Climbing the Ladder An Update on the Status of Doctoral Women Scientists and Engineers (1983) / Chapter Skim
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CHAPTER 4 WOMEN SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS IN ACADEME
CHAPTER 4 WOMEN SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS IN ACADEME
Pages 41-65
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From page 41... ...
See Table 4.2, page 4.6. 3National Research Council, Science, Engineering, and Humanities Doctorates: 1981 Profile- (in press)
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FIGURE 4.1 Percent distribution of doctoral scientists and engineers by employment sector and sex, 1981 WOMEN MEN Nonprofit Nonprofit Hospitalsl Organizations Hospitals/ Organizations C inics 5.] o C Inics 3.4% 5 6% ~Other/ Other 2.5% Other/ Other \ ~' 0.3% Government \ ~0.5% Government ~ ~~\ Federal~-l: Federa 8 3°/O ' 5~/° ~Colleges/ Business/ ,7 Cal leges/ B / Universities n Universities useless I 1.8% dustry ~/ 59 1% 1 ~ 31.3% \ // / \~ 11 Elementary:_ Secondary Schoo Is 2.7% _' Elementary/ Secondary Schools 0.5% SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Counci l 1 4 ~ 2
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The incidence of part-time employment among academically employed women scientists varies widely by field: in physics, chemistry, earth sciences, and biosciences one in seven women Ph.D.s hold part-time positions while in several other fields, the rate is only one in 20. Based on the total number of part-time faculty in all fields, women are a minority, comprising 40 percent of the part-timers at universities, 41 percent at 4-year institutions, and 37 percent at 2-year institutions, 4 but these proportions all exceed women's representation in the total doctorate pool considerably.
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SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council.
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The major research universities as a group had the largest change in percentage of women, despite the fact that the "other" institutions showed more expansion during this period. The increase in the major research institutions, however, occurred on a very much smaller base, and the percentages of women faculty by field remain well below the percentages of women scientists in the relevant fields and Ph.D,.
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Excluded are those employed at medical schools and university-administered federal laboratories. SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council.
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See Appendix for a description of the ranking of institutions by federal R&D expenditure s . SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council.
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It appears that the substantial increases in women faculty at the assistant professor rank that took place between 1973 and 1977 are now beginning to be evident at the associate professor level. The 1981 data also show that at the research universities, the percent of women among junior faculty -- 10 percent in the physical sciences, 26 percent in the life sciences, and 35 percent in the social sciences -- matches their share of recent doctorates.
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See Appendix for a listing of the institutions. SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council 4.9
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SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council 4.10 .
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for a description of ranking of institutions by R&D SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council.
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CSee footnote a. SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council.
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The s ample sizes for women and men who were assis tant professors in 1977 and who reported rank in 1981 are (a) in the top 50 institutions, 125 women and 200 men; and (b)
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Women were also found to lag behind men in faculty promotions regardless of marital status and presence of children and whether their work orientation was primarily research or primarily teaching. 6 Female assistant professors are also more likely to report that their positions are not tenure-track.
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bBased on total reporting tenure status. SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council 4.15
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SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council.
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, we find similar proportions of male and female scientists so employed with one important exception: Relatively few of the senior women in the large group of "other" institutions hold administrative jobs. Other sources indicate that the total number of women in administrative jobs at colleges and universities has shown modest gains in a recent three-year period, increasing approximately 6 percent per year.
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FIGURE 4.4 Tenure status of associate professors by sex, for selected fields of s cience and engineering, 1981 Mathematics Physics Chemistry Biochemistry Psychology Economics 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT IN TENURED POSITIONS 4.18 OWomen I::::::::::::: Men 80 90 100
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SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council.
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bExcludes postdoctorate SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council 4.20
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For associate professors, the sex difference in median salary ranges up to $2,500 annually. At the assistant professor rank, male and female scientists appear to receive comparable salaries, especially in physics, computer sciences, and the social sciences.
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And the female assistant professors who moved did not materially improve their status while the men who moved did. It is clear that there is little documentation on the value of geographic mobility to one's long-term career attainment, whether women scientists are in fact less mobile, and whether this makes a difference.
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From page 65... ...
In addition, far higher proportions of women than of men hold off-ladder assistant professorships; these are the short-term or temporary replace ment positions often characterized as "revolving-door appointments." Promotion, tenure, and salary patterns continue to favor men when factors such as length of experience and institutional category are held constant. To what extent the relative improvement for women assistant professors in terms of both representation and salaries will ultimately be reflected among senior faculty ranks remains to be seen, but at current promotion rates no significant equalization can be expected for a number of years.
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