Not only does this result in large volumes of storm water runoff, but these small airports and their tenants also conduct industrial activities (e.g., maintenance, fueling, deicing, and construction of new facilities)
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APF Annual Operations Percent of Total Operations Air Carrier 0 0% Air Taxi 6,793 6% General Aviation 72,134 65% Itinerant Military 102 0% Civil 31,513 28%Local Military 52 0% Total Operations 110,594 Initiative Driver Initiative 1 -- Water Quality Development in the Naples Bay Watershed led to degradation of the water quality in the Bay. The South Florida Water Management District plans evaluate the use of a database to track water quality data, incorporate existing and future storm water quality data into GIS, and implement a water quality model.
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Runoff from APF discharges into the Naples Bay watershed. It is important for the airport improvements and operations to follow the strategies and action steps identified in the Naples Bay Storm Water Improvement and Management Plan where possible.
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During the reconstruction of the ramp in front of the general aviation terminal, the airport added three oil water separators to the ramp to facilitate capture of oil and fuel spills on the ramp. Fountains were installed in airport ponds to improve oxygen levels in the ponds reducing odors, and increasing the aesthetic value of the ponds.
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• Cost savings from coordinated storm water retention efforts, which allowed the airport to make additional capital improvements to sidewalks and roadways • Pond excavation material used to construct a berm that blocked view of and sound from the airfield from the road from that improves community relations • Completion of a full revision of the Airport Environmental Resource Permit per Florida airport development requirements • Achievement of full compliance with FAA required safety areas • Increase in storm water capacity and improved flow from the airport reducing flooding potential • Improved public relations from supporting the Naples Bay Storm Water Improvement and Management program • Received 2003 Airports Council International – North America Environmental Achievement Award • Avoidance of costly retrofits or construction of separate facilities by proactive consideration of potential future regulatory requirements The airport director recognizes sustainability as an important initiative, and in 2009, NAA published a Sustainability, Conservation and Social Responsibility Plan. The plan identifies the many ways that APF is an environmental steward.
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Critical Success Factors Coordinating negotiation with FAA, EPA, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, and the Fish and Wildlife Service to resolve conflicting regulations regarding vegetation in the airport ditches allowed the airport to construct water retention and filtration lakes and ditches to improve drainage and storm water quality, remove exotic species to reduce wildlife attractants in ditches, and become compliant with FAA safety regulations. By constructing the airport rental car wash and fueling facility, the airport generates revenue from car wash fees and fuel sales.
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Initiative Driver Originally developed in 1942 as the Lockbourne Air Base, LCK was used as a testing and training facility for the US military during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. Since the closure of the Base in 1980, ownership of the airport and associated Base property has been transferred to CRAA, and the airport is used jointly for civil and military operations.
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Figure 9. Oversized ditches near Rickenbacker Airport.
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typically about an hour, and includes review of spills from the previous year, and any new issues. Annual pollution prevention team training and deicing winter time training is conducted at the tenant snow removal meeting.
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facilities as part of the requirements of the airports NPDES permits. CRAA then sends compliance inspection letters to the tenants.
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work in-house saves CRAA money, as inspections can be conducted as part of routine site visits, and annual storm water pollution prevention training requires only a few hours from the environmental staff. Estimated Costs The largest annual cost for CRAA is the cost of sampling for compliance with their NPDES permits.
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Additional Resources • Naples Municipal Airport www.flynaples.com • Naples Municipal Airport Sustainability, Conservation, and Social Responsibility Plan www.flynaples.com/images/docs/general/final%20sustainability%20plan%205-14-09.pdf • International Storm Water BMP Database www.bmpdatabase.org • Columbus Regional Airport Authority http://columbusairports.com/ • Columbus Regional Airport Authority Rules and Regulations for doing business with the airport, including environmental rules http://columbusairports.com/business/CRAA-Rules.pdf • Columbus Regional Airport Authority Storm Water Management for Construction Activities Guidance Manual http://columbusairports.com/construction/Storm%20Water%20Management%20for%20Construction %20Manual.pdf • Columbus Regional Airport Authority Capital Program Sustainable Design Guidance Manual www.columbusairports.com/construction/CRAA-Capital-Program-Guidance-Manual.pdf 328 Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports
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APPENDIX B-5 Implementing Renewable Energy Systems at Small Airports In recent years, many airports of all sizes have experienced a decrease in commercial aviation demand. With rising fuel costs, even general aviation facilities and other smaller airports have scaled back operations and incurred additional costs to operate.
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Implementation Strategy For the Terminal Rehabilitation Project as a whole, airport officials note that they had to apply for standard building permits. Since TLH announced that it planned to incorporate PV panels into the new terminal roof, they have been approached by many third party vendors and engineers offering to install an extensive solar panel array at the airport.
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July 1, 2010. If the desired schedule is maintained, construction could be completed as early as spring, 2011.
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Figure 11. Photovoltaic array at Consolidated Rental Car Facility at Santa Barbara Municipal Airport (Source: Lynn Houston, Santa Barbara Municipal Airport, 2010)
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Implementation Strategy Overall, the building is approximately 10,000 square feet in size, with a 4,500 square foot fuel island canopy and a 12,000 gallon aboveground fuel storage facility. There is sufficient space to store around 300 rental cars.
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Figure 12. Solar power output at Santa Barbara Municipal Airport, 3/28/2010 – 4/28/2010 (Source: Fat Spaniel Monitoring Site, Santa Barbara Municipal Airport, 2010)
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SBA states that they neither applied for nor received any grants or other funding assistance to implement the project. The implementation and construction costs of the quick turnaround facility were completely absorbed by the Consolidated Rental Car Facility Customer Facility Charge program in place at the airport.
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latitude that facilitated implementing the PV projects. Moreover, TLH's experience has demonstrated that careful planning and implementation can allow for the project to be expanded in the event that additional funding is secured.
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