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Pages 10-15

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From page 10...
... 8 CHAPTER TWO FAILURE MODES 1. Overtopping erosion 2.
From page 11...
... 9 topping flow. This case is the most problematic, and generally occurs during hurricane events in coastal environments.
From page 12...
... 10 • Subcritical flow over the embankment crest (Zone 1) , which is characterized by the critical depth (Yc)
From page 13...
... 11 of the road elevation, construction of sand dunes, and armoring of shoulders to prevent back erosion. For both riverine and coastal embankments, different protection options for the downstream slope are discussed further in chapter eight.
From page 14...
... 12 the effective stress is very low at the exit face of the flownet associated with the underseepage, which weakens the toe of the downstream slope (Chen and Anderson 1987; Seed et al. 2005; Bonelli 2013)
From page 15...
... 13 the imposed hydrostatic lateral forces. Such resistance can be achieved by keying the embankment in the foundation soil to generate a passive resistance situation in the foundation soil mass.

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