In the Light of Evolution Volume X: Comparative Phylogeography (2017) / Chapter Skim
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1 Comparative Phylogeography of the Ocean Planet - Brian W. Bowen, Michelle R. Gaither, Joseph D. Di Battista, Matthew Iacchei, Kimberly R. Andrews, W. Stewart Grant, Robert J. Toonen, and John C. Briggs
1 Comparative Phylogeography of the Ocean Planet - Brian W. Bowen, Michelle R. Gaither, Joseph D. Di Battista, Matthew Iacchei, Kimberly R. Andrews, W. Stewart Grant, Robert J. Toonen, and John C. Briggs
Pages 5-22
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From page 5... ...
Here, we examine phylogeo graphic partitions in the sea against a backdrop of biogeographic prov inces defined by taxonomy, endemism, and species composition. The taxonomic identities used to define biogeographic provinces are routinely accompanied by diagnostic genetic differences between sister species, indicating interspecific concordance between biogeography and phylo geography.
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From page 6... ...
plankton that are the most abundant eukaryotes on Earth. Tropical and temperate zones both show impacts of glacial cycles, the former primarily through changing sea levels, and the latter through coastal habitat disruption.
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From page 7... ...
In this review, we examine comparative phylogeography, first across biogeographic provinces and second across taxonomic groups with widely divergent life histories. A second goal is to summarize aspects of comparative phylogeography that illuminate the origins of marine biodiversity.
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From page 8... ...
30 60 90 120 150 180 150 120 90 60 A N W E S 30 III I II 0 30 Red Sea Indo-Polynesian Hawaiian Galápagos 60 Western Indian Ocean Sino-Japanese Marquesas Panamanian 30 60 90 120 150 180 150 120 90 30 60 90 120 150 180 150 120 90 60 60 B C N N W E W E S S 30 30 0 0 30 3 30 1 2 4 5 6 60 60 30 60 90 120 150 180 150 120 90 30 60 90 120 150 180 150 120 90 60 60 D W N E E W N E S S 30 30 0 0 30 30 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 60 60 FIGURE 1.1 (A) Biogeographic provinces of the tropical Indo-Pacific as defined by >10% endemism (Briggs and Bowen, 2012)
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From page 9... ...
, in which rare colonization events can produce endemic species, but with no further evolutionary radiations. This assumption has been challenged in recent years because phylogeographic studies show that both Hawaiian and Red Sea provinces can export novel biodiversity (DiBattista et al., 2013; Eble et al., 2015)
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From page 10... ...
. Many Red Sea endemics have sister species in the adjacent Western Indian Ocean (DiBattista et al., 2016a)
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From page 11... ...
Black and white in pie diagrams indicate distribution of mtDNA phylogroups separated by at least three mutations. In all cases, there is evidence of population expansion with overlap in the Indo-Malay-Philippine biodiversity hotspot (Coral Triangle)
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From page 12... ...
(ii) Phylogeographic partitions, as defined by mtDNA monophyly or strong population structure, align well with the biogeographic provinces defined by taxonomy.
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From page 13... ...
The most notable barriers separating biogeographic domains are the large expanses of ocean waters across the North Pacific and North Atlantic. North Pacific Species in the temperate regions on both sides of the North Pacific show a range of evolutionary divergences that largely depend on dispersal capabilities, temperature tolerances, and climate history.
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From page 14... ...
. Phylogeographic and taxonomic studies reveal sister species in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, including several fishes (Grant, 1987)
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From page 15... ...
Oceanic migrants provide special challenges to both phylogeographic studies and conservation strategies, because both must be conducted on a scale that transcends biogeographic provinces and political jurisdictions (Toonen et al., 2013)
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From page 16... ...
. Most species exhibit limited gene flow between ocean basins, even in taxa with temperate distributions; but genetic structure within ocean basins varies substantially across species.
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From page 17... ...
are anti tropical species that recently surmounted the warm-water barrier between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, as indicated by mtDNA haplotype networks. For sardines in the East Pacific, transequatorial dispersal is facilitated by a short and steep continental shelf and adjacent deep cold water (Bowen and Grant, 1997)
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From page 18... ...
note higher genetic divergences between ocean basins in tropical species, providing a signal that allopatric speciation may predominate in this group. Pelagic Fishes A primary phylogeographic pattern for these oceanic migrants is low to no genetic structure within ocean basins, and strong genetic structure between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific.
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From page 19... ...
(ii) The deepest phylogeographic separations for oceanic migrants indicate patterns of allopatric isolation between ocean basins, especially for fishes.
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From page 20... ...
(vi) Initial plankton studies indicate concordance between biogeochemical provinces and phylogeographic partitions, particularly at the equatorial break between northern and southern subtropics.
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From page 21... ...
Phylogeography in high latitudes is defined by shifting habitats in response to glaciation. Finally, both biodiversity hotspots and endemism hotspots are important in producing novel evolutionary lineages and may work in synergy to enhance biodiversity on the ocean planet.
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