In the Light of Evolution Volume X: Comparative Phylogeography (2017) / Chapter Skim
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2 Comparative Phylogeography Clarifies the Complexity and Problems of Continental Distribution That Drove A. R. Wallace to Favor Islands - Brett R. Riddle
2 Comparative Phylogeography Clarifies the Complexity and Problems of Continental Distribution That Drove A. R. Wallace to Favor Islands - Brett R. Riddle
Pages 23-44
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From page 23... ...
Species distribu tion models are not yet widely incorporated into studies. In the future, continental comparative phylogeographers will continue to contribute to erosion of the simple vicariance vs.
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From page 24... ...
variation to reveal a suite of "cryp tic," geographically structured evolutionary lineages embedded within four codistributed species of freshwater fishes in the southeastern United States and attributed interspecific similarities in lineage distributions to shared histories of isolation and divergence, that is, vicariance, across putative geographic barriers. Comparative phylogeography as applied to continental biotas subsequently has expanded in terms of the variety of questions addressed, theory and methods applied, number of regions on different continents explored, and variety of taxa and genomes used.
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From page 25... ...
(B) Growth of continental comparative phylogeographic studies 1992–2015, total and tabulated by biogeographic region using references database described further in text (numbers for 2015 not complete because database was downloaded from Web of Science in December 2015)
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From page 26... ...
used North and Middle American biotas, in conjunction with paleogeographic reconstructions of the region, to outline newly forming theory in "vicariance biogeography." Interactions between biotas across biogeographic regions included a classic study of biotic interchange by Simpson (1950) , who focused on the transition zone between Neotropical and Nearctic regions with an accounting of the historical assembly of the South American mammal fauna that included a relatively recent wave of immigration from North America.
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From page 27... ...
THE CONCEPTUAL AND GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE OF CONTINENTAL COMPARATIVE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY In this section, I explore the context and content of continental comparative phylogeography using a database of hundreds of titles and abstracts of publications within this arena, beginning chronologically with the paper that established firmly the conceptual framework and potential of comparative phylogeography (Avise, 1992)
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From page 28... ...
Here, I identify two advances since a 2010 review paper (Hickerson and Meyer, 2008) listed continental comparative phylogeography hotspots including Europe, Pacific Northwest, California, Neotropical rain forests, Baja California, East Africa, Southeast North America, and Australian Wet Tropics.
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From page 29... ...
• Ecology, evoluƟon, distribuƟon history traits underlying incongruence with a general geographic paƩern, etc. A focal system with strong congruence provides a plaƞorm for designing and interpreƟng addiƟonal quesƟons in ecology, evoluƟon, and biodiversity conservaƟon A focal system with strong congruence should provide an encouraging basis for developing collaboraƟve research with geologists, paleoclimatologists, paleontologists, and other biogeographers FIGURE 2.2 Anatomy and life history of an idealized focal system in continental comparative phylogeography.
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From page 30... ...
All other localities identified as follows: 1, Alaska/East Beringea; 2, Pacific Northwest; 3, California; 4, Rocky Mountains; 5, Southwestern Aridlands; 6, Southeastern/Eastern; 7, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt; 8, European Alps/Carpathians; 9, Western Palearctic; 10, Balkan Peninsula; 11, Eastern Asia; 12, Eurasia; 13, Italian Peninsula; 14, Iberian Peninsula; 15, Central Asia/Ponto-Caspian; 16, Australian Wet Tropics; 17, Interior Deserts; 18, Southwestern Australia; 19, Pilbara Region; 20, Monsoonal Tropics; 21, Souteastern Australia/Tallaganda; 22, Endorheic Basins; 23, Southern Australia; 24a, Lower Central American lowlands; 24b, Lower Central American highlands; 25, Trans-Andean; 26, Andes; 27, Patagonia; 28, Amazon Rain Forest; 29, Caatinga/Cerrado; 30, Atlantic Rain Forest; 31, Eastern Arc (Afromontane) Mountains; 32, Central African Forest; 33, West African Forests/ Savannas; 34, Cape Region; 35, Tropical African Forests/Savannas.
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From page 31... ...
, but with the added realization that such transition zones often cross active tectonic boundaries between continental plates. The Topics Addressed Are Diverse Here, I explore the frequencies of terminology generally associated with concepts in evolution, ecology, biogeography, and biodiversity conservation to assess their relative importance in continental comparative phylogeography, summarized under six categories designated a priori (Fig.
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From page 32... ...
considered here to represent a range of primary foci of continental comparative phylogeography. Those followed by an asterisk denote root terms that find any variation (e.g., allopat*
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From page 33... ...
. As such, continental comparative phylogeography studies that reference processes that could be driving divergence and range dynamics during the Neogene and early Quaternary are likely to consider a combination of geological and climatic processes, whereas those that reference the later Quaternary, and more specifically the late glacial (e.g., Last Glacial Maximum or LGM)
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oC 4 late Cenozoic global climate trend 2 0 Major Geological transformaƟons (upliŌ, extension, erosion, etc.) Neogene B late Glacial / Quaternary post Glacial all 33 40 4 5 4 9 C Neogene and Neogene only Quaternary Quaternary only 78 98 16 35 24 49
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. The regional distribution of taxa from five categories (vertebrates, inver FIGURE 2.5 The time frames explored empirically by continental comparative phylogeography.
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36 / Brett R Riddle A Vicariance B Vicariance + Refugia + Range Refugia only Dispersal only dynamics Range dynamics Dispersal only only 60 38 45 81 9 7 30 16 15 30 22 31 C D Vertebrate Plant Terrestrial or AquaƟc Invertebrate Semi-aquaƟc Fungi 160 150 147 135 22 22 71 69 53 84 51 79 E organelle organelle F 1 only Frequency / total geneƟc studies and nuclear 0.8 nuclear only 194 159 0.6 0.4 21 101 0.2 Organelle DNA 46 100 0 Nuclear DNA 2000 2005 2010 2015
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From page 37... ...
FIGURE 2.6 (A and B) Categories referenced frequently in continental comparative phylogeography of biotic responses to geological and climatic events (total numbers tallied for each region overlaid on pie charts)
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From page 38... ...
. There likely is a combination of reasons for the ongoing popularity of organelle DNA in continental comparative phylogeographic studies.
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From page 39... ...
. In doing so, continental comparative phylogeography will continue to be transformed by ongoing incorporation of, for example, species distribution modeling, FIGURE 2.7 Positioning of continental comparative phylogeography within a depiction of related disciplines across spatial, temporal, and scale of pattern/ process hierarchies.
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From page 40... ...
Continental Comparative Phylogeography Will Continue Contributing to Erosion of the Simple Vicariance vs. Dispersal Paradigm Wallace was not wrong about the complexity of continental biotas, and comparative phylogeography continues to reveal that this is true in a temporal and spatial context.
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From page 41... ...
. More Ecological, Evolutionary, Life History, and Physiological Traits Will Be Incorporated into Continental Comparative Phylogeography Although some of these properties have focused the attention of continental comparative phylogeographers, perhaps from the beginning of the approach, recent studies are taking advantage of, for example, distribution modeling and massively high throughput sequencing to refine the level of resolution.
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From page 42... ...
Continental comparative phylogeographers have the potential to integrate more explicitly with Earth scientists to productive ends. A good example comes from the robust phylogeographic signal of cryptic divergence between lineages distributed in the southern vs.
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From page 43... ...
Continental Comparative Phylogeography Will Have an Important Role in Development of a Broadly Construed, Highly Integrative Evolutionary Biogeography Comparative phylogeography has been used to illustrate a multifaceted, stepwise research protocol (Riddle and Hafner, 2006) , and it will continue to become more firmly embedded within a highly integrative approach to reconstructing the diversification and distributional dynamics of continental biotas that draws from the broad spectrum of analytical resources available in biogeography, systematics, population genetics, and ecology to create new bridges between, for example, ecology and evolutionary biology (Marske et al., 2013)
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From page 44... ...
Perhaps if Alfred Russel Wallace had access to the concepts and methods enjoyed by modern comparative phylogeographers, he would not have turned his focus quite as energetically toward islands to gain greater understanding of the geographic structure and history of continental biotas! Another review a decade from now will undoubtedly report on a vastly transformed continental comparative phylogeography.
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