Effects of Subsurface Drainage on Pavement Performance: Analysis of the SPS-1 and SPS-2 Field Sections (2007) / Chapter Skim
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4Design of SPS-1 and SPS-2 Experiments The SPS-1 experiment was designed to assess the influence of the following factors on the performance of AC pavements: • AC thickness, • Base type, • Base thickness, • Subdrainage, • Climate, • Subgrade, and • Truck traffic level. The original experimental design and research plan for SPS-1 is described in a Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP)
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5Total Base Thickness (in.) Surface Thickness (in.)
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6Drainage No Yes Base Type Total Base Thickness (in.) Surface Thickness (in.)
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7Drainage No Ye s Base type Slab Thickness (in.) Flexural Strength (psi)
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8Drainage No Yes Base type Slab Thickness (in.) Flexural Strength (psi)
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9Copyright © 1988-2004 Microsoft Corp. and/or its suppliers.
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of Figures 1 and 2 shows that the sites in the two experiments are comparably distributed in the eastern, midwestern, and western regions of the country; in the southeastern region, however, there are four SPS-1 sites but no SPS-2 sites. SPS-1 and SPS-2 Climates The average annual precipitation and the average annual temperature for each of the SPS-1 and SPS-2 sites are shown in Tables 12 and 13, respectively.
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SPS-1 and SPS-2 sites are shown in Tables 14 and 15, listed from most arid (negative numbers) to most humid (positive numbers)
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mean, and maximum temperatures at the Arizona SPS-2 site are shown in Figure 4. By comparison, the site where the Nevada SPS-1 and SPS-2 test sections are located receives only slightly more precipitation than the Arizona SPS-2 site, but it has a higher Thornthwaite moisture index (-23)
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In general, the Thornthwaite moisture index values at the SPS-1 and SPS-2 sites increase with increasing average annual precipitation and decreasing average annual temperature, as shown as a diagonal line downward and to the right across the plot in Figure 3. The site with the highest Thornthwaite moisture index value is not the one with the highest average annual precipitation (Louisiana SPS-1)
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14 Wisconsin SPS-1 and SPS-2 min temp mean temp max temp precip 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Month Te m pe ra tu re (d eg F)
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duration is typically used in design to determine the amount of rainfall that will be available to infiltrate the pavement" (8)
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Test Section Layouts and Pavement Structures The station limits, layer thicknesses, and material types for each of the SPS-1 and SPS-2 test sections were extracted from the SPS_PROJECT_STATIONS and TST_L05B tables in the LTPP database. The thicknesses in the TST_L05B table represent the LTPP regional support centers' best estimates of the as-built layer thicknesses and materials.
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judgment was applied in distinguishing between a granular material considered as a layer in the pavement structure versus a granular material considered as part of the foundation and/or a filter layer intended to block fines from infiltrating a permeable base. Although the LTPP database may identify eight or nine different layer materials (including multiple AC lifts and multiple granular subbase and select fill materials)
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Somewhat poorly drained -- Water is removed slowly so that the soil is wet at a shallow depth for significant periods during the growing season. The occurrence of internal free water commonly is shallow to moderately deep and transitory to permanent.
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mean annual soil temperature is between 15°C and 22°C and that the mean winter and mean summer soil temperatures differ by less than 5°C. These soils are typical of the udult (humid)
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Figure 12. Dominant soil orders of the United States.
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21 Figure 13. Distribution of ultisols in the United States.
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the southern Mississippi Valley. Dundee fine sandy loams have slopes of less than 1% and a shallow water table in the winter and spring.
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AASHTO system. The Vona series consists of very deep, well to somewhat excessively drained, moderately rapid and rapidly permeable soils that formed in eolian or partly windreworked alluvial materials.
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The taxonomic classification of Pahokee soils is as euic, hyperthermic Lithic Haplosaprists. Euic indicates a high base content.
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The taxonomic classification of Hobbs soils is as fine-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Mollic Ustifluvents. Mollic refers to a soft, dark, highly organic surface layer.
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The taxonomic classification of Brimstone soils is as finesilty, siliceous, superactive, thermic Glossic Natraqualfs. Glossic refers to the tongued interlayering of the horizons.
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natric horizon. These soils belong to the ustalf (dry)
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Hayden loam is an ML-CL in the unified system and an A-6 in the AASHTO system. The Hayden series consists of deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in calcareous loamy glacial till on glacial moraines and till plains.
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rapidly permeable soils, formed in sandy eolian materials overlying loamy sediments. These soils are on gently undulating sandy eolian plains associated with vegetated dunes on the Sandsheet Prairie of the South Texas Coastal Plain.
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sides of knolls, hills, and ridges on terminal and recessional moraines. They are classified as SM, SM-SC, ML, or CL-ML in the unified system and as A-2, A-4, or A-1 in the AASHTO system.
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31 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Jan-92 Dec-92 Dec-93 Dec-94 Jan-96 Dec-96 Dec-97 Dec-98 Jan-00 Dec-00 Dec-01 Dec-02 Jan-04 Dec-04 Time in service (years) A cc um ul at ed fl ex ib le E SA Ls (m illi on s)
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32 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 Jan-92 Dec-92 Dec-93 Dec-94 Dec-95 Dec-96 Dec-97 Dec-98 Dec-99 Dec-00 Dec-01 Dec-02 Dec-03 Dec-04 Dec-05 Year A cc um ul at ed ri gi d ES AL s (m illi on s) Michigan Arkansas North Carolina Arizona Kansas Nevada Ohio Washington Delaware Colorado Michigan Nevada Arkansas Kansas Figure 42.
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