Water Efficiency Management Strategies for Airports (2016) / Chapter Skim
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P a r t 2 Water Efficiency Management Toolbox
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65 Type of Tool: Spreadsheet tool Author: The Cadmus Group, Inc. and CDM-Smith The Purpose of the End Use Water Audit Tool The water footprint of an airport provides three primary types of information: how much water is being used, where water is being used, and how the water is being used.
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66 Water Efficiency Management Strategies for Airports provide a list of meters and historical water use. A year or more of billing records will provide a reasonable estimate of the average water use of each meter.
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End Use Water Audit Tool -- User's Guide 67 Airport Acvies Facility Group Area End Use Associated with Terminal FBO lobby Terminal restaurants Terminal concessions Terminal offices and breakrooms (airlines and airport) Terminals Restrooms Toilets Passengers per day Urinals Passengers per day Faucets Passengers per day Food Service Kitchen faucets Meals served Pre-rinse spray valves Meals served Dishwashers Meals served Ice machines Meals served Landscaping Outdoor irrigaon Landscape sq.
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Airport Acvies Facility Group Area End Use Associated with Fueling facility Maintenance & Services Break rooms Faucets Employees Line services (connued) Aircra Deicing Flights per day Maintenance Pavement cleaning Flights per day Snow removal Flights per day Fleet vehicle washing Flights per day Runway rubber removal Flights per day Airline hangar Airlines/Cargo Hangars Restrooms Toilets Employees Aircra maintenance Urinals Employees FBO hangar Faucets Employees Corporate hangar Break rooms Faucets Employees Cargo facility Flight kitchens Kitchen faucets Meals served Flight kitchen Dishwashers Meals served Air Naonal Guard Ice machines Meals served Maintenance, repair & overhaul Aircra Aircra cleaning Flights per day Customs quaranne facility Onboard aircra water Flights per day Deicing Flights per day Landscaping Outdoor irrigaon Landscape sq.
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End Use Water Audit Tool -- User's Guide 69 • Data Entry: This is the primary data entry interface for the user. Information entered here is then transposed to the appropriate tabs for use in the model calculations.
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70 Water Efficiency Management Strategies for Airports total of 17 different facilities to be evaluated, which corresponds to the example airport data shown in Exhibit 5. The Start Data Entry tab has two drop-down boxes for each facility type.
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End Use Water Audit Tool -- User's Guide 71 Next, scroll down further in the Data Entry tab. Notice that, beginning in row 53, there is a matrix for each individual facility every 20 rows (see rows 73, 93, 113, 133, etc.)
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72 Water Efficiency Management Strategies for Airports list of general end uses, (2) to capture unidentified or unaccounted for water use, and (3)
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End Use Water Audit Tool -- User's Guide 73 the width of your monitor, you may want to narrow the width of columns L–M, or hide the columns, to see the end uses and efficiency levels at the same time.) The next step is to scroll right to columns R–T and enter the representative distribution of each end use within the individual facility as shown in Exhibit 21.
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Efficiency Values for End Use E3 E2 E1 Facility Local Name of Annual Average GPD, copied from above type Individual End Uses for facility Efficient Least Standard Efficiency Best Available Efficiency Percent Least Efficient Percent Standard Efficiency Percent Best Available Efficiency Domes c 210000 Restrooms-Toilets 3.5 1.6 1.28 - 1.00 - 1.00 Restrooms-Urinals 2 1 0.125 - 1.00 - 1.00 Restrooms-Faucets 2 1 0.5 - 1.00 - 1.00 Food Service-Kitchen faucets 2 1 0.5 - 1.00 - 1.00 Food Service-Pre-rinse spray valves 3 2 1.28 - 1.00 - 1.00 Food Service-Dishwashers 4.5 2.5 1.0 0.50 0.50 - 1.00 Food Service-Ice machines 1.50 0.25 0.12 0.50 0.50 - 1.00 Landscaping-Outdoor irriga on 28.6 14.0 0.6 1.00 - - 1.00 Maintenance-Boiler 100 75 50 - 1.00 - 1.00 Maintenance-Cooling - 1.00 - 1.00 Maintenance-Pavement cleaning 10 7.5 5 - 1.00 - 1.00 Other-Other 1 10 7.5 5 - 1.00 - 1.00 Other-Other 2 10 7.5 5 - 1.00 - 1.00 Other-Other 3 10 7.5 5 - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 Percentages will always total to 1. Enter representave percentages for facility and end use Percentages should always total to 1.0 Exhibit 21.
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End Use Water Audit Tool -- User's Guide 75 In the example airport data shown in Exhibit 21, it is assumed that about half of kitchen area dishwashers and ice machines are standard efficiency while half are of lesser efficiency. Similarly, it is assumed that the irrigation of turf grass is least efficient.
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76 Water Efficiency Management Strategies for Airports The IR is an annualized value for each location based upon the seasonal weather patterns of the location and is expressed in gallons per square foot of landscape per year. Airports can override these estimates based on judgment of their needs or with information from their landscape maintenance staff.
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End Use Water Audit Tool -- User's Guide 77 Climate Zone City State Zip Code Peak ETo (in./mo) Peak Rainfall (in./mo)
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78 Water Efficiency Management Strategies for Airports 2. Open: areas that are in an open flat field, such as a park or field.
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End Use Water Audit Tool -- User's Guide 79 The second approach is more subjective. Rather than use the average calculated by the tool, airports can review the table and choose volumes that best reflect their requirements.
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80 Water Efficiency Management Strategies for Airports by facility type, the default values are the same for each type. These should be changed only with great caution.
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End Use Water Audit Tool -- User's Guide 81 • By Facility: In the Water Use Calcs tab, for each individual facility, the values in the shaded cells (column M) can be replaced with the new values.
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82 Water Efficiency Management Strategies for Airports • A 10 degree Fahrenheit change in temperature ("delta T") is assumed.
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Facility Group Individual Facility Areas Use Associated unit % of Fixtures at Efficiency Level Intensity of Use Water Use GPD per unit Opmal GPD per unit % of Year Terminals Domesc Restrooms Toilets Passengers E3 3.5 0.000 0.625 1.000 0.800 1 Toilets E2 1.6 1.000 Toilets E1 1.28 0.000 Urinals Passengers E3 2 0.000 0.375 0.375 0.047 1 Urinals E2 1 1.000 Urinals E1 0.125 0.000 Faucets Passengers E3 2 0.000 0.167 0.167 0.083 1 Faucets E2 1 1.000 Faucets E1 0.5 0.000 Food Service Kitchen faucets Meals Served E3 2 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.500 1 Kitchen faucets E2 1 1.000 Kitchen faucets E1 0.5 0.000 Pre-rinse spray valves Meals Served E3 3 0.000 0.020 0.040 0.026 1 Pre-rinse spray valves E2 2 1.000 Pre-rinse spray valves E1 1.28 0.000 Dishwashers Meals Served E3 4.5 0.500 0.050 0.175 0.050 1 Dishwashers E2 2.5 0.500 Dishwashers E1 1 0.000 Ice machines Meals Served E3 1.5 0.500 0.500 0.438 0.060 1 Ice machines E2 0.25 0.500 Ice machines E1 0.12 0.000 Levels of Efficiency Read from Efficiency Read from Fixture Data Read from Intensity Read from Data Entry365 DAYS Exhibit 27. Water Use Calcs tab -- computation of gallons per day per unit for each end use and facility.
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Values derived from Data Entry Values derived from Water Use Calcs Individual Facilies Areas Use Units Water Use GPD per unit Volume (est.
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End Use Water Audit Tool -- User's Guide 85 Calibrate and Verify On the Calibrate & Verify tab, the metered water use by facility from the Data Entry tab appears in the table in columns C–I (see Exhibit 30)
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86 Water Efficiency Management Strategies for Airports not entered (if, for example, the facility is one of several facilities served by a single meter, but metered data are not available for the facility by itself) , then the estimate shown in the Calibrate & Verify tab may be the best reasonable estimate of its use.
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End Use Water Audit Tool -- User's Guide 87 • Are there specific end uses within specific facilities that seem out of place, overestimated, or underestimated? • Look for the largest water-using end use in each facility; does this use seem reasonable?
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88 Water Efficiency Management Strategies for Airports This data may include the units of passengers per day and the number of employees (which affects restroom water use estimates) , the area of irrigation (which affects irrigation water use estimates)
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End Use Water Audit Tool -- User's Guide 89 The End Uses tab shows the calculated gallons per day per unit value for each end use in each facility. If the gallons per day per unit value seems reasonable, you may need to adjust the number of units to bring the end result into line.
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90 Water Efficiency Management Strategies for Airports • For the Rental Car Center car washing, changed the distribution of efficiency to 100 percent standard (40 gallons per wash) and reduced the number of rentals per day to 230 units.
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End Use Water Audit Tool -- User's Guide 91 use at each facility is either within 1 percent or 25 gallons per day of metered use. The difference between the calibrated estimates and the metered use is shown in Exhibit 35.
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92 Water Efficiency Management Strategies for Airports Facility Group Facility GPD %Diff Individual Facili es GPD %Diff Terminals (196) -0.1% Domes c (188)
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End Use Water Audit Tool -- User's Guide 93 ratio close to 1.0 indicates better water use efficiency than a ratio that is higher than 1.0. A ratio of 1.5 means water use is 1.5 times the optimal level.
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94 Water Efficiency Management Strategies for Airports Summary Table 5. Water Use by End Use Use GPD % Total Use Opmal GPD Savings GPD % Savings Water Use Rao Toilets 57,702 18.3% 44,571 13,131 22.8% 1.29 Urinals 21,521 6.8% 2,612 18,909 87.9% 8.24 Faucets 9,762 3.1% 4,692 5,070 51.9% 2.08 Kitchen faucets 12,000 3.8% 6,000 6,000 50.0% 2.00 Pre-rinse spray valves 400 0.1% 256 144 36.0% 1.56 Dishwashers 2,060 0.7% 600 1,460 70.9% 3.43 Ice machines 5,625 1.8% 840 4,785 85.1% 6.70 Showers - 0.0% - - 0.0% Swimming pool - 0.0% - - 0.0% Laundry - 0.0% - - 0.0% Boiler - 0.0% - - 0.0% Cooling 117,734 37.3% 98,280 19,454 16.5% 1.20 Outdoor irrigaon 13,896 4.4% 287 13,609 97.9% 48.36 Vehicle washing 9,240 2.9% 6,930 2,310 25.0% 1.33 Pavement cleaning 592 0.2% 395 197 33.3% 1.50 Training 15 0.0% 10 5 33.3% 1.50 Snow removal - 0.0% - - 0.0% Fleet vehicle washing - 0.0% - - 0.0% Runway rubber removal - 0.0% - - 0.0% Aircra cleaning - 0.0% - - 0.0% Onboard aircra water - 0.0% - - 0.0% Deicing 1,670 0.5% 418 1,253 75.0% 4.00 Other 63,725 20.2% 42,483 21,242 33.3% 1.50 TOTAL 315,941 100% 208,373 107,567 34.0% 1.52 Exhibit 38.
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End Use Water Audit Tool -- User's Guide 95 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 Ga llo ns p er D ay Water Use by Water Use Area Esmated Re str oo ms Fo od Se rvi ce Bre ak ro om s Gu est roo ms Fli gh t k itc he ns Air cra La nd sca pin g Ma int en an ce Ot he r Opmal Exhibit 40. End Use Water Audit Tool summary graph of water use by area.
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96 Water Efficiency Management Strategies for Airports inputs that reflect the current conditions. In this way, a series of water footprints can be created over time that will allow you to track changes in water use among airport facilities.
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End Use Water Audit Tool -- User's Guide 97 • You can explore the implications of your assumptions about cooling towers by changing the inputs on the Cooling Data tab. The default value for cooling capacity is 500 square feet per ton, stored in cell F8 of the Cooling Data tab.
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98 Type of Tool: Website, fact sheets, guidance document Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, WaterSense Program Website: www.epa.gov/watersense/commercial/index.html U.S.
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WaterSense Commercial Buildings Website 99 WaterSense's WaterSense at Work is a comprehensive best management guide for commercial and industrial facilities (www.epa.gov/watersense/commercial/docs/watersense_at_work/)
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100 Type of Tool: Website, guidance manual Author: Texas Water Development Board, Water Conservation Implementation Task Force Website: www.twdb.texas.gov/conservation/BMPs/Ind/index.asp Experience in water conservation program implementation over the decades has resulted in a body of knowledge in Texas. This guide provides best management practices (BMPs)
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Best Management Practices for Industrial Water Users 101 – Industrial submetering -- This BMP is intended for industrial water users that do not already have submeters on all significant water uses. – Industrial water waste reduction -- This BMP is intended for industrial water users that could increase water use efficiency at facilities by prohibiting specific wasteful activities such as wasteful irrigation practices and scheduling, single-pass cooling, non-recycling decorative fountains, discharge of process water and use of inefficient water softeners.
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102 Type of Tool: Guidance manual Author: North Carolina Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Website: savewaternc.org/Documents/water-efficiency-business.pdf This detailed manual provides information to industrial, commercial, and institutional water users in North Carolina on how to improve water efficiency. Even though this manual is developed specifically for water users in North Carolina, the information is relevant to water users outside of North Carolina.
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103 Type of Tool: Guidance manual Author: Arizona Municipal Water Users Association, Regional Water Conservation Committee Website: www.amwua.org/resource_documents/facility_managers_guide.pdf This document provides a step-by-step process for developing a water management plan. It is geared toward a facility manager and includes worksheets, sample water reduction calculations, and water management options for various water uses or processes, such as landscaping, cooling and heating, kitchen, and laundry.
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104 Type of Tool: Guidance manual Author: South Florida Water Management District, Water Supply Development Section Website: www.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/xrepository/sfwmd_repository_pdf/water_ efficiency_improvement_self_assess_guide.pdf This guide highlights common opportunities to improve water efficiency and lower operating costs in commercial and institutional facilities. It has been designed for use by commercial and institutional facility managers, property owners, and building maintenance professionals anywhere.
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Water Efficiency and Self-Conducted Water Audits at Commercial and Institutional Facilities: A Guide for Facility Managers (Second Edition) 105 – Worksheet 3.
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106 Type of Tool: Website Author: Global Environmental Management Initiative Website: www.gemi.org/EDFGEMIwaterMAPP/ The Environmental Defense Fund–Global Environmental Management Initiative (EDF-GEMI) WaterMAPP is a set of tools and resources to help organizations build a program to reduce water and energy use in buildings.
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107 Type of Tool: Guidance manual Author: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation Website: www.usbr.gov/lc/socal/planning.html (hyperlink to specific study located in Planning Studies text box)
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108 Type of Tool: Website Author: U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Management Program Website: energy.gov/eere/femp/federal-water-efficiency-best-management-practices The Federal Energy Management Program worked with the U.S.
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From page 106... ...
109 Type of Tool: Guidance manual Author: Michael H Smith Website: s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.environment.gov.au/ContentPages/ 2220252223.pdf This Australian document discusses best practices for sustainable water management at airports.
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110 Type of Tool: Guidance manual Author: Landrum & Brown, Inc. Website: www.trb.org/main/blurbs/168044.aspx This guidebook describes sustainability and its potential benefits and identifies different applications of sustainable initiatives in traditional airport construction and everyday maintenance projects.
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111 Type of Tool: Guidance manual Author: Los Angeles World Airports Website: www.lawa.org/uploadedFiles/LAWA/pdf/Sustainable%20Airport%20PDC%20 Guidelines%20Jan08.pdf Intended as a resource to be used by other airports, these guidelines provide a set of airportspecific performance standards for planning, design, and construction activities that integrate sustainable concepts and practices into projects at the four Los Angeles World Airports. The performance standards contain actions and targets, metrics, documentation, and technical approaches as well as a rating system to measure and document the level of success in achieving those requirements.
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From page 109... ...
112 Type of Tool: Spreadsheet tool Author: American Water Works Association Website: www.awwa.org/resources-tools/water-knowledge/water-loss-control.aspx The AWWA Free Water Audit Software© is a spreadsheet-based water audit tool designed to help quantify and track water losses associated with water distribution systems and identify areas for improved efficiency and cost recovery. It includes 10 worksheets in a spreadsheet file.
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113 Type of Tool: Website Author: Alliance for Water Efficiency Website: www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/resource-library/default.aspx The website for the Alliance for Water Efficiency Resource Library has substantial information and strives to provide the best online resources on water conservation and efficiency. The following are some of its key resources: • Water Saving Tips: Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional Water Use: www.allianceforwater efficiency.org/CII-tips.aspx • Introduction to Cooling Towers: www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/cooling_tower_intro.aspx • Landscape, Irrigation, and Outdoor Water Use: www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/Landscape_ and_Irrigation_Library_Content_Listing.aspx T O O L 1 4 Alliance for Water Efficiency Resource Library
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114 Type of Tool: Website Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, WaterSense Program Website: epa.gov/watersense/outdoor/ This website provides information on creating a water-smart landscape that is beautiful, healthy, and easy to maintain.
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115 Type of Tool: Guidance manual Author: Seattle Public Utilities, Resources Venture, and Saving Water Partnership Website: www.savingwater.org/cs/groups/public/@spu/@swp/documents/webcontent/ 04_009226.pdf Increased cooling tower efficiency reduces use of water, energy, and water treatment chemicals and extends the life of the equipment. The purpose of this manual is to help operate cooling towers efficiently and reduce operating costs.
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116 Type of Tool: Fact sheet Author: U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Management Program Website: energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/waterfs_coolingtowers.pdf By Executive Order 13514, Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance, federal agencies are required to reduce water use intensity (water use per square foot of building space)
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117 Type of Tool: Study report Author: Chang Sub Kim Mentor: Melany Hunt Co-Mentors: Jim Cowell, John Onderdonk, Matthew Berbee Website: www.sustainability.caltech.edu/documents/33-chang_sub_final_paper.pdf Abstract: In 2008, the California Institute of Technology used 764,064,005 liters of water. Cooling towers at the central and satellite plants consumed 319,951,956 liters of water through evaporation and blowdown, contributing to over 40 percent of overall water usage on campus.
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118 Type of Tool: Website Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, WaterSense Program Website: www.epa.gov/watersense/rebate_finder_saving_money_water.html Many WaterSense partners offer rebates for WaterSense-labeled products.
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119 Type of Tool: Database Author: U.S. Department of Energy, NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Interstate Renewable Energy Council Website: www.dsireusa.org/ The Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE®)
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120 Type of Tool: Report Author: Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Airport Planning and Programming, National Planning and Environmental Division Website: www.faa.gov/airports/environmental/sustainability/media/SustainableMasterPlanPilot ProgramLessonsLearned.pdf This report is the 2012 update on the Sustainable Master Plan Pilot Program, which was developed by the FAA. Initiated in 2010, the Sustainable Master Plan Pilot Program's goal is to help 12 airports achieve their planning and operational objectives while reducing environmental impacts, achieving environmental benefits, and improving relationships with local communities.
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121 Type of Tool: Guidance manual Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Nonpoint Source Control Branch Website: cfpub.epa.gov/npstbx/files/getnstepguide.pdf The purpose of this guide is to provide the tools needed to develop and implement an effective outreach campaign as part of a state or local water quality improvement effort.
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122 Type of Tool: Guidance manual Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Nonpoint Source Control Branch Website: cfpub.epa.gov/npstbx/files/stakeholderguide.pdf The purpose of this guide is to provide the tools needed to effectively engage stakeholders to restore and maintain healthy environmental conditions through community support and cooperative action.
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123 Type of Tool: Planning manual Author: American Water Works Association Website: www.awwa.org/store/productdetail.aspx? ProductId=39312078 (Purchase cost of $126 for non-members)
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124 Type of Tool: Presentation Author: Cynthia Parker, City of Phoenix -- Aviation Department Website: airportsgoinggreen.com/Presentations/2013-Presentations/Cynthia_Parker.pdf This presentation made by the sustainability coordinator of the Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport at the Sixth Annual Airports Going Green Conference (November 12–24, 2013) describes the results and lessons learned from the May 2013 water audit performed at the Phoenix airport.
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125 Type of Tool: Presentation Author: Bob Duffner, Port of Seattle Website: airportsgoinggreen.com/Presentations/2013-Presentations/Bob_Duffner.pdf This presentation made at the Sixth Annual Airports Going Green Conference (November 12–24, 2013) provides a brief description of water resources in the Pacific Northwest, potential climate change impacts, and conservation goals (i.e., endangered species such as salmon)
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126 Type of Tool: Model program summary Author: Alliance for the Great Lakes Website: www.greatlakes.org/Document.Doc? id=939 These models, endorsed by environmental groups across the Great Lakes and St.
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127 Type of Tool: Guidance document Author: Water Environment Federation Website: stage.wef.org/communications/ This guidance provides the basics of public communication. It is designed to help water professionals learn to communicate effectively with their community and customers, because when the public understands the effort being made to protect the public health and the environment, it is more likely they will support the work.
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128 Type of Tool: Guidance document Author: New Mexico Office of the State Engineer Website: www.ose.state.nm.us/WUC/PDF/cii-users-guide.pdf This manual was developed to help commercial, institutional, and industrial water users conserve water in New Mexico. It includes useful data that can be used by decision makers to develop comprehensive water conservation plans, including the following: • The elements required to implement a water conservation program • Areas where major water savings are most likely to be realized • Water conservation guidelines for specific water uses • Case studies of businesses and institutions that have successfully enacted water conservation programs T O O L 2 9 A Water Conservation Guide for Commercial, Institutional, and Industrial Users
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129 Type of Tool: Guidance document Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Sustainability Website: nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/P100FS7K.pdf The U.S.
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130 Type of Tool: Website Author: RSMeans Website: www.rsmeansonline.com/Home/Index/ RSMeans is a supplier of construction cost information. This information helps owners, developers, architects, engineers, contractors and others to determine the cost of both new building construction and renovation projects.
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131 Type of Tool: Guidance manual Author: U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Management Program Website: energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/est_unmetered_landscape_wtr.pdf Federal agencies are required to develop a baseline for industrial, landscaping, and agricultural water use in fiscal year 2010.
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132 Water Efficiency Management Strategies for Airports Exhibit 45. Climate zones of the United States and Puerto Rico.
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133 Type of Tool: Website and guidance manuals Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Website: https://www.drought.gov/drought/ The National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS) grew out of a number of activities, which culminated in the NIDIS Act being signed into law in 2006.
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134 Type of Tool: Guidance Author: Federal Aviation Administration; Steve Landau and Glen Weisbrod Website: www.faa.gov/airports/aip/bc_analysis/ www.trb.org/main/blurbs/161751.aspx Under the Airport Improvement Program, the FAA provides grants for the planning and development of public-use airports that are included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems. On this site is the FAA Airport Benefit-Cost Analysis Guidance, which was developed to help identify proposed projects with a net benefit.
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Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012)
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TRA N SPO RTATIO N RESEA RCH BO A RD 500 Fifth Street, N W W ashington, D C 20001 A D D RESS SERV ICE REQ U ESTED ISBN 978-0-309-37542-9 9 7 8 0 3 0 9 3 7 5 4 2 9 9 0 0 0 0 N O N -PR O FIT O R G .
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