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From page 6... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 6 C H A P T E R 3 Research Findings Technology Overview A range of technologies comprise today's CV and AV concepts and solutions, many dating back across decades of research and development by both industry and governments. Read the entire page →
From page 7... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 7 hardware modifications are needed to step to upper levels of autonomy. Read the entire page →
From page 8... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 8 hardware modifications are needed to step up to upper levels of autonomy. Read the entire page →
From page 9... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 9 Differential Real-Time Kinematic (D-RTK) Read the entire page →
From page 10... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 10 fleet from being a dot-on-a-map to a dynamic fleet network. Read the entire page →
From page 11... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 11 likely utilize the DSRC network while communications for other applications could use LTE Direct or 4G/5G, and the internal vehicle connection can be over peer-to-peer networks. Read the entire page →
From page 12... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 12 research has been in platooning applications, using LED lighting infrastructures as communications equipment to exchange information about the relative directional position of each member of the platoon. Read the entire page →
From page 13... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 13 the platoon's course, apply unintended braking, or use the platoon as a weapon. Read the entire page →
From page 14... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 14  A suite of technical standards providing the basis for regulated applications (referred to as Telematics Applications for Regulated Commercial Freight Vehicles) Read the entire page →
From page 15... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 15 Application Scenarios Trucking CV and AV applications span a range of application areas and uses. Read the entire page →
From page 16... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 16 Lane Departure Warning (LDW) Read the entire page →
From page 17... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 17 Applicability to Freight. Read the entire page →
From page 18... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 18 designed to or able to warn for all potential crash situations. Read the entire page →
From page 19... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 19 Relevant Technology Issues. Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 20 The right side looking systems are intended primarily as supplements to outside rear-view mirror systems and as an aid for detecting adjacent vehicles when making lane change or merging maneuvers. Read the entire page →
From page 21... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 21 light-duty market, research has been underway to address the unique needs of the heavy trucking environment (such as articulated tractor-trailers) Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 22 Applicability to Freight. Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 23 readers. Read the entire page →
From page 24... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 24 Platooning is certainly not limited to trucks, and indeed mixed truck and passenger vehicle platoons are possible. Read the entire page →
From page 25... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 25 difference in headways causes platooned trucks to operate with reduced aerodynamic drag, which leads to fuel savings and a reduction in emissions. Read the entire page →
From page 26... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 26 Test, Year, and Country Example of Reported Savings for Lead Truck (%) Read the entire page →
From page 27... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 27 Operational and Deployment Considerations Platooning systems are in active development. Read the entire page →
From page 28... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 28 Safety as a Benefit in a Business Case "Safety technologies must be seen as preventing future costs caused by accidents. Read the entire page →
From page 29... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 29 owner-operators) Read the entire page →
From page 30... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 30 commanding attention and level of research investment. Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 31 Ottomotto Creating Autonomous Retrofit Kit "From a technology perspective we felt we can solve the problem sooner than later because the vast majority of truck miles are on-highway miles, and highway by nature is a much more constrained environment to introduce self-driving technology …It's just simpler…There are no pedestrians and there are a handful of trucking corridors, so it's easier to map." Lior Ron, Ottomotto Founder As with passenger vehicles, one critical criterion for the success of the concept is the ability to truly disengage drivers from the driving experience and for long periods of time without a need for the driver to re-engage on a moment's notice. Read the entire page →
From page 32... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 32 example maneuvering trucks in complex geographies and pedestrian environments. Read the entire page →
From page 33... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 33 Port CV and AV Applications In the near future, CV applications and AVs are expected to open new opportunities to enhance port operations, from ship side to road and rail. Read the entire page →
From page 34... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 34 Legal, Regulatory, and Policy Topics Laws and regulations relating to autonomous vehicles are still in their infancy. Read the entire page →
From page 35... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 35 States with Autonomous Vehicle Legislation Seven states and Washington DC have passed significant legislation related to autonomous vehicles. Read the entire page →
From page 36... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 36 Bill provisions CA DC FL MI ND NV TN UT Requires completion of a manufacturer AV course    Mandated study of AVs     Allows operation of vehicles without drivers  Requires means to engage and disengage the autonomous technology which is easily accessible to the human operator of the autonomous vehicle   Authorizes truck platooning   Addresses liability of the OEM of a vehicle on which a third party has installed an automated system      Permits the use of cell phones and other wireless vehicles in an autonomous vehicle  Prohibits local governments from banning autonomous vehicles  Allows a motor vehicle to be operated, or to be equipped with, an integrated electronic display visible to the operator while the motor vehicle's autonomous technology is engaged  Establishes certification program for manufacturers of autonomous vehicles before such vehicles may be tested, operated, or sold  Requires a human driver conducting testing to be "prepared to take control of the autonomous vehicle at any moment"   Restricts conversion to recent vehicles  The autonomous vehicle has a visual indicator inside the cabin to indicate when the autonomous technology is engaged  The autonomous vehicle has a separate mechanism, in addition to, and separate from, any other mechanism required by law, to capture and store the autonomous technology sensor data for at least 30 seconds before a collision  Read the entire page →
From page 37... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 37 Bill provisions CA DC FL MI ND NV TN UT …while the vehicle is operating in autonomous mode The manufacturer of the autonomous technology installed on a vehicle shall provide a written disclosure to the purchaser of an autonomous vehicle that describes what information is collected by the autonomous technology equipped on the vehicle  The comprehensiveness of state legislation varies significantly. Read the entire page →
From page 38... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 38 Vehicles." NHSTA noted that it is "working with states to craft and propose model policy guidance that helps policymakers address issues in both the testing and the wider operational deployment of vehicles at advanced stages of automation and offers a nationally consistent approach to autonomous vehicles" (NHTSA 2016a) Read the entire page →
From page 39... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 39 5 autonomous vehicles, it will likely be important to consider whether there are detailed digital maps available for roadways. Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 40 best practices and evaluating appropriate safety features and regulatory strategies and developing recommendations for their state. Read the entire page →
From page 41... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 41 will likely preempt states in this area. Read the entire page →
From page 42... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 42 Software Validation in Automated Vehicles is Critical "It is important to emphasize that refinement and validation of the software will take much longer than putting in place the cameras, radar, lidar and computing hardware … Even once the software is highly refined and far better than the average human driver, there will still be a significant time gap, varying widely by jurisdiction, before true self-driving is approved by regulators." Elon Musk vehicles, and use novel designs, such as omitting steering wheels and control interfaces the existing regulatory framework would serve as a barrier to such vehicle designs (Kim et al. Read the entire page →
From page 43... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 43 vehicle software and obtain broad worldwide approval regulatory approval. Read the entire page →
From page 44... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 44 that do occur will likely prove critical to assist product defect investigations and helping manufacturers improve their technology. Read the entire page →
From page 45... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 45  For trucks platooning with SAE level 2 or higher technologies, an alternative duty status for the driver in the following vehicle(s) Read the entire page →
From page 46... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 46 examination of compliance with the critical elements of both driver and vehicle regulations. Read the entire page →
From page 47... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 47 Drivewyze e-Inspection. Read the entire page →
From page 48... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 48 Vehicle Retrofits FMCSA has authority over some vehicle retrofits, including the installation of cameras to replace side mirrors. Read the entire page →
From page 49... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 49 Open Standards Make Heavy-Duty Trucks More Vulnerable to Hacks "If you wanted to hijack someone's car, you'd have to know the make and model and tailor the (hacking) Read the entire page →
From page 50... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 50  Conducting risk assessments;  Incorporating security-by-design principles;  Creating domain separation for in-vehicle networks;  Implementing a layered approach to security;  Conducting penetration testing;  Conducting code reviews; and  Developing over-the-air update capabilities to allow security holes to be patched quickly (GAO 2016) Read the entire page →
From page 51... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 51 Privacy Ensuring that connected truck technologies safeguard the privacy of users is important to obtain the widespread acceptance and adoption of this technology. Read the entire page →
From page 52... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 52 the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. Read the entire page →
From page 53... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 53 Freight Planning Topics There are multiple issues from the planning perspective that need to be addressed to harness the maximum benefits of CV and AV technologies for freight. Read the entire page →
From page 54... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) Read the entire page →
From page 55... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 55 We may be transitioning from an environment of data scarcity to one of data abundance. Read the entire page →
From page 56... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 56 example hardware, software and communication experts related to operating and maintaining these CV/AV environments. Read the entire page →
From page 57... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 57 The Need for Dedicated Truck Lanes "To get the long term benefit of truck platooning we have to look at potentially separating some of the flow of trucks. Read the entire page →
From page 58... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 58 Investments in Infrastructure Traditionally most of the infrastructure investment for roads has been used for road widening or adding lanes to existing transportation links and for the construction of new road links. Read the entire page →
From page 59... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 59 Stakeholder Engagement The project team supported its research with participation at industry events and targeted interviews of leaders in stakeholder communities related to CV or AV in commercial trucking. Read the entire page →
From page 60... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 60 Deployment Our exploration of how deployments might be expected to occur begins with a definition of a ‘baseline,' that is, a summary of the many initiatives that are already under way. Read the entire page →
From page 61... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 61 State Program Location Year Activities NJ Development of algorithm to reduce truck idling at adaptive signals U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 62... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 62 State Program Location Year Activities Expressway & Spring Valley corridor in NY GHz DSRC. Read the entire page →
From page 63... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 63 the KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Linköping University, Autoliv, Saab, Combitech and Scania CV AB with the aim of developing a fully autonomous heavy vehicle for goods transport and other industrial applications. Read the entire page →
From page 64... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 64 and lateral control to all vehicles in the platoon, and used sensor packages available on many vehicles currently in production such as millimeter wave radar, lane detecting cameras, GPS and IMU. Read the entire page →
From page 65... ... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 65 Future Deployments The lists above, as well as discussion throughout this report, demonstrate the substantial level of activity underway in development of CV and AV applications for trucking. Read the entire page →

From page 6...

... CRP Project HR 20-102(03) 6 C H A P T E R 3 Research Findings Technology Overview A range of technologies comprise today's CV and AV concepts and solutions, many dating back across decades of research and development by both industry and governments.