Countering Violent Extremism Through Public Health Practice Proceedings of a Workshop (2017) / Chapter Skim
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3 Contemporary Approaches to Countering Violent Extremism
3 Contemporary Approaches to Countering Violent Extremism
Pages 21-42
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From page 21... ...
. • Expanding CVE approaches beyond law enforcement interven tions allows a broader operational space in the social domain with multiple actors and expertise.
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From page 22... ...
CVE spans a wide range of activities, including traditional overseas development work, domestic crime and gang prevention programs, sports programs, and maternal support programs. The 2015 report also examined the policy process underlying the devel opment and implementation of CVE and generated a basic four-step policy cycle for how CVE ought to be addressed (see Figure 3-1)
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From page 23... ...
Romaniuk explained that in developing the report, he and his team found that the field of CVE skewed toward policy development and imple mentation but not the assessment and evaluation of those efforts. Evidence based policy will require researching and strengthening the assessment and the evaluation phases, he advised.
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From page 24... ...
To help address this, he suggested that "states should use soft power softly." The second suggestion is to avoid stigmatization. The first rollout of CVE programs around the world had a stigmatizing effect, especially in Muslim communities, because informing a community that it will be the beneficiary of -- or subject to -- a CVE program implies that it is vulnerable to violent extremism.
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From page 25... ...
Intervention programs on the microlevel, he noted, have also yielded better results. APPROACHES TO COUNTERING RADICALIZATION: INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC PERSPECTIVES Strong Cities Network The Strong Cities Network is a network of cities around the world working to synthesize best practices among initiatives to address com munity polarization and counter violent extremism.3,4 Rebecca Skellett explained that the network aims to support cities and other local authori ties on an international basis and to enhance local approaches to prevent violent extremism by facilitating information sharing, mutual learning, and creation of new and innovative local practices.
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From page 26... ...
Skellett drew on her experiences with the Strong Cities Network and as a practitioner with the Prevent program in the United Kingdom to draft a list of key decisions to be considered when working with individuals at risk of radicalization. She noted it can be difficult to tread the line between achieving good outcomes for people through CVE interventions and ad dressing the serious political caveats imposed on any work in such a sensi tive arena.
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From page 27... ...
She referred to the Montreal Center in Canada as having an approach to CVE centered on psychological disengagement from a very public healthoriented perspective, with a focus on individuals in the medium risk (pre TABLE 3-1 Range of Counterradicalization Intervention Approaches Intervention Approach Examples Diversionary tactics London Tigers, United Kingdom Psychological disengagement CPRLV, Montreal Center, Canada Realignment of interests and integration Aarhus model, Denmark Family-led models Hayat, East Germany Nationally directed models Channel Programme United Kingdom, Danish Security and Intelligence model Socioeconomic models Italy, Saudi Arabia Disruption models Mumbai Police Force, India (and many others) Punitive models Medellin, Columbia (FARC peace deals)
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From page 28... ...
The Aarhus Model in Denmark uses an approach focused on realignment of interests and improved integration among individuals who have returned from abroad, according to Skellett. She noted that the intervention aims at capacity building, casework support, and advising critical aftercare centers at the municipal level.
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From page 29... ...
,8 explained that WORDE uses a research-informed foundation for promoting understanding between com munities to mitigate social and political conflict. She described WORDE's establishment of the International Cultural Center in Montgomery County, Maryland, in 2011.
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From page 30... ...
Consequently, she contended that the WORDE model has changed the face of community organizing and even community policing: rather than law enforcement reaching out to communities on an individualized or targeted basis, the police department has increased its effort to engage civil society as a whole. The second component of the initiative is to educate stakeholders about the range of public safety threats, including the risk factors for radicaliza tion and recruitment to violent extremism.
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From page 31... ...
, it is possible to determine if a program has helped to decrease certain potential risk factors of radicaliza tion while also increasing protective factors. Safe Spaces Initiative Alejandro Beutel, a researcher on countering violent extremism for the National Consortium for START at the University of Maryland, talked about his experiences in helping to develop the Safe Spaces initiative in 9 While not mentioned at the workshop, researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago have expressed dissenting opinions to Congress regarding the limitations of the evalua tion of the BRAVE model.
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From page 32... ...
, which attempted to parse out the issues of violence -- that is, unlawful criminal behaviors -- and extremism, which is generally construed as lawful, if distasteful, views related to violence and politics in society. The paper's position held that communities and government agencies in societies need to work together, but there needs to be a division of labor: civil society should address the extremism that may facilitate violence in some cases; law enforcement and government should address the criminal activity.
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From page 33... ...
For that reason, the Safe Spaces' model incorporates multidisciplinary teams that include social workers, mental health professionals, religious workers, and spokespeople for defusing rumors and resolving misunderstandings. He described how the concept of the intervention team was adapted from methods used to prevent mass shootings in schools, workplaces, and pub lic spaces.
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From page 34... ...
The Approach to CVE in Los Angeles Haroon Azar, the regional director of the Office of Community Partnerships-Los Angeles, DHS, and Joumana Silyan-Saba, director of S trategies Against Violent Extremism, Mayor's Office of Public Safety, City of Los Angeles, provided an overview of some of the policy underpinnings and strategic objectives of the approach taken at the local government level to CVE in Los Angeles, California. In 2011, the federal government released an interagency national strategy, Empowering Local Partners to Prevent Violent Extremism in the United States (The White House, 2011)
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From page 35... ...
The Interagency Coordination group is investigating how to meet the community's needs as a way of expanding the CVE space beyond law enforcement parameters and into the social domain. She noted that this transition will require meaningful dialogue and shared learning about how to support the work already being done in communities and to inform how communities are engaged going forward.
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From page 36... ...
He noted DMH's re sources are underused by the community both inside and outside of the CVE realm; for example, the DMH reported that they have a $100,000 per annum grant for promoting interfaith community awareness, but no Muslim organi ations have taken advantage of that funding in the previ z ous 10 years. He expressed confidence that through cross sector inclusion and convening powers within the CVE space, there will be more resources available to increase the capacity of social service organizations and assist them in finding potential funding opportunities.
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From page 37... ...
He explained that the approach to counterterrorism adopted by the LAPD can be distilled to the following equation: "operational capability plus motivation equals terrorism." Operational capability refers to elements such as recruitment, funding, preoperational planning, and execution of plans. He noted that the department works to diminish these types of operational capabilities in cooperation with federal partners, including the Joint Terrorism Task Force and the Joint Regional Intelligence Center.
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From page 38... ...
, a collaboration among the LAPD, the Los Angeles County DMH, the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department, and the FBI.15 The RENEW model was adapted from a struc ture that already existed in the LAPD, called the Crisis Response Support Section (part of the Medical Evaluation Unit)
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From page 39... ...
NOTE: CAMP = Case Assessment Management Program; CRSS = Crisis Response Support Section; JRIC = Joint Regional Intelligence Center; JTTF = Joint Terror ism Task Force; MCD = Major Crimes Division; MEU = Mental Evaluation Unit; SMART = System-wide Mental Assessment Response Team. SOURCE: Downing presentation, September 7, 2016.
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From page 40... ...
The JRIC subject workup provides comprehensive information about the individual, including social media analysis, criminal records, probation and warrants, weapons, travel details, financial records, and any other informa tion deemed to be relevant. The workup is provided to the RENEW coordinator, who chooses whether to forward it either to the Case Assessment Management Pro gram (CAMP)
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From page 41... ...
The JTTF receives feedback regarding whether individuals have accepted help and whether they are progressing in terms of the referral, outpatient, or social service work.
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