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57 CHAPTER SEVEN PROBABILITY AND RISK DETERMINISTIC, PROBABILISTIC, AND RISK-BASED APPROACHES Engineering design involves calculations and decisions that are associated with uncertainty. Three approaches can be selected: 1.
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58 tor of safety equal to 1. In the probabilistic approach, the first step is to determine the probability density function for the soil in the embankment, for example.
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59 Figure 101 shows the annual risk associated with various engineering activities and in everyday life. The annual probability of failure (PoF)
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