New Insights into Microbiome Study for Environmental Health Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief (2016) / Chapter Skim
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New Insights into Microbiome Study for Environmental Health: Proceedings of a Workshop - in Brief
New Insights into Microbiome Study for Environmental Health: Proceedings of a Workshop - in Brief
Pages 1-8
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New information regarding how early life exposures may affect risk later in life has also come to light. Current knowledge shows that perturbation by almost any exposure, including drugs, age, genetics, sex, food, and the environment, leads to changes in the human microbiome, summarized Ian Wilson of Imperial College London.
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Redinbo's research shows that although bacteria in our microbiome do not have the two phases of metabolism that humans have (phase 1, which converts xenobiotic compounds into more biologically active forms, and phase 2, which further transforms compounds, generally to a biologically inactive form) ; they are able to interfere with the second phase of human metabolism by reactivating compounds slated for removal.
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Both researchers stressed the importance of studying the microbial diversity found in people who have limited contact with the developed world while the opportunity exists.7,8 Effects of Xenobiotic Exposures in Early Life Not only are birth method, breast-feeding, and other early exposures to microbes important in establishing microbiota in babies, early life exposures to xenobiotics can also have lasting impacts. Individual workshop speakers highlighted some of the newest data showing the effects of exposures to both environmental contaminants and antibiotics in utero and during known windows of susceptibility in early life.
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A Role for Metabolomics Metabolomics studies played a role in a number of the advances described and discussed at the workshop. As Patterson summarized, metabolomics allows researchers to observe the communication between microbiota and the host, including small molecule metabolites such as low-activity hormones and host receptors such as the FXR nuclear receptor.
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Some attendees noted that to buttress the limited data linking environmental exposures to changes in microbiota and disease, it would be useful to have more studies to help researchers understand the relationship between exposures and changes in microbiome function. This relationship can be illuminated with metabolomics studies.
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and the Biological Database Tool Kit (BDTK) may benefit from incorporating the microbiome into sample collection if they are not already doing so, suggested Carol Mattingly of North Carolina State University.12,13 Participants discussed the lack of agreed upon methodologies for processing and preserving samples collected during epidemiology studies to ensure the samples are useful.
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Many organizations whose work was summarized in the assessment reported a need for standard reference materials, such as reference microbial genomes and "mock community" metagenome sequences, to facilitate comparisons between different laboratories and for longitudinal studies. Because of issues with the comparability of microbiome measurements, including sample collection, extraction techniques, the use of technologies including mass spectrometry, and data analysis and interpretation, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
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The statements made are those of the authors or individual meeting participants and do not necessarily represent the views of all meeting participants, the planning committee, the Standing Committee on Emerging Science for Environmental Health Decisions, or the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Planning Committee for Environment and Health: What's the Human Microbiome Have to Do With It?
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