Research on Women's Issues in Transportation - Volume 2: Technical Papers (2005) / Chapter Skim
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POLICY AND PLANNING 98709mvpTxt 155_210 9/20/05 5:42 PM Page 169
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98709mvpTxt 155_210 9/20/05 5:42 PM Page 170
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1 7 1 Market Research on Gender-Based Attitudinal Preferences and Travel Behavior Yushuang Zhou, Maren L Outwater, and Kimon Proussaloglou, Cambridge Systematics, Inc.
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the use of market research in transit studies as evidenced by a number of recent studies under the Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) on transit markets of the future, transit ridership initiatives, and integration of market research into transit management.
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–Women do not feel comfortable walking in a parking garage at night, whereas men do (3.97 for women and 6.70 for men)
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Conventional Cruisers do not show a particular need for flexibility and speed, but they are highly sensitive to their personal travel experience. An analysis of the socioeconomic profile of the Conventional Cruisers segment indicates that it has a lower average age and a much larger percentage of car availability with higherthan-average incomes.
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cluded that although gender differences in travel behavior exist at every age level, they are especially pronounced among older respondents (Spain 1997)
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ridership on the basis of data collected in 2003 from a random sample of 522 households, including 38 attitudinal questions. Ten of the attitudinal statements have a gender difference of more than 0.5: 1.
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high sensitivity to safety and privacy, but low sensitivity to stress and comfort. This segment also has flexible schedules but exhibits a high sensitivity to travel time.
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position, and identify the services and strategies that are critical to achieve that position in the marketplace. This research indicates that market segments often cut across social and economic groupings.
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1 8 0 Integration of Gender Equality into Transport Policy and Practice in Sweden Merritt Polk, Göteborg University, Sweden To evaluate how policy makers have applied gender equality in Swedish transport policy and practice, two studies are compiled. The first briefly summarizes how gender equality has been integrated into transport policy in Sweden from 1997 to 2002.
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port sector. The results of two research projects dealing with the implementation of gender mainstreaming will be presented.
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ity mean to women and men and to Swedish society in general. Nor does it emphasize the differences in women's and men's travel patterns and attitudes that could result in a greater proclivity of women to conform to a sustainable transportation system (Polk 2003)
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Next, transport users, professional driving instructors, and inspectors were interviewed during fall 2003. A total of 47 interviews were held.3 The user interviews will form the main body of the following results.
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parts of the road system were designed and functioned such as traffic information, speed barriers, road work, and road maintenance; the second, with positive and negative experiences with driving; and the third, with opinions of political goals in the transportation sector. Results of Interview Studies Experts' and Practitioners' Opinions on Gender Differences The expert and practitioner interviews were designed to function as a point of departure for the ensuing user analysis.
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question groups dealt with safety measures, in which three topics were considered: passing lanes, traffic calming, and speed control. Roads with alternating passing lanes (referred to here as 2+1 roads)
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ences in behavior and attitudes toward driving. For example, a 26-year old woman from Göteborg says: They [men]
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als who are more aware of the needs of others, as opposed to their own needs, will be more inclined to have values that are more inclusive and altruistic, including proenvironmental attitudes. It has been suggested that women are socialized into being cooperative, nurturing, and aware of the needs of others in their gender roles to a greater extent than men (Beutel and Marini 1995)
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Direktiv 1994:124. Kommittédirektiv.
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1 8 9 Gender Equality as a Subsidiary Objective of Swedish Transport Policy Åsa Vagland, Swedish Institute for Transport and Communications Analysis A description is given of how the Swedish government decided in 2001 to add a sixth subsidiary transport policy objective on gender equality in the transport system and developments since then. The most important steps toward gender equality in the transport system were taken in 1998, when the government proposed that a new advisory council, the Gender Equality Council for Transport and Information Technology, be appointed; in 2001, when the government decided to add the gender equality objective; and in 2002, when the Swedish Institute for Transport and Communications Analysis (SIKA)
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result of a traffic accident. The design and operation of the transport system must be adapted to the demands following from this objective.
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New Course in Transport Policy The first parliamentary committee within the transport sector after the 1994 directive was the Committee for Communications (Kommunikationskommittén)
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Government's Annual Guidelines and Commissions to Agencies As mentioned earlier, the government agencies in Sweden are governed by a governmental brief (instruktioner) and annual governmental guidelines given in the agency's budget document (regleringsbrev)
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ity in the transport sector after the objective was established, and the results were presented and discussed in several seminars during fall 2002. The report also resulted in special commissions in the 2003 budget guidelines for transport agencies.
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meetings to which decision makers are invited and interviewed about their work toward gender equality in the transport system and at which the members can meet and discuss issues concerning the gender equality objective. 2004 In the SIKA 2004 follow-up report on transport policy objectives to the government, it is stated that the government has strengthened the requirements for transport agencies to analyze and present the situation concerning men and women in the transport sector (SIKA Rapport 2004:3)
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1 9 5GENDER EQUALITY AS A SUBSIDIARY OBJECTIVE OF SWEDISH TRANSPORT POLICY Polk, M
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1 9 6 Women's Travel Can the Circle Be Squared? Barbara Noble, United Kingdom Department for Transport, London During the 1990s, the travel patterns of women in Great Britain exhibited some profound changes.
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1 9 7WOMEN'S TRAVEL: CAN THE CIRCLE BE SQUARED? more cars, and this proportion had increased to 29% by 2002.
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grant groups as these women become more assimilated within the wider community. It is possible to speculate on the maximum future level of driver's license holding in Great Britain by looking at the situation in the United States.
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1 9 9WOMEN'S TRAVEL: CAN THE CIRCLE BE SQUARED? child care and work responsibilities, have benefited considerably from increased car access.
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2 0 0 RESEARCH ON WOMEN'S ISSUES IN TRANSPORTATION trips women made as car drivers. In contrast, the total number of trips made by men fell by 11%, including a fall of 7% in the number of trips made by male car drivers.
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2 0 1WOMEN'S TRAVEL: CAN THE CIRCLE BE SQUARED? increase of 13% in lengths of these car driver trips.
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2 0 2 RESEARCH ON WOMEN'S ISSUES IN TRANSPORTATION WHY WOMEN TRAVEL Trip purposes mirror how people spend their time, and women's different social and family responsibilities are clearly reflected in their travel patterns. In broad terms, women's travel can be divided into three main categories, which account for roughly equal numbers of trips overall: • Compulsory trips, covering work, education, and escort trips (not made for an individual's own purposes but to take or accompany someone else)
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trips declines considerably. For both men and women 60 and over, shopping, personal business, and visiting friends are the main trip purposes, and the trip patterns of men and women become increasingly similar at older ages.
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2 0 4 RESEARCH ON WOMEN'S ISSUES IN TRANSPORTATION problem. In reality at the peak time of 8:50 a.m., less than 20% of urban traffic in the school year is caused by parents taking children to school by car (3)
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2 0 5WOMEN'S TRAVEL: CAN THE CIRCLE BE SQUARED? increase in the distance traveled by women car drivers.
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2 0 6 RESEARCH ON WOMEN'S ISSUES IN TRANSPORTATION 1990s, rates were about a third higher among women than among men, but in recent years rates have become very close. It is not within the scope of this paper to investigate the reasons for these trends in KSI rates, but it has been speculated that they may be affected by the following: • Risk of injury to the driver, which changes with the size of car driven (7)
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2 0 7WOMEN'S TRAVEL: CAN THE CIRCLE BE SQUARED? to have time to juggle family and work responsibilities.
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their own travel to make the best use of the limited resources available. As has been seen, stereotypes are gradually being overturned, and women are more likely to have the main use of a single-family car.
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2 1 0 Integrating Gender into the Dhaka, Bangladesh, Urban Transport Project Impact of Road Improvement Strategies on Women Salma Chaudhuri Zohir, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies The results of a study that examined transporta-tion improvement strategies for a major urbanhighway corridor in Dhaka, Bangladesh, are presented. In particular, the study focused on the impacts of different improvement strategies on transit passengers and rickshaw pullers.
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P R O C E E D IN G S 3 5 R esearch on W om en's Issues in T ransportation -- V olum e 2: Technical Papers C O N F E R E N C E P R O C E E D I N G S 3 5 ISBN 0-309-09394-5 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 www.TRB.org ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED Research on Women's Issues in Transportation VOLUME 2: TECHNICAL PAPERS Report of a Conference 98709mvpCovB.indd 1 9/20/05 4:14:42 PM
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