Women’s Issues in Transportation: Summary of the 4th International Conference, Volume 1: Conference Overview and Plenary Papers (2011) / Chapter Skim
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50 Gender, Poverty, and Transportation in the Developing World Ananya Roy, City and Regional Planning, University of California, Berkeley The start of the 21st century is marked by strik-ing contrasts. until the recent financial crisis, many countries of the world were experiencing brisk economic growth.
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51GenDeR, PoveRTY, AnD TRAnSPoRTATIon In THe DeveloPInG WoRlD tistics are hard to come by, an oft-quoted figure is that 70% of the world's extreme poor are women, a claim first asserted at the Fourth united nations Conference on Women in 1995 (Chant 2008, p.
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52 WoMen'S ISSueS In TRAnSPoRTATIon, voluMe 1 disadvantage. In the water example, spatial disadvantage, or the lack of access to water, also manifests itself as a crushing time-use burden, one borne primarily by women.
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53GenDeR, PoveRTY, AnD TRAnSPoRTATIon In THe DeveloPInG WoRlD zation of certain transportation activities such as obstetric care. It also has to understand the gendered division of labor in households and communities.
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54 WoMen'S ISSueS In TRAnSPoRTATIon, voluMe 1 Does their inclusion reinforce or dismantle gender inequalities? Does it lessen or increase the altruistic burden of women?
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55GenDeR, PoveRTY, AnD TRAnSPoRTATIon In THe DeveloPInG WoRlD growth. More striking, in West Bengal, the "pattern of job creation has shifted towards more casual, marginal, part-time, and insecure contracts or self-employment" (Government of West Bengal, 2004, p.
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56 WoMen'S ISSueS In TRAnSPoRTATIon, voluMe 1 voting citizens, poor women are entitled to various state protections, including subsidized transportation. At Calcutta's rural–urban interface, ticketless travel remains a distinctive practice of poor women.
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57GenDeR, PoveRTY, AnD TRAnSPoRTATIon In THe DeveloPInG WoRlD class" development is in the very heart of Dharavi, Asia's largest slum. Featured in the film, Slumdog Millionaire, Dharavi is a "a million-dollar economic miracle providing food to Mumbai and exporting crafts and manufactured goods to places as far away as Sweden" (echanove and Srivastava 2009)
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58 WoMen'S ISSueS In TRAnSPoRTATIon, voluMe 1 The Federation was used to the strategies of the rights-based approach -- vocal and public opposition on the streets and pressure for legal reform. In the 1990s, as the women leaders in Mahila Milan gained in confidence, they began to challenge the way in which they were being used by the male leadership.
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59GenDeR, PoveRTY, AnD TRAnSPoRTATIon In THe DeveloPInG WoRlD structure" must take into account "spaces of vulnerability." I have also argued that gender, as an analytic category, allows us to better understand the divisions of labor, hierarchies of resource access, and politics of meaning that shape society and space. For example, a gendered lens makes visible the structures of decision making that in turn shape connective infrastructure.
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60 WoMen'S ISSueS In TRAnSPoRTATIon, voluMe 1 The struggle for transportation justice may also be marked by contradictions and dilemmas. As a concluding example, let me return to the case of India, and specifically the Calcutta metropolitan region.
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61GenDeR, PoveRTY, AnD TRAnSPoRTATIon In THe DeveloPInG WoRlD Government of West Bengal.
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62 WoMen'S ISSueS In TRAnSPoRTATIon, voluMe 1 Watts, M., and H Bohle.
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