Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations, Volume 1: Research Overview (2016) / Chapter Skim
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6C H A P T E R 2 2.1 Introduction This chapter describes key findings from a literature review and questionnaire conducted to determine the state of the art and the state of the practice related to the assessing, coding, and marking of highway structures during emergency situations. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to research common hazards, critical highway structures, inspection technologies, emergency management and response, assessment procedures, and coding and marking practices.
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State of the Art and State of the Practice: Literature Review and Questionnaire 7 procedures for buildings were reviewed first as an introduction to some practices that were useful for understanding the operations involved in assessment of structures. Finally, hazard- specific guidelines and assessment procedures manuals currently employed by several DOTs were reviewed.
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8 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview that show some signs of damage but are not apparently safe or obviously unsafe are designated for a more detailed visual examination. Basic Rapid Evaluation criteria and inspection procedures are discussed in detail in ATC-20.
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State of the Art and State of the Practice: Literature Review and Questionnaire 9 The primary revisions in ATC-20-2 were to the posting placards and the evaluation forms. Most noticeably is that the yellow LIMITED ENTRY placard was changed to RESTRICTED USE.
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Procedures Bridges Tunnels Walls Culverts Embankments Overhead Signs Coding and/or Marking ConnecticutA Maryland New York B OhioC Oregon D Maryland New YorkB OhioC Maryland New YorkB Maryland New YorkB OhioC OregonD New YorkB Colorado ConnecticutA General FHWAE ConnecticutA IllinoisF Maryland MinnesotaG MississippiH New YorkB OhioI OregonD PennsylvaniaJ UtahK WashingtonL WisconsinM OregonD PennsylvaniaJ Virginia WisconsinM ConnecticutA PennsylvaniaJ UtahK WisconsinM ConnecticutA IllinoisF Maryland North Dakota OregonD PennsylvaniaJ UtahK Virginia WisconsinM OregonD PennsylvaniaJ UtahK WisconsinM ConnecticutA Florida Hawaii North Dakota PennsylvaniaJ UtahK WisconsinM Earthquake Arkansas California IllinoisN IndianaO Iowa KentuckyP MississippiQ New YorkR WashingtonS Oregon None None IndianaO KentuckyP MississippiQ IndianaO KentuckyP MississippiQ Iowa Tsunami None None None None None None Tornado None None None None None None High Winds None None None None None None Hurricane and Storm Surge None None None None None None Flooding California Maryland OhioI None None None None None Fire California None None None None None A Connecticut DOT -- Bridge Inspection Manual: http://www.ct.gov/dot/lib/dot/documents/dpublications/Inspection_Manual_061905.pdf B New York State DOT (NYSDOT) -- Bridge Inventory Manual: https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/structures/manuals/bridgeinventory-manual C Ohio DOT -- Bridge Inventory Coding Guide: https://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Engineering/Structures/BridgeManagementSection/ StructureInventory/Documents/Bridge_Inventory_Coding_Guide_Revised_2012-01.pdf D Oregon DOT -- Bridge Inspection Program Manual: http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/BRIDGE/docs/brinspecman2013.pdf E Bridge Inspector's Reference Manual: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/nbis.cfm F Illinois DOT -- Bridge Element Inspection Manual: http://www.idot.illinois.gov/Assets/uploads/files/Doing-Business/Manuals-Guides-&Handbooks/Highways/Bridges/Inspection/Bridge%20Element%20Inspection%20Manual%20REV%2002.2014.pdf G Minnesota DOT -- Bridge Inspection: http://www.dot.state.mn.us/bridge/inspection.html H Mississippi DOT -- Bridge Safety Inspection Policy and Procedure Manual: http://mdot.ms.gov/documents/Bridge/Manuals/Bridge%20 Safety%20Inspection%20Policy%20and%20Procedures.pdf I Ohio DOT -- Bridge Inspection and Maintenance: http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Engineering/Structures/bridge%20operations%20 and%20maintenance/Pages/default.aspx J Pennsylvania DOT (PennDOT)
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State of the Art and State of the Practice: Literature Review and Questionnaire 11 Five of the aforementioned guidelines [those developed by the New York State DOT (NYSDOT) , Indiana DOT, Washington State DOT (WSDOT)
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12 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview Preliminary Bridge Damage Assessment, Special Post-Earthquake Bridge Inspection, and Further Investigation (see Table 2-4)
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State of the Art and State of the Practice: Literature Review and Questionnaire 13 more detail. Michigan's emergency response process includes four-color-coded damage classifications and damage assessment forms for both public and private use.
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14 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview The Bridge Inspector's Reference Manual is a comprehensive manual on programs, procedures, and techniques for inspecting and evaluating a variety of in-service highway bridges (Ryan et al.
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State of the Art and State of the Practice: Literature Review and Questionnaire 15 to about 65% for emergency conditions (Table 2-5)
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16 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview 2.2.2.3 Hazards/Material/Bridge Element Specific There are many documents that provide focused evaluation procedures for specific hazards and/or structure types. These include The Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings (ATC 1998a, ATC 1998b)
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State of the Art and State of the Practice: Literature Review and Questionnaire 17 on all columns of the bridge can be plotted on the appropriate damage curves to visualize the remaining capacity of the full structure (see Figure 2-4)
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18 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview Source: MSP (2013)
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State of the Art and State of the Practice: Literature Review and Questionnaire 19 (Galloway et al. 2012, Lizundia et al.
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20 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview modern information technologies should be incorporated to assist in the assessing, coding, and marking of damaged structures. Several of these approaches that utilize IT are discussed in the following paragraphs.
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State of the Art and State of the Practice: Literature Review and Questionnaire 21 • Marking -- The process of applying an identifiable mark to the structure to inform others of its condition. This can be done physically or digitally.
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22 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview inspection responsibility, and load rating, for example. Within each major category, the detail codes are defined.
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State of the Art and State of the Practice: Literature Review and Questionnaire 23 Number of responses = 50 DOTs Not aware 12% No method in place 34% Informal methods in place 24% Manual or training material in place 30% Q 13 - Does your agency have guidelines for coding and marking of highway structures during an emergency situation? Figure 2-9.
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24 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview • Mississippi DOT's procedure from Annex E of its Comprehensive Emergency Transportation Response Plan (page E-22) based on earthquakes • Barricades, detour signs, and traffic control devices for bridges required to be closed 2.3.2 Relevant Coding and Marking Practices for Buildings Most of the remaining literature comes from other emergency management scenarios such as the coding and marking of buildings post-earthquake disasters or, in the case of fire events, from NFPA standards.
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State of the Art and State of the Practice: Literature Review and Questionnaire 25 2.3.3 Critiques and Suggested Improvements to Current Coding and Marking Methods As described earlier, several recent studies attempt to improve upon current coding and marking methods considering recent disaster events. Much of the previously cited literature provides recommendations for coding and marking (termed "placard placement")
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26 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview For emergency responders, a more technical methodology could be implemented that makes use of the well-established bridge inspection coding system, at least for the more detailed inspections. If the communication system could be relied upon to support access to the Internet, then a number of new strategies would become available for communicating with the general public and among the emergency responders.
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State of the Art and State of the Practice: Literature Review and Questionnaire 27 2.4.1.2 National Response Framework The NRF is a guide for how our nation conducts national all-hazards incident response that builds upon the NIMS (DHS 2013)
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28 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview 2.4.2 Emergency Preparedness and Response To identify the relative frequency of hazards facing state DOTs, questionnaire respondents were asked to identify hazards they have faced in the past (Figure 2-13)
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State of the Art and State of the Practice: Literature Review and Questionnaire 29 and established procedures are related to earthquakes rather than these more common hazards. This is likely because of the widespread nature and higher level of damage expected during an earthquake.
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30 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview processes. The concepts and principles for effective communication are defined by NIMS as having a common operating picture; interoperability; reliability, scalability, and portability; and resiliency and redundancy.
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State of the Art and State of the Practice: Literature Review and Questionnaire 31 the National Guard (54%) were the primary agencies identified.
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32 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview to be localized, usually affecting only one structure. Under ESF #1, state DOTs are the primary and coordinating agency for transportation structure assessment.
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State of the Art and State of the Practice: Literature Review and Questionnaire 33 restrictions, and priority repairs. Damage assessments will continue during the recovery phase (Wallace et al.
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34 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview Number of respondents = 44 DOTs. 0 1 2 3 4 5 Earthquake Tsunami Hurricane High Winds Storm Surge Flooding Scour Tornado Fire Collision Technological Explosion Volcanoes Terrorist attacks Snow/ice/avalanche Other Average Frequency (0 = None, 2 = Once every 5 years, 4 = Once every 2 years)
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State of the Art and State of the Practice: Literature Review and Questionnaire 35 Number of respondents = 48 DOTs. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hand-held GPS Digital photo and video cameras Tablets/smartphones Laser range finders Lidar/3D laser scanning Advanced technologies such as GPR, seismic surveys, thermal imaging UAVS Low-tech assessment aids Other Q 18 - How often does your organization use the following digital technologies for highway structure assessment under ordinary circumstances?
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36 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview Number of respondents = (a)
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State of the Art and State of the Practice: Literature Review and Questionnaire 37 Respondents also indicated that additional training and increased number of inspectors were the most important needs identified by their agencies to improve structural assessment, coding, and marking procedures in emergency situations (Table 2-10)
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38 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Research Overview • Similar levels of technology usage for inspections are anticipated during emergency response as currently used during routine inspections. However, smartphones and tablets were given higher priority for use in emergency events.
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