Inspection Guidelines for Bridge Post-Tensioning and Stay Cable Systems Using NDE Methods (2017) / Chapter Skim
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C-1 Testing Procedures A p p e n d i x C
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C-2 TP00 TESTING PROCEDURE LIBRARY NDE Method Code Testing Procedures Template TPXX Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) TP01 Infrared Thermography (IRT)
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C-3 TPXX INSERT NAME OF NDE TECHNOLOGY Introduction Scope: The scope briefly introduces the method, describes the physical measurements used, and any further information that differentiates categories of method application. As an example, the ultrasonic tomography testing procedure may describe the different ultrasonic techniques commonly used, such as pitch-catch, through-transmission, or indirect-transmission methods.
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C-4 TPXX INSERT NAME OF NDE TECHNOLOGY technology. Effect of layered ducts: This describes the performance of the technology when attempting to inspect ducts behind other ducts (i.e., ducts laying side by side wherein inspection of the farthest duct requires penetration through a nearer duct or group of ducts)
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C-5 TPXX INSERT NAME OF NDE TECHNOLOGY Apparatus: This section describes all necessary equipment needed for testing. Some of the items in this list may vary with manufacturer.
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C-6 TPXX INSERT NAME OF NDE TECHNOLOGY Step 9 – Use appropriate marking system for reference. Step 10 – Calibrate unit (if required)
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C-7 TPXX INSERT NAME OF NDE TECHNOLOGY Necessary Information for Data Collection This component of the testing procedures provides a list of all of the essential data necessary to document for each inspection. Presented in a table, the headings for each form of data require the user to document the description of the data, the units used and format requirements, and all used values and related accuracy.
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C-8 TPXX INSERT NAME OF NDE TECHNOLOGY RAW DATA 34 Time Stamp 35 Data Acquisition System 36 Antenna Model 37 Gain 38 Range 39 Word Size 40 Pulse Repetition Rate 41 Samples/Scan 42 Scans/Second 43 Spatial Mode 44 Distance Units 45 Scans/Unit 46 Vertical Filters 47 Vertical Filter Values 48 Horizontal Filters 49 Horizontal Filter Values 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73
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C-9 TPXX INSERT NAME OF NDE TECHNOLOGY CONDITIONED DATA 74 Data File 75 ASCII File 76 CSV File 77 Scan # 78 Longitudinal Location 79 Transverse Location 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113
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C-10 TP01 GROUND PENETRATING RADAR Introduction Scope: Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a widely used quantitative scanning tool that sends discrete electromagnetic (EM)
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C-11 TP01 GROUND PENETRATING RADAR Significance and Use: The GPR method is best used to measure the depth of subsurface layer interfaces. Since EM signals are highly reflected by metallic objects, this method can typically locate materials such as reinforcement, embedded beams, dowels, pipes, etc.
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C-12 TP01 GROUND PENETRATING RADAR Referenced Documents: 1.
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C-13 TP01 GROUND PENETRATING RADAR Process Description/Data Collection Principle: A marking system or other form of data collection management is used to perform testing and relate findings to the physical structure. In order to use GPR for gathering data from internal tendons that are embedded within concrete, it is necessary to make grids on the surface of concrete.
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C-14 TP01 GROUND PENETRATING RADAR Photo: Figure C-1: GPR antenna sends and receives EM pulses after reflection from subsurface interfaces (left) ; GPR trace of signal amplitude vs time (right)
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C-15 TP01 GROUND PENETRATING RADAR (a) StructureScan Mini HR GPR unit used to scan along the grids in the girder wall.
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C-16 TP01 GROUND PENETRATING RADAR Step 9 – Use appropriate marking system for reference. Step 10 – Calibrate GPR unit (if required)
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C-17 TP01 GROUND PENETRATING RADAR Final Report: All final reports describing the test and visual representation of results are to be given to the owner of the structure or file manager. All key features noted from the investigation should be clearly identified and labeled with respect to the structure's start and/or end locations.
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C-18 TP01 GROUND PENETRATING RADAR Necessary Information for Data Collection # Description Units/format Values/Accuracy GENERAL 1 State, City, Location 2 Structure Name 3 Personnel Performing Inspection 4 Date of Inspection 5 Start Time 6 End Time 7 Start Location 8 End Location 9 Transverse Origin Location (x, y) 10 Longitudinal Origin Location (x, z)
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C-19 TP01 GROUND PENETRATING RADAR RAW DATA 39 Time Stamp 40 Data Acquisition System 41 Antenna Model 42 Gain 43 Range 44 Word Size 45 Pulse repetition rate 46 Samples/scan 47 Scans/second 48 Spatial Mode 49 Distance Units 50 Scans/Unit 51 Vertical Filters 52 Vertical Filter Values 53 Horizontal Filters 54 Horizontal Filter Values 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
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C-20 TP01 GROUND PENETRATING RADAR CONDITIONED DATA 80 Date File 81 ASCII File 82 Scan # 83 Longitudinal Location 84 Transverse Location 85 Target 86 Depth 87 Amplitude 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
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C-21 TP02 INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY Introduction Scope: Infrared thermography is an imaging technique that translates thermal energy emissions that escape the surface under inspection to a temperature map. The images produced give information concerning the observed temperature gradients.
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C-22 TP02 INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY Significance and Use: Passive IRT may be used successfully to locate air voids and water infiltration in external nonmetallic ducts. However, it is not possible to differentiate the difference between the air voids and water infiltration defects.
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C-23 TP02 INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY Panels and Repair Patches Used in Aerospace Applications. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 6.
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C-24 TP02 INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY images. IR images of the end cap regions were also taken to assess the condition of the grout in the end caps.
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C-25 TP02 INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY Data Collection Procedure: All manufacturer's manuals and procedures should be strictly adhered to in addition to the following data collection procedures. PREPARATION: Step 1 – Collect bridge structure files.
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C-26 TP02 INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY Most of the time it is unlikely to have ground truth data for an inspected bridge. In that case the inspector should use his/her own mock-specimen for any necessary calibration of the equipment or validation of the accuracy of the device for detecting specific conditions.
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C-27 TP02 INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY Necessary Information for Data Collection # Description Units/format Values/Accuracy GENERAL 1 State, City, Location 2 Structure Name 3 Personnel Performing Inspection 4 Date of inspection 5 Start Time 6 End Time 7 Transverse Origin Location (x, y) 8 Longitudinal Origin Location (x, z)
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C-28 TP02 INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY RAW DATA 39 Time Stamp 40 Data Acquisition System 41 Antenna Model 42 Gain 43 Range 44 Word Size 45 Pulse repetition rate 46 Samples/scan 47 Scans/second 48 Spatial Mode 49 Distance Units 50 Scans/Unit 51 Vertical Filters 52 Vertical Filter Values 53 Horizontal Filters 54 Horizontal Filter Values 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 74 75 76 77 78 79
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C-29 TP02 INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY CONDITIONED DATA 80 Date File 81 ASCII File 82 Scan # 83 Longitudinal Location 84 Transverse Location 85 Target 86 Depth 87 Amplitude 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
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C-30 TP03 ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE TOMOGRAPHY Introduction Scope: ECT obtains capacitance data from multi-electrode sensors that surround an external duct and by several thousands of iterations and an appropriate numerical technique for image reconstruction develops permittivity images of internal cross-sections. Little work has been performed for PT inspection, but these images can show the existence of air pockets in oil flow in other applications.
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C-31 TP03 ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE TOMOGRAPHY Capabilities and Limitations: Capability of identifying defects: ECT cannot locate strand defects in external HDPE ducts. While this method has moderate accuracy in detecting voids in external HDPE ducts, it has low accuracy in detecting water infiltration and compromised grout in external HDPE ducts.
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C-32 TP03 ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE TOMOGRAPHY pre-made grid systems)
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C-33 TP03 ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE TOMOGRAPHY (a) ECT sensor head installed on external tendon.
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C-34 TP03 ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE TOMOGRAPHY Data Collection Procedure: All manufacturer's manuals and procedures should be strictly adhered to in addition to the following data collection procedures. PREPARATION: Step 1 – Collect bridge structure files.
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C-35 TP03 ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE TOMOGRAPHY Criteria for Data Validation: If available, all ground truth data should be properly recorded (precise location, photos, ambient temperature, humidity, etc.)
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C-36 TP03 ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE TOMOGRAPHY Necessary Information for Data Collection # Description Units/format Values/Accuracy GENERAL 1 State, City, Location 2 Structure Name 3 Personnel Performing Inspection 4 Date of Inspection 5 Start Time 6 End Time 7 Start Location 8 End Location 9 Transverse Origin Location (x, y) 10 Longitudinal Origin Location (x, z)
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C-37 TP03 ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE TOMOGRAPHY RAW DATA 39 Time Stamp 40 Data Acquisition System 41 Sensor Model 42 Gain 43 Range 44 Word Size 45 Pulse Repetition Rate 46 Samples/Scan 47 Scans/Second 48 Spatial Mode 49 Distance Units 50 Scans/Unit 51 Vertical Filters 52 Vertical Filter Values 53 Horizontal Filters 54 Horizontal Filter Values 55 Position Of Reading (X,Y) 56 Electrical Reading 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
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C-38 TP03 ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE TOMOGRAPHY CONDITIONED DATA 79 Data File 80 ASCII File 81 Csv File 82 Scan # 83 Longitudinal Location 84 Transverse Location 85 Target 86 Depth 87 Amplitude 88 Applied Thresholds 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117
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C-39 TP04 MAGNETIC FLUX LEAKAGE Introduction Scope: Magnetic methods such as the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) are very promising techniques in the NDE field for locating steel section loss due to corrosion, strand/wire pitting, or breakage.
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C-40 TP04 MAGNETIC FLUX LEAKAGE Capabilities and Limitations: Capability of identifying defects: MFL can locate strand defects in both metal and nonmetal external ducts with moderate to high accuracy, however it cannot differentiate between corrosion, section loss, and breakage. It consistently locates corrosion, section loss, and breakage with a loss in metallic area greater than five percent.
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C-41 TP04 MAGNETIC FLUX LEAKAGE User manual for the device. Data Acquisition System (DAQ)
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C-42 TP04 MAGNETIC FLUX LEAKAGE Photo: (a) Full-head.
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C-43 TP04 MAGNETIC FLUX LEAKAGE Data Collection Procedure: All manufacturer's manuals and procedures should be strictly adhered to in addition to the following data collection procedures. PREPARATION: Step 1 – Collect bridge structure files.
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C-44 TP04 MAGNETIC FLUX LEAKAGE inspector should use his/her own mock-specimen for any necessary calibration of the equipment or validation of the accuracy of the device for detecting specific conditions. Data Analysis and Evaluation of Results: All analysis and evaluation of results should be performed by experienced and educated personnel.
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C-45 TP04 MAGNETIC FLUX LEAKAGE Necessary Information for Data Collection # Description Units/format Values/Accuracy GENERAL 1 State, City, Location 2 Structure Name 3 Personnel Performing Inspection 4 Date of inspection 5 Start Time 6 End Time 7 Transverse Origin Location (x, y) 8 Longitudinal Origin Location (x, z)
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C-46 TP04 MAGNETIC FLUX LEAKAGE RAW DATA 38 Time Stamp 39 Data Acquisition System 40 Sensor Model 41 Gain 42 Range 43 Word Size 44 Pulse repetition rate 45 Samples/scan 46 Scans/second 47 Spatial Mode 48 Distance Units 49 Scans/Unit 50 Vertical Filters 51 Vertical Filter Values 52 Horizontal Filters 53 Horizontal Filter Values 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
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C-47 TP04 MAGNETIC FLUX LEAKAGE CONDITIONED DATA 78 Date File 79 ASCII File 80 Scan # 81 Longitudinal Location 82 Transverse Location 83 Target 84 Depth 85 Amplitude 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114
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C-48 TP05 MAGNETIC MAIN FLUX METHOD–PERMANENT MAGNET Introduction Scope: Magnetic methods such as the magnetic main flux method (MMFM) method are promising techniques in the NDE field for locating steel section loss due to corrosion, strand/wire pitting, or breakage.
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C-49 TP05 MAGNETIC MAIN FLUX METHOD–PERMANENT MAGNET Duct location: Applicable to external ducts. Duct type: Applicable to both metal and nonmetal ducts.
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C-50 TP05 MAGNETIC MAIN FLUX METHOD–PERMANENT MAGNET pre-made grid systems)
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C-51 TP05 MAGNETIC MAIN FLUX METHOD–PERMANENT MAGNET Data Collection Procedure: All manufacturer's manuals and procedures should be strictly adhered to in addition to the following data collection procedures. PREPARATION: Step 1 – Collect bridge structure files.
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C-52 TP05 MAGNETIC MAIN FLUX METHOD–PERMANENT MAGNET Data Analysis and Evaluation of Results: All analysis and evaluation of results should be performed by experienced and educated personnel. System software often makes data interpretation easier, but care should be taken that interpretation is overseen by properly qualified personnel.
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C-53 TP05 MAGNETIC MAIN FLUX METHOD–PERMANENT MAGNET Necessary Information for Data Collection # Description Units/format Values/Accuracy GENERAL 1 State, City, Location 2 Structure Name 3 Personnel Performing Inspection 4 Date of inspection 5 Start Time 6 End Time 7 Transverse Origin Location (X,Y) 8 Longitudinal Origin Location 9 Transverse Sampling Spacing 10 Longitudinal Sampling Spacing 11 Temperature 12 Device 13 Manufacturer 14 Data Acquisition System 15 System Model 16 System Serial Number 17 Sensor Name 18 Sensor Model 19 Sensor Serial Number 20 Pulse length 21 Center Frequency 22 Bandwidth 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
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C-54 TP05 MAGNETIC MAIN FLUX METHOD–PERMANENT MAGNET RAW DATA 38 Time Stamp 39 Data Acquisition System 40 Sensor Model 41 Gain 42 Range 43 Word Size 44 Pulse repetition rate 45 Samples/scan 46 Scans/second 47 Spatial Mode 48 Distance Units 49 Scans/Unit 50 Vertical Filters 51 Vertical Filter Values 52 Horizontal Filters 53 Horizontal Filter Values 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
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C-55 TP05 MAGNETIC MAIN FLUX METHOD–PERMANENT MAGNET CONDITIONED DATA 78 Date File 79 ASCII File 80 Scan # 81 Longitudinal Location 82 Transverse Location 83 Target 84 Depth 85 Amplitude 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115
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C-56 TP06 MAGNETIC MAIN FLUX METHOD–SOLENOID Introduction Scope: Magnetic methods such as the magnetic main flux method-solenoid (MMFM-Solenoid) are promising techniques in the NDE field for locating steel section loss due to corrosion, strand/wire pitting, or breakage This setup uses solenoid measurements to identify and quantify the loss of metallic area in external ducts.
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C-57 TP06 MAGNETIC MAIN FLUX METHOD–SOLENOID approximately 12 in. radius is required from the center of the duct.
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C-58 TP06 MAGNETIC MAIN FLUX METHOD–SOLENOID Process Description/Data Collection Principle: The solenoid measurements are made by moving the solenoid connected to the DMI is guided along the external duct to make scan measurements, and in regions of interest point measurements may also be made. This information is essential for post-analysis, and determining the location of the defect.
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C-59 TP06 MAGNETIC MAIN FLUX METHOD–SOLENOID Step 5 – Enter span under inspection and ensure appropriate marking system is in place. Step 6 – At a minimum, record all data specified in the section "Necessary Information for Data Collection." Keep this data updated for each span/section under inspection, noting any significant changes (particularly in temperature or humidity)
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C-60 TP06 MAGNETIC MAIN FLUX METHOD–SOLENOID Reporting Subdivision of the Structure for Inspection & Recordkeeping: Investigators should always record the appropriate subdivisions of the structure for analysis, recordkeeping, and future tests. Every testing location should be clearly identified.
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C-61 TP06 MAGNETIC MAIN FLUX METHOD–SOLENOID Necessary Information for Data Collection # Description Units/format Values/Accuracy GENERAL 1 State, City, Location 2 Structure Name 3 Personnel Performing Inspection 4 Date of inspection 5 Start Time 6 End Time 7 Transverse Origin Location (x, y) 8 Longitudinal Origin Location (x, z)
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C-62 TP06 MAGNETIC MAIN FLUX METHOD–SOLENOID RAW DATA 38 Time Stamp 39 Data Acquisition System 40 Sensor Model 41 Gain 42 Range 43 Word Size 44 Pulse repetition rate 45 Samples/scan 46 Scans/second 47 Spatial Mode 48 Distance Units 49 Scans/Unit 50 Vertical Filters 51 Vertical Filter Values 52 Horizontal Filters 53 Horizontal Filter Values 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 74 75 76
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C-63 TP06 MAGNETIC MAIN FLUX METHOD–SOLENOID CONDITIONED DATA 77 Date File 78 ASCII File 79 Scan # 80 Longitudinal Location 81 Transverse Location 82 Target 83 Depth 84 Amplitude 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114
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C-64 TP07 IMPACT ECHO Introduction Scope: The impact echo (IE) method involves hitting the concrete surface with a small impactor or impulse hammer and identifying the reflected wave energy with a displacement or accelerometer receiver mounted on the surface near the impact point.
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C-65 TP07 IMPACT ECHO HDPE ducts with moderate accuracy. While IE can make rough estimates on the size of the defects, there may be large errors.
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C-66 TP07 IMPACT ECHO Apparatus: Transducer unit. User manual for the device.
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C-67 TP07 IMPACT ECHO Photo: Figure C-13. IE transducer sends and receives stress pulses after reflection from subsurface interfaces.
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C-68 TP07 IMPACT ECHO PREPARATION: Step 1 – Collect bridge structure files. Step 2 – Gather all required apparatuses named above.
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C-69 TP07 IMPACT ECHO Criteria for Data Validation: If available, all ground truth data should be properly recorded (precise location, photos, ambient temperature, humidity, etc.)
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C-70 TP07 IMPACT ECHO Necessary Information for Data Collection # Description Units/format Values/Accuracy GENERAL 1 State, City, Location 2 Structure Name 3 Personnel Performing Inspection 4 Date of Inspection 5 Start Time 6 End Time 7 Start Location 8 End Location 9 Transverse Origin Location (x, y) 10 Longitudinal Origin Location (x, z)
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C-71 TP07 IMPACT ECHO RAW DATA 38 Time Stamp 39 Data Acquisition System 40 Antenna Model 41 Gain 42 Range 43 Word Size 44 Pulse repetition rate 45 Samples/scan 46 Scans/second 47 Spatial Mode 48 Distance Units 49 Scans/Unit 50 Vertical Filters 51 Vertical Filter Values 52 Horizontal Filters 53 Horizontal Filter Values 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
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C-72 TP07 IMPACT ECHO CONDITIONED DATA 78 Data File 79 ASCII File 80 Csv File 81 Scan # 82 Longitudinal Location 83 Transverse Location 84 Target 85 Depth 86 Amplitude 87 Time History (Voltage Array) 88 Frequency Response of Measured Raw Data at All Test Locations 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114
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C-73 TP08 ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY Introduction Scope: The ultrasonic tomography (UST) uses acoustic waves over 20 kHz.
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C-74 TP08 ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY Capabilities and Limitations: Capability of identifying defects: UST did not locate strand or grout defects in internal metal or nonmetal ducts or in the anchorage regions. UST can locate internal ducts when the scanning is done perpendicular to the length of the ducts.
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C-75 TP08 ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY Procedure Data Collected and Management Procedures: Time-of-Flight (TOF) measurements for transmitted and received acoustic signals.
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C-76 TP08 ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY Photo: Figure C-15. UST device on inspection element showing B-, C-, and D-scans (Wimsatt et al., 2014)
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C-77 TP08 ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY Data Collection Procedure: All manufacturer's manuals and procedures should be strictly adhered to in addition to the following data collection procedures. PREPARATION: Step 1 – Collect bridge structure files.
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C-78 TP08 ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY Step 2 – Submit completed inspection report to inspection program manager. Criteria for Data Validation: If available, all ground truth data should be properly recorded (precise location, photos, ambient temperature, humidity, etc.)
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C-79 TP08 ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY Necessary Information for Data Collection # Description Units/format Values/Accuracy GENERAL 1 State, City, Location 2 Structure Name 3 Personnel Performing Inspection 4 Date of Inspection 5 Start Time 6 End Time 7 Start Location 8 End Location 9 Transverse Origin Location (X,Y) 10 Longitudinal Origin Location (X,Y)
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C-80 TP08 ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY RAW DATA 38 Time Stamp 39 Data Acquisition System 40 Antenna Model 41 Gain 42 Range 43 Word Size 44 Pulse Repetition Rate 45 Samples/Scan 46 Scans/Second 47 Spatial Mode 48 Distance Units 49 Scans/Unit 50 Vertical Filters 51 Vertical Filter Values 52 Horizontal Filters 53 Horizontal Filter Values 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
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C-81 TP08 ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY CONDITIONED DATA 78 Data File 79 ASCII File 80 CSV File 81 Scan # 82 Longitudinal Location 83 Transverse Location 84 Target 85 Depth 86 Amplitude 87 Time Histories 88 Calculated Modulus Values 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114
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C-82 TP09 ULTRASONIC ECHO Introduction Scope: The principle of this operation is similar to the UST system: a sensor or group of sensors emits a stress pulse (typically a P- or S-wave) into the specimen, which mechanically excites the structural elements in the inaudible ultrasonic range.
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C-83 TP09 ULTRASONIC ECHO ducts. Additional limitations of the system include the inability to test non-flat surfaces, to determine the specific type of anomaly located, and depth limitations associated with the scanning frequency.
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C-84 TP09 ULTRASONIC ECHO Procedure Data Collected and Management Procedures: TOF measurements for transmitted and received acoustic signals. Amplitude of received acoustic signals.
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C-85 TP09 ULTRASONIC ECHO Photo: Figure C-17. USE device with automated dual probe scanner.
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C-86 TP09 ULTRASONIC ECHO Collection." Keep this data updated for each span/section under inspection, noting any significant changes (particularly in temperature or humidity) during testing.
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C-87 TP09 ULTRASONIC ECHO Reporting Subdivision of the Structure for Inspection & Recordkeeping: Investigators should always record the appropriate subdivisions of the structure for analysis, recordkeeping, and future tests. Every testing location should be clearly identified.
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C-88 TP09 ULTRASONIC ECHO Necessary Information for Data Collection # Description Units/format Values/Accuracy GENERAL 1 State, City, Location 2 Structure Name 3 Personnel Performing Inspection 4 Date of Inspection 5 Start Time 6 End Time 7 Start Location 8 End Location 9 Transverse Origin Location (x, y) 10 Longitudinal Origin Location (x, z)
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C-89 TP09 ULTRASONIC ECHO RAW DATA 38 Time Stamp 39 Data Acquisition System 40 Antenna Model 41 Gain 42 Range 43 Word Size 44 Pulse Repetition Rate 45 Samples/Scan 46 Scans/Second 47 Spatial Mode 48 Distance Units 49 Scans/Unit 50 Vertical Filters 51 Vertical Filter Values 52 Horizontal Filters 53 Horizontal Filter Values 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 78 79
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C-90 TP09 ULTRASONIC ECHO CONDITIONED DATA 80 Data File 81 ASCII File 82 CSV File 83 Scan # 84 Longitudinal Location 85 Transverse Location 86 Target 87 Depth 88 Amplitude 89 Time Histories 90 Calculated Modulus Values 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
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C-91 TP10 SONIC/ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY Introduction Scope: This test is designed to identify any voids, cracks, and delamination in concrete using UPV method. The underlying principle consists of measuring the time-of-arrival of compressional waves, which are generated by sources with resonant frequencies ranging from 50 to 150 kHz.
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C-92 TP10 SONIC/ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY Duct type: This method is applicable to both metal and nonmetal internal ducts. Effect of concrete cover: Typical concrete cover is not an issue for SPV-UPV inspection.
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C-93 TP10 SONIC/ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY Procedure Data Collected: Note that all data is to be collected, analyzed, and reported in accordance with the data management plan and QA/QC plan [4 and 7]
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C-94 TP10 SONIC/ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY Photo: Figure C-19. Various configuration of UPV testing transducer for volume mapping.
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C-95 TP10 SONIC/ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY Data Collection Procedure: All manufacturer's manuals and procedures should be strictly adhered to in addition to the following data collection procedures. PREPARATION: Step 1 – Collect bridge structure files.
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C-96 TP10 SONIC/ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY Criteria for Data Validation: If available, all ground truth data should be properly recorded (precise location, photos, ambient temperature, humidity, etc.)
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C-97 TP10 SONIC/ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY Necessary Information for Data Collection # Description Units/format Values/Accuracy GENERAL 1 State, City, Location 2 Structure Name 3 Personnel Performing Inspection 4 Date of Inspection 5 Start Time 6 End Time 7 Start Location 8 End Location 9 Transverse Origin Location (X,Y) 10 Longitudinal Origin Location (X,Z)
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C-98 TP10 SONIC/ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY RAW DATA 38 Time Stamp 39 Data Acquisition System 40 Antenna Model 41 Gain 42 Range 43 Word Size 44 Pulse Repetition Rate 45 Samples/Scan 46 Scans/Second 47 Spatial Mode 48 Distance Units 49 Scans/Unit 50 Vertical Filters 51 Vertical Filter Values 52 Horizontal Filters 53 Horizontal Filter Values 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
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C-99 TP10 SONIC/ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY CONDITIONED DATA 78 Data File 79 ASCII File 80 CSV File 81 Scan # 82 Longitudinal Location 83 Transverse Location 84 Target 85 Depth 86 Amplitude 87 Time Histories 88 Calculated Modulus Values 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
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C-100 TP11 LOW FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND Introduction Scope: The low frequency ultrasound (LFUT) system was designed to generate and receive low frequency ultrasonic waves in a pitch-catch fashion which propagate across the cross-section.
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C-101 TP11 LOW FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND Duct location: Applicable for external ducts. Duct type: Applicable for external HDPE ducts.
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C-102 TP11 LOW FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND The DAQ system collects the data. A designated test PC with appropriate software analyzes the raw data for immediate preprocessed waveform images and records the data for post-processing.
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C-103 TP11 LOW FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND Data Collection Procedure: All manufacturer's manuals and procedures should be strictly adhered to in addition to the following data collection procedures. PREPARATION: Step 1 – Collect bridge structure files.
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C-104 TP11 LOW FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND Criteria for Data Validation: If available, all ground truth data should be properly recorded (precise location, photos, ambient temperature, humidity, etc.)
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C-105 TP11 LOW FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND Necessary Information for Data Collection # Description Units/format Values/Accuracy GENERAL 1 State, City, Location 2 Structure Name 3 Personnel Performing Inspection 4 Date of Inspection 5 Start Time 6 End Time 7 Start Location 8 End Location 9 Origin Location (X,Z) 10 Sampling Spacing 11 Temperature 12 Device 13 Manufacturer 14 Data Acquisition System 15 System Model 16 System Serial Number 17 Sensor Name 18 Sensor Model 19 Sensor Serial Number 20 Bandwidth 21 Wave Speed 22 Time Corrected Gain 23 Measured Wave Speed 24 Manual Wave Speed 25 Horizontal Scanning Step 26 Vertical Scanning Step 27 Pulse Delay 28 Wave Speed 29 Analog Gain 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
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From page 178... ...
C-106 TP11 LOW FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND RAW DATA 38 Time Stamp 39 Data Acquisition System 40 Gain 41 Range 42 Word Size 43 Pulse Repetition Rate 44 Samples/Scan 45 Scans/Second 46 Spatial Mode 47 Distance Units 48 Scans/Unit 49 Vertical Filters 50 Vertical Filter Values 51 Horizontal Filters 52 Horizontal Filter Values 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
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From page 179... ...
C-107 TP11 LOW FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND CONDITIONED DATA 78 Data File 79 ASCII File 80 CSV File 81 Scan # 82 Longitudinal Location 83 Transverse Location 84 Target 85 Depth 86 Amplitude 87 Time Histories 88 Calculated Modulus Values 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115
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From page 180... ...
C-108 TP12 SOUNDING Introduction Scope: For the inspection of external PT ducts, a sounding inspection is generally performed to identify the existence of voids in ducts. In the regular inspection of PT bridges, the sounding inspection is executed by tapping an impactor or coin.
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From page 181... ...
C-109 TP12 SOUNDING regions with high accuracy. Duct location: Applicable for external ducts.
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From page 182... ...
C-110 TP12 SOUNDING Photo: Figure C-23. Void image of external ducts (Im et al.
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From page 183... ...
C-111 TP12 SOUNDING DATA COLLECTION: Step 1 – Use the appropriate testing lines or paths and sound the selected area, making sure to note start and end time and location and other relevant data. Step 2 – Continue to sound selected lines or paths until all areas are sounded, being diligent to record the anomalous areas according to testing location.
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From page 184... ...
C-112 TP12 SOUNDING Necessary Information for Data Collection # Description Units/format Values/Accuracy GENERAL 1 State, City, Location 2 Structure Name 3 Personnel Performing Inspection 4 Date of Inspection 5 Start Time 6 End Time 7 Start Location 8 End Location 9 Transverse Origin Location (x, y) 10 Longitudinal Origin Location (x, z)
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From page 185... ...
C-113 TP12 SOUNDING RAW DATA (only for automated versions)
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From page 186... ...
C-114 TP12 SOUNDING CONDITIONED DATA (only for automated versions)
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From page 187... ...
C-115 TP13 ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY Introduction Scope: EIS is an experimental technique in which sinusoidal modulation of an input signal is used to obtain the transfer function for an electrochemical system. In its usual application, the modulated input is potential, the measured response is current, and the transfer function is represented as an impedance.
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From page 188... ...
C-116 TP13 ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY As EIS inspection generates detailed information, sophisticated approaches are required to interpret the data and extract meaningful results. Referenced Documents: 1.
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From page 189... ...
C-117 TP13 ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY Photo: Figure C-24. EIS testing of an external PT duct.
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From page 190... ...
C-118 TP13 ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY Step 11 – (RECOMMENDED) Create a sample file to ensure proper working order of all system components.
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From page 191... ...
C-119 TP13 ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY Necessary Information for Data Collection # Description Units/format Values/Accuracy GENERAL 1 State, City, Location 2 Structure Name 3 Personnel Performing Inspection 4 Date of Inspection 5 Start Time 6 End Time 7 Start Location 8 End Location 9 Transverse Origin Location (X,Y) 10 Longitudinal Origin Location (X,Z)
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From page 192... ...
C-120 TP13 ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY RAW DATA 38 Time Stamp 39 Data Acquisition System 40 Sensor Model 41 Gain 42 Range 43 Word Size 44 Samples/Scan 45 Scans/Second 46 Spatial Mode 47 Distance Units 48 Scans/Unit 49 Vertical Filters 50 Vertical Filter Values 51 Horizontal Filters 52 Horizontal Filter Values 53 Position of Reading 54 Impedance Reading 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
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From page 193... ...
C-121 TP13 ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY CONDITIONED DATA 78 Data File 79 ASCII File 80 CSV File 81 Scan # 82 Longitudinal Location 83 Transverse Location 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
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From page 194... ...
C-122 TP14 COMBINATION: GPR/USE Introduction Scope: When available, a combination of methods should always be considered to optimize the strength of individual methods. This particular combination considers GPR and ultrasonic echo (USE)
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From page 195... ...
C-123 TP14 COMBINATION: GPR/USE Process Description/Data Collection Principle: If applying the methods individually and comparing results, see Testing Procedures TP01 and TP09 for GPR and USE, respectively. Photos: See photos from TP01 and TP09 for GPR and USE.
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From page 196... ...
C-124 TP14 COMBINATION: GPR/USE OPTION 1: Step 3 – Use the appropriate testing lines or paths and scan the selected area with second method (typically USE) , making sure to note start and end time and location and other relevant data.
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From page 197... ...
C-125 TP14 COMBINATION: GPR/USE Necessary Information for Data Collection See Testing Procedures TP01 and TP09 for GPR and USE, respectively.
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From page 198... ...
C-126 TP15 COMBINATION: GPR/IE Introduction Scope: When available, a combination of methods should always be considered to optimize the strength of individual methods. This particular combination considers GPR and IE for internal ducts.
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From page 199... ...
C-127 TP15 COMBINATION: GPR/IE Process Description/Data Collection Principle: If applying the methods individually and comparing results, see Testing Procedures TP01 and TP07 for GPR and IE, respectively. Photos: See photos from TP01 and TP07 for GPR and IE, respectively.
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From page 200... ...
C-128 TP15 COMBINATION: GPR/IE OPTION 1: Step 3 – Use the appropriate testing lines or paths and scan the selected area with second method (typically IE) , making sure to note start and end time and location and other relevant data.
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From page 201... ...
C-129 TP15 COMBINATION: GPR/IE Necessary Information for Data Collection See Testing Procedures TP01 and TP07 for GPR and IE, respectively.
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From page 202... ...
C-130 TP16 COMBINATION: MFL/SOUNDING Introduction Scope: When available, a combination of methods should always be considered to optimize the strength of individual methods. This particular combination considers MFL and sounding for external ducts.
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From page 203... ...
C-131 TP16 COMBINATION: MFL/SOUNDING Process Description/Data Collection Principle: If applying the methods individually and comparing results, see Testing Procedures TP04 and TP12 for MFL and sounding, respectively. Photos: See photos from TP04 and TP12 for MFL and sounding, respectively.
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From page 204... ...
C-132 TP16 COMBINATION: MFL/SOUNDING OPTION 1: Step 3 – Use the appropriate testing lines or paths and scan the selected area with second method (typically MFL) , making sure to note start and end time and location and other relevant data.
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From page 205... ...
C-133 TP16 COMBINATION: MFL/SOUNDING Necessary Information for Data Collection See Testing Procedures TP04 and TP12 for MFL and sounding, respectively.
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From page 206... ...
C-134 TP17 COMBINATION: MFL/IE Introduction Scope: When available, a combination of methods should always be considered so as to optimize the strength of individual methods. This particular combination considers MFL and IE for external ducts.
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From page 207... ...
C-135 TP17 COMBINATION: MFL/IE Process Description/Data Collection Principle: If applying the methods individually and comparing results, see Testing Procedures TP04 and TP07 for MFL and IE, respectively. Photos: See photos from Testing Procedures TP04 and TP07 for MFL and IE, respectively.
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From page 208... ...
C-136 TP17 COMBINATION: MFL/IE OPTION 1: Step 3 – Use the appropriate testing lines or paths and scan the selected area with second method (typically MFL) , making sure to note start and end time and location and other relevant data.
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From page 209... ...
C-137 TP17 COMBINATION: MFL/IE Necessary Information for Data Collection See Testing Procedures TP04 and TP07 for MFL and IE, respectively.
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From page 210... ...
C-138 TP18 COMBINATION: IRT/USE Introduction Scope: When available, a combination of methods should always be considered so as to optimize the strength of individual methods. This particular combination considers infrared thermography (IRT)
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From page 211... ...
C-139 TP18 COMBINATION: IRT/USE Process Description/Data Collection Principle: If applying the methods individually and comparing results, see Testing Procedures TP02 and TP09 for IRT and USE, respectively. Photos: See photos from TP02 and TP09 for IRT and USE, respectively.
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From page 212... ...
C-140 TP18 COMBINATION: IRT/USE OPTION 1: Step 3 – Use the appropriate testing lines or paths and scan the selected area with second method (typically USE) , making sure to note start and end time and location and other relevant data.
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From page 213... ...
C-141 TP18 COMBINATION: IRT/USE Necessary Information for Data Collection See Testing Procedures TP02 and TP09 for IRT and USE, respectively.
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From page 214... ...
C-142 TP19 VISUAL METHODS Introduction Scope: VT of external PT ducts and stay cable ducts is often the first step during inspection. This type of testing can be used to quickly identify areas of major deterioration that warrant immediate attention and further, more detailed evaluation (Figure C-25)
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From page 215... ...
C-143 TP19 VISUAL METHODS Effect of concrete cover: Concrete cover is not an issue to the borescope inspection itself, but can cause a hindrance in accessing internal tendons. Effect of layered ducts: Layered duct can cause accessibility issues for borescope investigation, but is not an issue for the inspection itself.
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From page 216... ...
C-144 TP19 VISUAL METHODS Photo: Figure C-25. Broken duct and exposed strands evident during VT (Trejo et al.
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From page 217... ...
C-145 TP19 VISUAL METHODS Data Collection Procedure: All manufacturer's manuals and procedures should be strictly adhered to in addition to the following data collection procedures. PREPARATION: Step 1 – Collect bridge structure files.
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From page 218... ...
C-146 TP19 VISUAL METHODS Criteria for Data Validation: If available, all ground truth data should be properly recorded (precise location, photos, ambient temperature, humidity, etc.)
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From page 219... ...
C-147 TP19 VISUAL METHODS Necessary Information for Data Collection # Description Units/format Values/Accuracy GENERAL 1 State, City, Location 2 Structure Name 3 Personnel Performing Inspection 4 Date of Inspection 5 Start Time 6 End Time 7 Start Location 8 End Location 9 Transverse Origin Location (X,Y) 10 Longitudinal Origin Location (X,Z)
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From page 220... ...
C-148 TP20 X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY Introduction Scope: Radiography in general is a technique that assesses images of an object by projecting high energy beams of electromagnetic radiation (typically x-rays or gamma-rays)
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From page 221... ...
C-149 TP20 X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY Safety Requirements: All safety requirements from the manufacturer's manuals and procedures should be strictly adhered to in addition to the following safety precautions: Equipment should be used by fully qualified and trained personnel only. Equipment is NOT approved for use in areas where hazardous gases may be present.
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From page 222... ...
C-150 TP20 X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY Procedure Data Collected Images depicting intensity of x-rays captured on film. Apparatus: Specified x-ray tube.
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From page 223... ...
C-151 TP20 X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY Photo: Data Collection Procedure: All manufacturer's manuals and procedures should be strictly adhered to in addition to the following data collection procedures. PREPARATION: Step 1 – Collect bridge structure files.
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From page 224... ...
C-152 TP20 X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY changes (particularly in temperature or humidity) during testing.
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From page 225... ...
C-153 TP20 X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY Necessary Information for Data Collection # Description Units/format Values/Accuracy GENERAL 1 State, City, Location 2 Structure Name 3 Personnel Performing Inspection 4 Date of Inspection 5 Start Time 6 End Time 7 Start Location 8 End Location 9 Transverse Origin Location (X,Y) 10 Longitudinal Origin Location (X,Z)
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From page 226... ...
C-154 TP20 X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY RAW DATA 40 Time Stamp 41 Data Acquisition System 42 Film Collection System 43 Gain 44 Range 45 Word Size 46 Pulse Repetition Rate 47 Samples/Scan 48 Scans/Second 49 Spatial Mode 50 Distance Units 51 Scans/Unit 52 Vertical Filters 53 Vertical Filter Values 54 Horizontal Filters 55 Horizontal Filter Values 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
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From page 227... ...
C-155 TP20 X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY CONDITIONED DATA 81 Data File 82 ASCII File 83 CSV File 84 Scan # 85 Longitudinal Location 86 Transverse Location 87 Target 88 Depth 89 Amplitude 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119
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Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.