Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations, Volume 1: Research Overview (2016) / Chapter Skim
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From page 39... ...
39 C H A P T E R 3 The objective of this chapter is to evaluate existing and emerging structural assessment practices and technologies for use in emergency situations and recommend methodologies appropriate for development of an assessment procedure and coding and marking guidelines. This chapter is divided into the following sections: • Damage Characterization -- This section summarizes the anticipated scale of damage to each structure type based on the hazard type and groups the various forms of damages reported in the literature into general types: structural, geotechnical, hydrological, and special case.
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From page 40... ...
40 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview assumption that an emergency event has occurred that is significant enough to produce noticeable to significant consequences to at least one structure of interest. However, it is possible that a structure could experience a higher level of damage at extreme intensities of an emergency event or when subjected to prolonged exposure (i.e., the damage could jump one or two scale levels for specific combinations)
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From page 41... ...
Evaluation of Assessment Technologies and Coding/Marking Practices 41 3.2 Applicability Categorization 3.2.1 Background This section categorizes technologies, approaches, and practices identified in the literature review according to their technical applicability toward assessing, coding, and marking structures under emergency situations for potential damage identified in Table 3-1. The primary intent of this section is, from the perspective of technical applicability, to help agencies to select assessing techniques that match their backgrounds and current capabilities.
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42 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview 3.2.2.2 Generic Techniques There are many technological means, from simple to sophisticated ones, which can aid damage assessment. First, many of the assessment technologies in the literature review [e.g., digital cameras, smartphones/tablets, personal mobile computers, personal global position system (GPS)
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From page 43... ...
Evaluation of Assessment Technologies and Coding/Marking Practices 43 3.2.2.4 Applicability Categorization Table Table 3-3 is a high-level categorization of these assessing, coding, and marking techniques based on their individual applicability. Two notes are given regarding this table: 1.
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44 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview Assessing, Coding, and Marking Short Description and Uses Applicability Maturity Category # Technique H um an -c en tr ic 1 Human damage inspection Naked-eye inspection of structural damage (e.g., collapse degree, crack/delamination types/degree and other surficial damage types)
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From page 45... ...
Evaluation of Assessment Technologies and Coding/Marking Practices 45 Assessing, Coding, and Marking Short Description and Uses Applicability Maturity Category # Technique 27 Bathymetric vessel or robot-based survey Advanced point-cloud underwater survey for scour or other hydraulic damage detection. Specific use (underwater)
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From page 46... ...
46 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview 3.2.3.2 Applicability in Terms of Damage Level For a structure extent, the level of damage determines the applicability of each assessing, coding, or marking method described in Table 3-3. The four damage levels are (1)
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Evaluation of Assessment Technologies and Coding/Marking Practices 47 Thirteen categories (Table 3-6) were then established to specifically evaluate the way in which each technique supports the sub-tasks of these four primary workflows.
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From page 48... ...
48 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview St ag e Category Score 1 2 3 4 5 Pr eev en t P re pa ra tio n Necessity for Baseline Data Continual in- situ measurements Multiple, periodic surveys required Detailed data set/survey required Basic data set required (e.g., drawings) No data necessary Frequency of Updates Real-time data, logged continually Monthly Annually Every several years Not required Training Extensive (years of experience)
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Evaluation of Assessment Technologies and Coding/Marking Practices 49 2. The primary scope of the investigation is based on an individual, single structure, unless otherwise indicated.
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From page 50... ...
Assessing, Coding, and Marking Techniques Pre-event Preparation Data Collection/Access Data Interpretation Communication/ Reporting Necessity for Baseline Data Frequency of Updates Training Measurement Resolution Measurement Accuracy Spatial Coverage Operation Duration Technology Availability Processing and Analysis Time Required Technological Maturity Level of Automation Security Speed H u m a n c e n t r i c Human damage inspection 5 5 1 to 4 4 5 2 3 2 to 3 4 5 5 2 n/a In-situ coding 5 n/a 1 to 4 n/a n/a 2 5 3 5 5 5 4 n/a In-situ marking 5 n/a 3 to 4 n/a n/a 2 5 3 5 5 5 4 n/a G e n e r i c S i m p l e Digital cameras 5 5 5 2 3 2 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 Smartphones /smart tablets 4 5 5 2 2 2 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 Personal laptops/mobile computers 3 5 4 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 Personal GNSS devices 5 5 4 2 2 3 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 Cloth types/tape measures/ carpenter level/calipers 5 5 5 1 4 to 5 1 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 Compass/level 5 5 4 1 4 1 to 2 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 Laser distance measurement devices 5 5 3 1 5 2 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 GIS maps 3 3 to 4 3 1 to 2 2 to 3 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 Satellite/airborne (optical or visually interpretable) images 3 3 to 4 3 3 1 5 2 3 2 5 5 5 4 Mobile (hand-held)
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From page 51... ...
Ge n e r i c H i g h T e c h Lidar -- all platforms (airborne, mobile, static terrestrial, underwater) 5 5 1 5 4 to 5 2 to 5 3 to 4 3 3 4 3 5 3 Robotic total station 5 5 2 1 5 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 Real-time kinematic GPS, permanently mounted GPS units 1 1 2 1 4 to 5 2 3 to 5 4 2 5 3 4 4 Thermal imaging (including analysis software)
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