Methodology to Improve AEDT Quantification of Aircraft Taxi/Idle Emissions (2016) / Chapter Skim
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APPENDIX A TASK 3 WORKING PAPER: Literature Review and Review of EDMS/AEDT Modeling Inputs Michael Kenney KB Environmental Sciences, Inc. St Petersburg, FL 33702
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A-i Table of Contents Section Page List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... A-ii List of Figures .........................................................................................................................
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A-ii List of Tables Number Title Page 1 Ground Speeds for Taxiing Operations .............................................................. 5 2 Engine Use – Taxi Out ........................................................................................
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A-iii Initalisms and Acronyms AAFEX Alternative Aviation Fuel Emissions Experiment AAM Aircraft Acoustic Module ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program AEDT Aviation Environmental Design Tool AEE Office of Environment and Energy AEM Aircraft Emissions Module APE Aerospace Particulate Emissions APEX Aircraft Particulate Emissions Experiments APM Aircraft Performance Module APU Auxiliary Power Unit ASPM Aviation Policy's Aviation System Performance Metrics ATC Air Traffic Control AWP Amplified work plan BTS Bureau of Transportation Statistics C2H4 Ethene CAA Clean Air Act CO Carbon monoxide ECAC European Civil Aviation Conference EDMS Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FDR Flight Data Recorder FID Flame Ionization Detection FSC Fuel sulfur content GSE Ground support equipment GUI Graphical Users Interface HAPs Hazardous air pollutants HC Hydrocarbons HCHO Formaldehyde ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization INM Integrated Noise Model ISA International Standard Atmosphere LTO Landing-Takeoff Cycle MAGENTA Model for Assessing Global Exposure to the Noise of Transport Aircraft NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standard NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NIRS Noise Integrated Routing System NMHC Nonmethane hydrocarbons NOx Nitrogen oxides PMFO Fuel organics particulate matter PMNV Nonvolatile particulate matter PMSO Volatile sulfates particulate matter ROG Reactive organic compounds RPM Revolutions per minute SAGE System for Assessing Aviation's Global Emissions SO2 Sulfur dioxide SOx Sulfur oxides THC Total hydrocarbons
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A-iv TOG Total organic gases UHC Unburned hydrocarbons US United States VOC Volatile organic compounds
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A-1 1. Introduction Consistent with the Amplified Work Plan (AWP)
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A-2 3.1 Relevant Literature and Research The literature review focused on the following four categories of information: • Aircraft Performance Characteristics – including aircraft taxi/idle times-in-modes under alternative airfield conditions, single-engine taxi procedures, flight data recorder (FDR) data, etc.; • Aircraft Engine Emissions – including International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
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A-3 − Pushback − Unimpeded taxi − Route delay − Runway queue delay − Deicing (when applicable) • Taxi in – The taxi in process begins when an aircraft exits a runway and a pilot begins taxiing along an assigned taxi route.
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A-4 • Breakaway thrust levels – The thrust level necessary to start moving or to move a heavy aircraft cannot be such that it creates a jet blast risk to other aircraft. The increased thrust of the operating engine may also increase the potential for debris to be picked up from the ground.
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A-5 projects. Notably, much of the data has been published in peer-reviewed literature [e.g., Yelvington et al.
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A-6 Table 2 Engine Use - Taxi Out Aircraft Percent of Time Number of Engines Were Operating One Engine Two Engines Three Engines Four Engines Average Standard Deviation Average Standard Deviation Average Standard Deviation Average Standard Deviation Stationary A319 2.4 5.47 97.4 5.68 -- -- -- -- A320 3.3 7.62 96.6 7.85 -- -- -- -- A321 2.1 3.56 97.8 3.85 -- -- -- -- A330 9.6 14.93 90.3 15.12 -- -- -- -- A340 1.2 7.25 7.1 15.86 3.2 5.7 88.2 21.51 B757 5.1 5.58 94.7 5.86 -- -- -- -- B767 17.1 15.24 82.7 15.38 -- -- -- -- B777 7.3 14.01 92.5 14.14 -- -- -- -- RJ100 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 100.0 0.00 RJ85 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 100.0 0.00 Moving A319 11.2 19.54 88.6 19.41 -- -- -- -- A320 9.3 18.39 90.6 18.27 -- -- -- -- A321 8.7 16.10 91.1 15.99 -- -- -- -- A330 11.3 14.72 88.5 14.75 -- -- -- -- A340 1.8 2.98 7.2 8.74 1.4 1.88 89.2 10.83 B757 2.8 4.51 97.1 4.76 -- -- -- -- B767 6.6 9.73 93.3 9.90 -- -- -- -- B777 10.5 10.87 89.4 10.92 -- -- -- -- RJ100 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 100.0 -- RJ85 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 100.0 -- Source: Web-Only Document 9: ACRP Project 11-08 Task 8, June 2009 Note: -- = Not applicable Table 3 Engine Use - Taxi In Aircraft Percent of Time Number of Engines Were Operating One Engine Two Engines Three Engines Four Engines Average Standard Deviation Average Standard Deviation Average Standard Deviation Average Standard Deviation Stationary A319 3.0 15.13 98.9 15.21 -- -- -- -- A320 1.1 7.63 98.8 7.77 -- -- -- -- A321 0.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 -- -- -- -- A330 4.4 19.42 95.5 19.50 -- -- -- -- A340 1.0 8.60 1.7 10.36 1.2 10.7 95.9 19.35 B757 1.2 10.87 98.7 10.87 -- -- -- -- B767 0.6 5.39 99.3 5.44 -- -- -- -- B777 0.0 -- 100.0 0.00 -- -- -- -- RJ100 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 100.0 -- RJ85 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 100.0 -- Moving A319 0.4 2.85 99.5 2.99 -- -- -- -- A320 1.1 6.28 98.7 6.46 -- -- -- -- A321 0.0 0.53 99.9 0.62 -- -- -- -- A330 1.7 11.23 98.2 11.36 -- -- -- -- A340 0.5 3.05 1.7 10.09 0.1 0.68 97.5 11.04 B757 0.4 3.60 99.5 3.72 -- -- -- --
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A-7 B767 0.5 7.36 99.4 7.36 -- -- -- -- B777 0.0 0.18 99.9 0.25 -- -- -- -- RJ100 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 100.0 -- RJ85 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 100.0 -- Source: Web-Only Document 9: ACRP Project 11-08 Task 8, June 2009 Note: -- = Not applicable Table 4 Engine Operating Parameters - Taxi Out Aircraft Average N1 average Standard Deviation N1average Average Percent Thrust Stnd Dev Percent Thrust Average EMS Thrust Stnd Dev EMS Thrust Average EMS Enhanced Standard Dev EMS Enhanced Stationary A319 19.42 1.41 8.41 1.18 1975.24 278.42 1975.24 278.42 A320 19.16 1.29 7.45 1.34 2011.77 361.01 2011.77 361.01 A321 20.06 1.55 6.15 1.15 1843.61 345.29 1843.61 345.29 A330 21.16 3.08 N/A N/A 3845.13 2484.18 N/A N/A A340 19.50 4.73 N/A N/A 2210.70 1027.83 N/A N/A B757 20.47 1.51 2.68 0.67 1077.75 268.58 1077.75 268.58 B767 23.78 2.66 5.74 1.24 3565.83 772.65 N/A N/A B777 19.89 2.30 4.86 0.86 5615.41 989.00 N/A N/A RJ100 22.67 1.80 21.70 1.99 1518.85 139.30 N/A N/A RJ85 22.32 1.59 21.44 1.71 1500.55 120.04 N/A N/A Moving A319 19.56 3.34 9.20 1.92 2162.66 451.69 2162.86 451.69 A320 19.71 3.29 8.22 1.85 2220.48 498.40 2220.48 498.40 A321 20.32 3.13 6.89 1.43 2066.97 429.37 2066.97 429.37 A330 22.28 3.30 N/A N/A 4261.80 2792.32 N/A N/A A340 20.45 4.08 N/A N/A 2407.10 1008.95 N/A N/A B757 23.28 2.20 3.73 1.01 1500.41 405.07 1500.41 405.07 B767 26.14 1.71 6.58 1.14 4085.75 708.94 N/A N/A B777 20.08 1.94 5.16 0.77 5960.23 884.92 N/A N/A RJ100 25.49 2.45 24.61 2.47 1722.56 172.80 N/A N/A RJ85 24.59 2.11 23.85 2.38 1669.50 166.76 N/A N/A Source: Web-Only Document 9: ACRP Project 11-08 Task 8, June 2009 N/A = Not available (Source states that some A330/A340 departure values were erroneous in the FDR database. Table 5 Engine Operating Parameters - Taxi In Aircraft Average N1 average Standard Deviation N1average Average Percent Thrust Stnd Dev Percent Thrust Average EMS Thrust StndDev EMS Thrust Average EMS Enhanced Standard Dev EMS Enhanced Stationary A319 17.37 3.98 8.62 2.20 2026.47 516.45 2026.47 516.45 A320 17.51 3.04 7.72 1.89 2086.66 510.60 2083.66 510.60 A321 18.21 3.82 6.78 1.97 2034.77 591.40 2034.77 591.40 A330 21.51 4.25 5.80 4.46 3947.56 3035.05 2815.96 3582.02 A340 19.20 3.93 6.38 2.85 2590.74 839.84 1516.45 1520.39 B757 19.64 2.50 1.39 0.87 560.33 347.74 560.33 347.74 B767 26.79 1.56 6.09 4.47 3781.28 2777.72 N/A N/A B777 21.41 0.91 5.46 0.43 6312.84 496.08 N/A N/A RJ100 17.51 6.52 16.54 6.41 1157.97 449.01 N/A N/A RJ85 18.03 5.69 17.06 5.45 1194.22 381.76 N/A N/A
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A-8 Moving A319 19.94 1.05 9.89 0.70 2323.04 164.33 2323.04 164.33 A320 19.62 1.38 8.70 1.32 2350.02 355.09 2350.02 355.09 A321 20.72 1.55 7.62 0.57 2284.95 169.66 2284.95 169.66 A330 23.15 2.23 6.56 4.26 4459.99 2892.61 2886.91 3742.11 A340 20.03 2.55 7.04 2.54 2862.06 555.44 1672.96 1585.15 B757 22.29 1.79 3.34 0.61 1341.46 245.01 1341.46 245.01 B767 27.17 2.13 6.65 0.89 4130.46 549.77 N/A N/A B777 21.53 0.45 5.48 0.31 6336.52 359.74 N/A N/A RJ100 23.84 6.19 22.85 6.16 1599.68 431.08 N/A N/A RJ85 23.44 6.67 22.55 6.63 1578.58 463.89 N/A N/A Source: Web-Only Document 9: ACRP Project 11-08 Task 8, June 2009 N/A = Not available (The source reports that some A330/A340 departures values were erroneous in the FDR database. Table 6 Engine Operating Parameters – Accelerating Aircraft Arrival/ Departure Aircraft Avg Accel Time (s)
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A-9 B777 68.46 22.89 25.80 5.98 7.16 0.02 343 Source: Web-Only Document 9: ACRP Project 11-08 Task 8, June 2009 N/A = Not available (The source reports that some A330 and A340 Departures values were erroneous in the FDR database and were removed)
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A-10 fuel flow rate (kilogram of fuel per second) , and the total time in mode (in seconds)
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A-11 Because the emission indices, fuel flow rates, and time-in-modes all vary with LTO phase, all three must be considered when calculating total emissions per LTO as per above equation (total LTO emissions being calculated using the appropriate emissions index, fuel flow rates, and time in mode for each of the operational modes)
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A-12 CO and HC emission indices)
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A-13 Figure 3. ICAO 7 percent HC emission indices for three common aircraft engines.
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A-14 3.1.2.3 Near-Idle Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions Sensitivity to Fuel Flow Rate and Ambient Temperature. Thrust settings lower than the ICAO certification value (7 percent thrust)
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A-15 • Ambient Temperature - The ICAO "reference temperature" for engine certification is 15 degrees Celsius. Ambient temperatures at airports, of course, span a large range of values.
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A-16 HAPs from a regulatory perspective, a discussion of the differences between HC and individual VOCs is warranted. The term "total HC" is actually a misnomer since the measurement technique for quantifying "HC" – flame ionization detection (FID)
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A-17 The EDMS provides three options for modeling aircraft-related taxi operations: 1) default taxi/delay times, 2)
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A-18 Figure 7. EDMS Taxi/Delay Datasets The architecture of the AEDT is depicted in Figure 8.
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A-19 3.1.3.2 Development Programs/Timeframes The current version of the EDMS was released in August of this year (Version 5.1.4.1)
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A-20 the APM, the AEM, and the Aircraft Acoustic Module (AAM)
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A-21 3.2 EDMS/AEDT Review The Research Team conducted a review of the modeling inputs, assumptions, algorithms, database coverage and outputs required by EDMS and AEDT. As previously stated, the current version of AEDT (2a)
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A-22 • User specified operational profiles – These profiles indicate the relative activity at an airport by the quarter-hour, day-of-the-week, and by the month. • Airport schedule data – Users can "attach" a schedule file to the EDMS that contains scheduled pushback and landing times for every aircraft.
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A-23 Mach number, operating mode, and altitude relationship to mixing height, through the duration of the taxi mode These characteristics, combined with emissions parameters specific to the associated aircraft, are used to determine taxi emissions. Some of these characteristics are always the same, whereas others are determined in manners that depend on the selected levels of fidelity.
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A-24 SOx - The calculation of sulfur oxides emissions requires fuel sulfur content (FSC) and sulfur conversion efficiency (𝜺𝜺)
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A-25 ability to calculate fuel burn and emissions, it has no provisions for the modeling of aircraft taxi operations. AEDT2a provides totals for aircraft fuel burn and for aircraft emissions of CO, THC, TOG, VOC, NMHC, NOx, CO2, H2O, and SOx (the nonvolatile component of PM (PMNV)
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A-26 It is recommended that the NOx, CO, and HC data from ACRP Project 02-03a could be further analyzed to help address these shortcomings listed above. • Taxi/Idle Sub-Phases - Given the scope of the dependence of true HC emission rates on actual fuel flow rates and ambient temperatures, it is apparent that the current method used by EDMS to compile HC and CO emissions (i.e., fuel flow rate and emission indices based on the ICAO 7percent value)
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A-27 as an ACRP report [Herndon et al.
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A-28 76 Annotated Bibliography -- Literature Search ACRP 02-45: Methodology to Improve EDMS/AEDT Quantification of Aircraft Taxi/Idle Emissions Author(s) or Regulatory Agency Year Title Citation Annotation Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association 2011 Taxi Green in 2016 Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association.
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A-29 Author(s) or Regulatory Agency Year Title Citation Annotation Clare, B., Richards, A
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A-30 Author(s) or Regulatory Agency Year Title Citation Annotation Federal Aviation Administration 2013b Order JO7110.65U Air Traffic Organization Policy, Order JO7110.65U, Air Traffic Control, August 22, 2013 Prescribes air traffic control taxi and ground movement control procedures.
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A-31 Author(s) or Regulatory Agency Year Title Citation Annotation Federal Aviation Administration 2006 Environmental Impacts: Policies and Procedures.
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A-32 Author(s) or Regulatory Agency Year Title Citation Annotation Franc24 2013 Electric Taxiing Unveiled at Paris Air Show France24.
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A-33 Author(s) or Regulatory Agency Year Title Citation Annotation Herndon, S., Rogers, T., Dunlea, E., Jayne, J., Miake-Lye, R., Knighton, B
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A-34 Author(s) or Regulatory Agency Year Title Citation Annotation Jung, Y
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A-35 Author(s) or Regulatory Agency Year Title Citation Annotation Marks, Julie 2012 FAA Order 1050.1E, Change 1 Guidance Memo #4: Guidance on Using AEDT2a to Conduct Environmental Modeling for FAA Air Traffic Airspace and Procedure Actions Prepared by Rebecca Cointin and Steve Urlass, March 21, 2012.
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A-36 Author(s) or Regulatory Agency Year Title Citation Annotation Page, J., Hobbs, C., Gliebe, P
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A-37 Author(s) or Regulatory Agency Year Title Citation Annotation Simaiakis, I., Khadilkar, H., Balakrishnan, H., Reynolds, T.G., Hansman, R.J., Reilly, B., Urlass, S
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A-38 Author(s) or Regulatory Agency Year Title Citation Annotation Timko, M
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A-39 Author(s) or Regulatory Agency Year Title Citation Annotation U.S.
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A-40 Author(s) or Regulatory Agency Year Title Citation Annotation U.S.
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A-41 Author(s) or Regulatory Agency Year Title Citation Annotation Wollenheit, R., Muhlhausen, T
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