In the Light of Evolution Volume X: Comparative Phylogeography (2017) / Chapter Skim
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15 Human Phylogeography and Diversity - Alexander H. Harcourt
15 Human Phylogeography and Diversity - Alexander H. Harcourt
Pages 295-310
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From page 295... ...
Nevertheless, the effect of geographic barriers -- mountains and oceans -- is clear. The phy logeographic pattern of diasporas from several single origins -- northeast Africa to Eurasia, southeast Eurasia to Australia, and northeast Siberia to the Americas -- allows the equivalent of a repeat experiment on the rela tion between geography and phylogenetic and cultural diversity.
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From page 296... ...
I use the word to mean only Homo sapiens. A HUMAN SPECIES' GLOBAL DIASPORA African Origins The earliest signs so far of humans, H
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From page 297... ...
. It seemed that the aridity of an approaching ice age might have prevented farther expansion or indeed led to the disappearance of humans from the Arabian Peninsula.
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From page 298... ...
. Indeed, modeling that took into account parameters such as lowered sea levels, climate, the nature of the environment, and a preference for coastal travel, suggests one or both southern crossings as possible, even likely (Field and Lahr, 2005; Eriksson et al., 2012)
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From page 299... ...
. In New Guinea, a significant late introduction was that of the sweet potato a little over 300 years ago, which allowed expansion of agriculture, and hence populations, to regions too high or poor for the previous main food crop, taro (Allen, 2013)
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From page 300... ...
Genetic evidence indicates that people in northeastern Siberia arrived there from south central Russia (Schurr, 2004) , although some linguistic evidence indicates north central Russia also (Vajda, 2010)
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From page 301... ...
For instance, Y-chromosome analyses indicate links of west and east African pygmoid peoples with the ancient southern African Khoisan/San peoples (Behar et al., 2008) and between west African pygmoid peoples and east African Hadza peoples (Batini et al., 2011)
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From page 302... ...
That being the case and given that Native Americans of both Americas originated in northeast Siberia, then western European genes in Native Americans is perhaps inevitable. The extent of contribution might be surprising, however.
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From page 303... ...
Monte Verde in southern Chile is about 16,000 km from Siberia. How long it took these first Americans to reach southern South America, we have little to no idea, given that the oldest South American dates are now older than the oldest North American dates.
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From page 304... ...
. Movement east from eastern Beringia into the north of North America had to wait for the near disappearance of the northern ice cap, which extended south to Washington in the west and New York in the east.
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From page 305... ...
. Genetic studies indicate equal contributions to the Malagasy gene pool from Africa and Indonesia (Hurles et al., 2005; Razafindrazaka et al., 2010; Cox et al., 2012)
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From page 306... ...
. Similarly, across a sample of the Solomon Islands of the Pacific, insular differences in peoples' anatomy correlated more strongly with linguistic differences between the islands than with geographic distance between them (Dow et al., 1987)
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From page 307... ...
. The diaspora across the Pacific of the paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera, a lizard Lipinia noctua, pigs, and the Pacific rat Rattus exulans as judged genetically must also be a result of the diaspora of humans, because none of these terrestrial species spread over the ocean on their own (Austin, 1999; Matisoo-Smith and Robins, 2004; Larson et al., 2007b; Chang et al., 2015)
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From page 308... ...
. The phylogeographic pattern of diasporas from several single origins -- northeast Africa to Eurasia, southeast Eurasia to Australia, and northeast Siberia to the Americas -- allows the equivalent of a repeat experiment on the relation between geography and phylogenetic and cultural diversity.
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From page 309... ...
If level of productivity determines phylogenetic diversity and if phylogeographic concentrations are determined by concentrations of high productivity, rich cities should by one measure of phylogeographic diversity (cultural diversity) be some of the most phylogeographically diverse regions (Ottaviano and Peri, 2005)
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From page 310... ...
. The consequent mass mortality of Native Americans and Amerindians provides a foretaste, perhaps, of both the current global phylogeographic interaction of disease organisms and their human carriers and recipients and also the disappearance of indigenous languages as majority cultures expand (Nettle and Romaine, 2000; Harrison, 2007; Harcourt, 2012, chap.
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