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From page 39... ... 4-1 SECTION 4 TIER 1 RESULTS The candidate aircraft deicing/anti-icing and airfield deicing formulation components identified for Tier 1 testing included 27 FPDs (5 aircraft, 10 runway, and 12 for both aircraft and runway) , 5 thickeners, 20 surfactants, and 17 corrosion inhibitors. Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... ALTERNATIVE AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING FORMULATIONS 4-2 Figure 4-1. Rack apparatus for freezing point depression tests. Read the entire page →
From page 41... ... SECTION 4 -- 3BTIER 1 RESULTS 4-3 TABLE 4-2. Typical results for freezing point depression. Read the entire page →
From page 42... ... ALTERNATIVE AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING FORMULATIONS 4-4 TABLE 4-3. Results of freezing point depression and flash point testing for FPDs. Read the entire page →
From page 43... ... SECTION 4 -- 3BTIER 1 RESULTS 4-5 TABLE 4-3. Results of freezing point depression and flash point testing for FPDs. Read the entire page →
From page 44... ... ALTERNATIVE AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING FORMULATIONS 4-6 TABLE 4-3. Results of freezing point depression and flash point testing for FPDs. Read the entire page →
From page 45... ... SECTION 4 -- 3BTIER 1 RESULTS 4-7 The costs of the FPDs (on a neat basis) that were further evaluated in Tier 2 are shown in Table 4-4. Read the entire page →
From page 46... ... ALTERNATIVE AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING FORMULATIONS 4-8 because they were frozen at -14.5 °C and two were rejected that were frozen at -20 °C. Table 4-5 summarizes the FPD mixtures that met the requirements for freezing point depression and flash point. Read the entire page →
From page 47... ... SECTION 4 -- 3BTIER 1 RESULTS 4-9 Oxygen Demand Methods COD and BOD analyses were conducted on candidate FPDs. COD analyses were performed in triplicate according to ASTM method D1252-88(B) Read the entire page →
From page 48... ... ALTERNATIVE AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING FORMULATIONS 4-10 Biodegradability (BOD result expressed as a percent of COD) based on traditional BOD5 results ranged from 0-76 percent depending on the individual FPDs for which BOD5 could be determined. Read the entire page →
From page 49... ... SECTION 4 -- 3BTIER 1 RESULTS 4-11 TABLE 4-6. Summary of COD and BOD results for candidate FPDs in order of increasing COD. Read the entire page →
From page 50... ... ALTERNATIVE AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING FORMULATIONS 4-12 TABLE 4-6. Summary of COD and BOD results for candidate FPDs in order of increasing COD. Read the entire page →
From page 51... ... SECTION 4 -- TIER 2 RESULTS 4-13 Aquatic Toxicity Methods Screening toxicity tests were used to approximate toxic endpoints. Procedures to screen a large list of potential deicer components were similar to range-finding toxicity tests, which are used to choose the correct range of concentrations prior to a full definitive acute or chronic bioassay. Read the entire page →
From page 52... ... ALTERNATIVE AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING FORMULATIONS 4-14 TABLE 4-7. Screening-level toxicity data for candidate FPDs for three species. Read the entire page →
From page 53... ... SECTION 4 -- 3BTIER 1 RESULTS 4-15 improved toxicity profiles (Table 4-8) Read the entire page →
From page 54... ... ALTERNATIVE AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING FORMULATIONS 4-16 TABLE 4-9. Screening-level toxicity data for candidate corrosion inhibitors for three species. Read the entire page →
From page 55... ... SECTION 4 -- 3BTIER 1 RESULTS 4-17 In addition, tripotassium citrate and potassium carbonate were evaluated as anti-caking agents for sodium formate granular pavement deicer material. Aquatic toxicity was evaluated for tripotassium citrate as a candidate FPD (Table 4-7) Read the entire page →
From page 56... ... ALTERNATIVE AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING FORMULATIONS 4-18 Figure 4-2. Thickener viscosity/shear rate at 5°C and at room temperature. Read the entire page →
From page 57... ... SECTION 4 -- 3BTIER 1 RESULTS 4-19 Figure 4-3. Comparison of viscosity for surfactants with commercially available Type IV anti-icing formulation at room temperature. Read the entire page →
From page 58... ... ALTERNATIVE AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING FORMULATIONS 4-20 TABLE 4-12. Performance testing results for surfactants. Read the entire page →
From page 59... ... SECTION 4 -- 3BTIER 1 RESULTS 4-21 TABLE 4-13. Down-selection results for candidate FPDs for potential use as aircraft and pavement deicers and anti-icers. Read the entire page →
From page 60... ... ALTERNATIVE AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING FORMULATIONS 4-22 Thickeners The thickeners were down-selected based on the aquatic toxicity and changes in the test concentration of the thickener necessary to match the viscosity of the commercially available Type IV aircraft deicing formulation. Table 4-14 shows the outcome of the down-selection of the thickeners. Read the entire page →
From page 61... ... SECTION 4 -- 3BTIER 1 RESULTS 4-23 Corrosion Inhibitors Two corrosion inhibitors, TEA and Mazon RI 235, were down-selected for further evaluation in Tier 2, based on aquatic toxicity (Table 4-13) Read the entire page →

From page 39...

... 4-1 SECTION 4 TIER 1 RESULTS The candidate aircraft deicing/anti-icing and airfield deicing formulation components identified for Tier 1 testing included 27 FPDs (5 aircraft, 10 runway, and 12 for both aircraft and runway) , 5 thickeners, 20 surfactants, and 17 corrosion inhibitors.