Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures (2016) / Chapter Skim
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14 2.1 NCHRP Report 544 In 2005, the results of NCHRP Project 24-19 were published as NCHRP Report 544: Environmentally Sensitive Channel- and Bank-Protection Measures (McCullah and Gray 2005)
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Findings 15 with conservation agencies and interests. Environmentally sensitive measures for controlling erosion of channel banks, beds, and floodplains have been described by many authors and usually feature use of living and nonliving plant materials in combination with stone, geotextiles, and soil.
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16 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures is very scarce prior to 1990. Most of the content of the earlier works is composed of photos and drawings of measures under construction or sometime after completion, descriptions of construction techniques, and occasionally cost data.
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Findings 17 technique. When hydraulic loading criteria are provided they are often based on the author's experience rather than specific test data.
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18 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures Bank Material/Protection Shear Stress (lb/ft2) Velocity (ft/s)
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Findings 19 and the states of Alaska (Walter et al.
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20 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures (Torre 2001) , although some of these guides cover all types of stream restoration measures as well as bed and bank treatments.
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Findings 21 Recommendations for limiting velocity and shear vary widely.
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22 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures and federal agencies have published series of these documents in print or on the web. McCullah and Gray (2005)
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Findings 23 that employ several types of measures in adjacent bankline segments or combined along the same bank. To date, case studies have provided a higher level of reality than model studies or laboratory experiments, but are difficult to generalize for application to other sites due to site-specific conditions, short periods of observation, or insufficient data to fully characterize the hydraulic and geotechnical processes operating on the constructed site.
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24 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures Measure(s) Locale Remarks Reference Willow spilling Two sites, East Anglia, U.K.
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Findings 25 focus specifically on handling plant materials include Fischenich (2001a)
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26 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures Results for nondormant cuttings were less favorable (Pezeshki et al.
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Findings 27 bank vegetation have been studied; the latter is of primary interest here. Some workers have used dowels or other manmade objects as artificial plants in laboratory flumes (e.g., Czarnomski 2010, Czarnomski et al.
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28 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures since that reported by McCullah and Gray (2005) to define the ability of biotechnical measures to withstand flow forces.
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Findings 29 For example, Everaert et al.
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30 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures As a direct result of the survey a number of sites in the Ann Arbor, MI, area were suggested for field work by a co-author of NCHRP Report 544 in his response. Follow-up discussion revealed that most of these sites would be included in a text on bioengineering treatments and, as such, are very well documented (Goldsmith et al.
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Findings 31 (Central Lowland) owing to the number of responses received from Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, and New York.
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32 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures By far, the most popular treatment currently in use is live staking (27 out of 35 responses)
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Findings 33 Protection Measure Avg. Score (1 = Failure, 4 = Excellent)
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34 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures 2.4.2 Screening, Schedule, and Initial Observations -- Field Site Visits Screening of the field evaluation sites included 31 field sites identified initially, review of responses to the Task 2 survey and follow-up discussion with several survey respondents, and the experience of research team members with specific sites in various geographic regions. The regional coverage listed in Section 2.4.1 provided the desired geographic diversity to obtain relevant information on a national basis from both humid and less humid regions and regions that experience significantly different climatic conditions (e.g., the upper Midwest sites experience a freeze/thaw cycle, while the Southeast sites do not)
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Findings 35 Site MS5: Hotophia Creek near Batesville, Mississippi (northern Mississippi) • Stone toe.
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36 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures Site Typical Before Project Typical 2014 Conditions Buttahatchee River Site MS1 Buttahatchee River Site MS2 Goodwin Creek Site MS3 Harland Creek Site MS4 Hotophia Creek Site MS5 Figure 2.3. Task 6 field site visits -- southeastern field sites.
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Findings 37 Upper Midwest (Ann Arbor, Michigan) Site MI1: Huron River (Nichols Drive)
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38 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures Site MI1: Huron River (Nichols Drive) Ann Arbor, Michigan Constructed 2008.
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Findings 39 Five site visits were completed during the period October 1–2, 2014, for locations representative of the upper Midwest. All sites are in Ann Arbor, MI.
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40 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures • Vegetated riprap. • Soil and grass-covered riprap.
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Findings 41 The Sacramento River and LAR sites represent a unique design that balances the need to upgrade protection at critical erosion sites on the Sacramento levee system with the requirement to enhance environmental/ecological values. Regarding the Guadalupe River site, it was concluded in McCullah and Dettman (2004)
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42 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures 2.5 Compendium of Field Data, Documentation, and Photographs 2.5.1 Introduction Based on the data acquired from the Task 2 survey, and photographic and case history documentation from the Task 6 field investigations, a Compendium of biotechnical treatments in a searchable database format was developed. The Compendium represents a collection of the 16 field data forms from the site visits described in Section 2.4.
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Findings 43 • Spreadsheet files, • Cost data, and • Hydraulic and/or hydrologic data. The Compendium has a graphical user interface (map)
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Site Number Site Name Short Name Table 2.10. Treatment Types.
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Site Number Name Short Name Table 2.11. Site Informa on Available.
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46 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures Figure 2.6. Huron River at Nichols Arboretum.
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Findings 47 Vegetated riprap. The bank toe was armored with riprap.
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48 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures about 30% of the live stakes survived and sent out shoots. The bent willow pole or willow bundle method, which eliminates many of the problems associated with the joint-planting method, should be considered in the future (see Section 4.3.3)
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Findings 49 2. Design of System Components The functionality of the bendway weirs at this site was enhanced by the addition of embedded large wood "locked" logs (Figure 2.7)
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50 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures 4. Construction and Maintenance Best Practices • Construction of weirs should proceed by constructing the weirs located at the upstream and downstream ends and the one in the middle to establish "line of control" riverward tips.
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Findings 51 West Coast (Northern California) Lower American River Near Sacramento, California 1.
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52 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures • No impact on flood capacity, and • Erosion protection (high-energy environment)
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Findings 53 4. Performance, Failure Mechanisms, and Longevity Excellent performance -- strong local sponsor [Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency (SAFCA)
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54 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures 8. Published Documentation/Sources/Citation SAFCA 2010 Annual Report (December 2010)
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Findings 55 2.6 Summary of Findings and Observations from Current Practice 2.6.1 Literature Review Since publication of the results of NCHRP Project 24-19 by McCullah and Gray (2005) , numerous reviews, handbooks, and measure-specific guidance documents for environmentally sensitive bank protection have been published by federal, state, and local agencies.
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56 Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures velocity and depth for submerged plants but to increase with depth for emergent plants. Flexible, submerged plants with leaves formed a streamlined (teardrop)
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