Application of Pedestrian Crossing Treatments for Streets and Highways (2016) / Chapter Skim
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CONTENTS 1 SUMMARY 5 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background, 5 Study Purpose, 6 Study Approach, 6 Content, Organization, and Use of This Report, 8 9 CHAPTER TWO POLICIES GUIDING SELECTION OF PEDESTRIAN CROSSING IMPROVEMENTS Complete Streets and Related Policies and Guidance, 9 Toward Zero Deaths and Vision Zero, 11 Examples of Effective Practices in Planning, Design, Land Use, Engineering, Operations, and Financing, 12 13 CHAPTER THREE GUIDANCE AND CURRENT PRACTICES REGARDING SELECTING AND PRIORITIZING PEDESTRIAN CROSSING IMPROVEMENTS Existing Resources for Identifying and Prioritizing Pedestrian Crossing Improvements, 13 Current Practices, 25 35 CHAPTER FOUR RECOMMENDED APPLICATIONS, EFFECTIVENESS, AND CURRENT USE OF PEDESTRIAN CROSSING TREATMENTS Roadway Design Features, 36 Traffic Control Devices, 47 Summary of Application of Traffic Control Devices, 60 61 CHAPTER FIVE EXAMPLES OF GUIDANCE TOOLS AND ORIGINAL CASE EXAMPLES ON PROVISION OF SAFER PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS Examples of State and Local Jurisdictions Crossing Treatment Guides, 61 Original Case Examples, 66 Case Examples -- Innovative Treatments and Approaches from Other Sources, 80 83 CHAPTER SIX SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Further Research Needs, 84 Final Conclusions, 84 86 ACRONYMS AND TERMS USED IN THIS REPORT 88 REFERENCES 94 BIBLIOGRAPHY 95 APPENDIX A SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE AND SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESPONSES 113 APPENDIX B DETAILED SYNTHESIS OF LITERATURE REVIEW OF TREATMENTS Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at www.trb.org)
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SUMMARY APPLICATION OF PEDESTRIAN CROSSING TREATMENTS FOR STREETS AND HIGHWAYS Pedestrian safety and mobility in the United States are in a constant state of growth and change. Increasing national, state, and local priorities to increase walking generate an even greater need to improve safety for pedestrians.
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2 At least 16 major cities have adopted a Vision Zero philosophy to address traffic safety. Vision Zero strategies place responsibility on the system designers and operators as well as the users of the transport system to minimize the possibility of people dying or becoming seriously injured on the nations' streets and highways.
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3 was the typical design for all arterial streets, or the treatment was applied when space and other circumstances allowed. Curb extensions are most often used in downtown and urban settings or along main roads/trunk lines that pass through cities and towns.
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4 have been applied. Three-fourths of the states and 82% of the local jurisdictions have used RRFBs, with some jurisdictions having used them often.
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5 National, state, and local policies also guide priorities and decision processes. Complete Streets policies and other voluntary policies are being increasingly adopted.
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6 all, and doing so cost effectively and efficiently, all using a performance-based and transparent decision framework, are among the current challenges for states and local jurisdictions in the face of the previously mentioned and other concerns. Understanding the various policies, guidance documents, and philosophical frameworks used to shape applications of pedestrian crossing treatments by jurisdictions is therefore also key to understanding the state of current practice and measures of success.
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7 additional information was needed. The effects of specific treatments were summarized for each countermeasure evaluation study, including study details, treatment location descriptions (when available)
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8 in applying treatments, and allowed for detailed responses by jurisdictions, which provided useful information. The final list of treatments addressed in the questionnaire included 11 design or infrastructure measures and 14 types of traffic control applications (e.g., beacons, signs, signals, and markings)
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