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From page 76... ... P a r t 2 Toolbox Read the entire page →
From page 77... ... Tools s e c t i o n 1 Read the entire page →
From page 78... ... C o n t e n t s 83 Synopses of Tools 88 Tool 1 Developing a Socioeconomic Profile and Community Characteristics Inventory for Environmental Justice Assessments 102 Tool 2 Using Public Use Microdata Samples to Profile Transportation Characteristics and Differences 110 Tool 3 Using the National Household Travel Survey to Profile Transportation Characteristics and Differences 113 Tool 4 Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 140 Tool 5 Using Focus Groups in Assessing the Impact of Tolling on Environmental Justice Populations 151 Tool 6 Designing and Executing Surveys to Assess Attitudes and Travel Behavior for Environmental Justice Analyses and to Monitor Implementation 178 Tool 7 Using Travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 201 Tool 8 Applying a Select Link Analysis to Assess Trip Patterns 211 Tool 9 Analyzing the Value of Time/Willingness to Pay in Environmental Justice Assessments 220 Tool 10 Assessing User Costs and Household Burden Effects 228 Tool 11 Evaluating Disproportionate Effects with Quantitative Methods 235 Tool 12 Instituting Cash Replenishment Options for Unbanked and Underbanked Populations 241 Tool 13 Recycling Tolling Revenue through Transit Investment and Low-Income Assistance as Forms of Mitigation 253 Tool 14 Examining Spatial Patterns and Distribution of Users on Existing Tolling Facilities Read the entire page →
From page 79... ... 83 Synopses of Tools Developing a Socioeconomic Profile and Community Characteristics Inventory for EJ Assessments A demographic profile of social and economic characteristics such as income, race and ethnicity, disability, age, limited English proficiency, educational attainment, time leaving home for work, and "zero-car" households provides important building blocks about communities for impact assessment. Creating a profile contributes to developing a substantive understanding of the needs of the affected populations, including low-income and minority populations and other traditionally underserved populations. Read the entire page →
From page 80... ... 84 Assessing the environmental Justice effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox as the characteristics of the vehicles they own and their attitudes toward several transportation issues. Using NHTS allows for a very detailed analysis of households' travel patterns among population subgroups and across a variety of geographic characteristics. Read the entire page →
From page 81... ... synopses of tools 85 minority travelers compared to other populations. This information is important to gather to determine potential EJ impacts and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. Read the entire page →
From page 82... ... 86 Assessing the environmental Justice effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox distribution and trip purpose are important measures to estimate within a region or corridor. VOT can be used to inform the development of toll pricing and account policies that are sensitive to the behavioral differences of low-income travelers. Read the entire page →
From page 83... ... synopses of tools 87 account face the prospect of being excluded or financially penalized for their use. Populations in this circumstance may experience a form of social exclusion (i.e., compromised access to jobs and other amenities critical to sustaining a household's quality of life) Read the entire page →
From page 84... ... 88 What Is It? Demographic profiles of social and economic characteristics such as income, race and ethnicity, disability, age, limited English proficiency, educational attainment, time leaving home for work, and "zero-car" households provide important building blocks about communities for impact assessment. Read the entire page →
From page 85... ... Developing a Socioeconomic Profile and Community Characteristics Inventory for Environmental Justice Assessments 89 What Are Some Techniques for Implementing This Tool? There are many data sources and methods for conducting a preliminary screening to determine whether minority or low-income populations may be affected by the tolling project and to inform the preparation of a detailed social and economic profile. Read the entire page →
From page 86... ... 90 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Using the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey The American Community Survey (ACS) Read the entire page →
From page 87... ... Developing a Socioeconomic Profile and Community Characteristics Inventory for Environmental Justice Assessments 91 Using the U.S. Census Bureau's American FactFinder American FactFinder is an easy-to-use portal to find population, housing, economic, and geographic data collected by the U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 88... ... Variable Example Metrics U.S. Census Product Lowest Geographic Level Data Tables Reporting Variables Household and family type Number of family households 2013 ACS 5-year estimates Block Group B11001 Household Type (Including Living Alone) Read the entire page →
From page 89... ... Vehicle availability Owner occupied housing units with no vehicle available householder 15 to 34 years 2013 ACS 5-year estimates Block Group B25045 Tenure by Vehicles Available by Age of Householder Owner occupied housing units with one or more vehicles available householder 35 to 64 years Language (limited English proﬁciency) Limited English speaking households that speak other languages at home 2013 ACS 5-year estimates Block Group B16002 Household Language by Household Limited English Speaking Status Limited English speaking households that speak Spanish at home Race (race and ethnicity) Read the entire page →
From page 90... ... 94 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox "geography of opportunity" such as school proficiency and proximity to jobs (see text box, Using Available Tools from EPA and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development) Read the entire page →
From page 91... ... Developing a Socioeconomic Profile and Community Characteristics Inventory for Environmental Justice Assessments 95 "EJ community" or "community of concern," although this approach is not always appropriate. Thresholds are the comparison values used to make a determination of whether protected populations are located within a study area. Read the entire page →
From page 92... ... 96 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Identifying Low-Income Populations The 2016 Federal Interagency Working Group report, Promising Practices for EJ Methodologies in NEPA Review, listed several guiding principles and steps for the identification of low-income populations, which are paraphrased below: • Use current U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds and U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 93... ... Developing a Socioeconomic Profile and Community Characteristics Inventory for Environmental Justice Assessments 97 Activity space may be understood as the destinations to which potentially protected populations travel to access jobs, education, and other opportunities or to reach places that are valued for cultural, community, and family life. NCHRP Report 532: Effective Methods in Environmental Justice Assessment described 12 such methods for identifying potentially affected protected populations (Forkenbrock and Sheeley, 2004) Read the entire page →
From page 94... ... 98 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Method Assessment Level Appropriate Uses Use When Data Needs Expertise Required 1. Local knowledge and public input All Recommended in all situations Initial evaluation of potential for distributive eﬀects and to assure quality of ﬁndings of other methods Low Local area/ community involvement 2. Read the entire page →
From page 95... ... Developing a Socioeconomic Profile and Community Characteristics Inventory for Environmental Justice Assessments 99 What Types of Resources and Costs Are Required? As summarized in Table 2, data needs and cost vary greatly across methods of analysis depending on their use of secondary and primary data sources. Read the entire page →
From page 96... ... 100 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox level. MTC used 200 percent of the poverty level to account for the region's high cost of living relative to the nationwide federal standard. Read the entire page →
From page 97... ... Developing a Socioeconomic Profile and Community Characteristics Inventory for Environmental Justice Assessments 101 Resources FHWA. Read the entire page →
From page 98... ... 102 Using Public Use Microdata Samples to Profile Transportation Characteristics and Differences What Is It? PUMSs are computerized files containing samples of individual records, with identifying information removed, that show the population and housing characteristics of the units and people represented on the data records. Read the entire page →
From page 99... ... Using Public Use Microdata Samples to Profile transportation Characteristics and Differences 103 What Are Some Techniques for Implementing This Tool? The use of PUMS data supports a highly specific and adaptable classification of the low and non-low-income households and the breakdown both within households in these categories and between categories for characteristics such as car ownership, means of commute to work, and travel time to work. Read the entire page →
From page 100... ... Transportation and Racial Characteristics U.S. National Level New Jersey State Level New York City Metro Region Low-income Households Non-lowincome Households National Total Low-income Households Non-lowincome Households Statewid e Total Lowincome Households Non-lowincome Households Region wide Total Percent of regional population 15.2% 84.8% 100% 14.4% 85.6% 100% 31.9% 68.1% 100% Characteristics of households Cars available (%) Read the entire page →
From page 101... ... Race of population outside group quarters White (Non-Hispanic) 43.7% 66.1% 62.6% 36.1% 60.8% 57.2% 27.9% 67.7% 47.9% Black 20.9% 10.4% 12.0% 20.2% 10.7% 12.1% 21.6% 8.8% 15.4% Hispanic 27.0% 15.3% 17.2% 35.3% 17.0% 19.6% 38.2% 9.9% 24.0% American Indian & Alaskan Native 1.2% 0.5% 0.7% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% Asian 4.2% 5.3% 5.2% 4.8% 9.6% 8.9% 9.5% 11.4% 10.3% More than two Races or Other 3.0% 2.3% 2.4% 3.3% 1.9% 2.1% 2.6% 2.1% 2.2% Source: IPUMS-USA, 2013 ACS 1YR 1% Sample Note: NYC Metro Region is New York – New Jersey – Newark – Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA. Read the entire page →
From page 102... ... 106 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Comparing the New York Metropolitan region with the state of New Jersey and the nation, some other differences are apparent: • Car availability among low-income households is significantly lower within the New York Metropolitan region than either the state of New Jersey or the nation. • While public transportation plays an important role in the commute to work in the state of New Jersey, the New York Metropolitan region, which contains several northern New Jersey counties with strong work ties to New York City, exhibits an even higher dependency on public transportation relative to the nation or the state of New Jersey. Read the entire page →
From page 103... ... IPUMS-USA: Core Features and Limitations Integrated Public Use Microdata Series USA (IPUMS-USA) offers the researcher an opportunity to look closely at state and metro area travel through a detailed lens of race and income, but before it can be used for this purpose, it is important to understand its core features and limitations. Read the entire page →
From page 104... ... 108 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox What Types of Resources and Costs Are Required? Given that the data can only be downloaded and used via a statistical extraction package (SPSS, SAS, and STATA) Read the entire page →
From page 105... ... Using Public Use Microdata Samples to Profile transportation Characteristics and Differences 109 Resources Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota. Read the entire page →
From page 106... ... 110 What Is It? The 2009 NHTS is a nationally representative travel diary survey containing information on more than 150,000 U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 107... ... Using the National Household Travel Survey to Profile Transportation Characteristics and Differences 111 on transportation expenditures, including tolls paid. In contrast to the U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 108... ... 112 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of Toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and Toolbox more transit usage among low-income households. While not shown in Table 1, among the poorest households (the lowest 10%, for instance) Read the entire page →
From page 109... ... 113 Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan What Is It? Developing a PIP is an important step in identifying the needs and concerns of the public, including low-income and minority populations, in transportation decision-making processes. Read the entire page →
From page 110... ... 114 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox • Ensure the full and fair participation by all potentially affected communities in the transportation decision-making process; and • Prevent the denial of, reduction in, or significant delay in the receipt of benefits by low-income and minority populations. The PIP is a valuable tool for making clear the agency and practitioner's planned approaches for ensuring the full and fair participation of low-income and minority populations, among other populations, on toll-related studies. Read the entire page →
From page 111... ... Barriers Resulting Challenges Strategies to Address Barriers Individuals holding multiple jobs/unusual job hours • Time constraints prevent participation in community outreach activities Take outreach activities to them • Schedule community outreach activities for times of days/nights, weekdays/weekends, and locations convenient to them • Identify community events they are attending and go there • Ask large employers if you can sit in break rooms and conduct surveys • Become a vendor at shopping malls, local fairs, and other events they frequent Low level of education/literacy issues • Less understanding of the potential impacts of toll roads • Less understanding of rights • Unable to provide written responses/comments Hire consultants with special expertise in communicating with people who have low or no education • Conduct surveys orally • Use photographs to locate known landmarks on maps • Create a video that describes what is being shown at themeeting • Show before-and-after renderings • Createmorphs and 3D animations • Color code alternatives • Introduce a project, ask for their comments, and repeat the comments back to ensure that you correctly heard them and they know you listened to them Unique family structures (e.g., single parents, multi-generational families) • Time constraints prevent participation due to family obligations, such as caring for children and the elderly • Single parents often pick up their children and go straight home to feed them supper Provide accommodations for children and the elderly during community outreach activities • Hire a licensed and bonded child care provider formeetings • Provide a meal for children and adults so they do not have to go home for supper (continued on next page) Read the entire page →
From page 112... ... Barriers Resulting Challenges Strategies to Address Barriers Less likely to have modes of personal transportation (i.e., private car) • Greater diﬃculty getting to community outreach activities • Less concerned about toll road projects if they do not intend to use them Hold meetings at locations accessible by public transit • Ask if transportation will be needed to an event and provide a licensed driver and, if needed, wheelchair lift or bike rack • Hold events in their community and bring the chairs and tables and food • Hold events at locations they are familiar with, such as schools, parks, religious organizations, and community centers • Make sure accommodations are Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Read the entire page →
From page 113... ... Distrust of government agencies • Less likely to participate in community outreach activities Work with leaders to increase the credibility of the participatory planning process • Hire consultants with special expertise working with low-income or minority populations • Hold public meetings or events in non-governmental (or less traditional) buildings such as schools, religious facilities, and community centers • Provide opportunities for EJ communities to comment prior to making each decision • Keep the community informed, reply to public input promptly and respectfully Limited understanding of how a project will aﬀect their lives and how participation in the process would beneﬁt them • Less likely to participate in community outreach activities • Need to convince people of their power to inﬂuence decisions Hold informal meetings to increase public understanding of how the project may impact the community and inform the public how their input is important • Show the public how their input has informed decisions • Seek public input early in the process and make information available • Involve the communities in decisions that might aﬀect them in approvals and implementation • Provide opportunities to comment prior to making each decision • Keep the community informed even when nothing new is happening • Reply to public input promptly and respectfully Cultural diﬀerences -- discomfort with meetings • Less likely to attend public meetings and events • More likely to feel event does not invite a true exchange of information Identify preferred community outreach techniques • Open house format • One-on-one interaction • Informal small groups (continued on next page) Read the entire page →
From page 114... ... Barriers Resulting Challenges Strategies to Address Barriers Process oﬀered by professional is disconnected from ways cultural groups interact with one another andmake decisions Monetary incentivemay be necessary for attendance at events Refreshments/mealsmay need to be provided Location or time of eventmay not feel accessible andmay not contribute to sense of safety • Groups segmented by religious aﬃliation or secular beliefs • Focus groups/groups segmented by gender, race, ethnicity, and/or nationality • Homes of individuals • Formal presentation with question and answer period • Finding the right combination of processes to provide information and build a two-way dialogue Identify less traditional venues for outreach activities • Religious facilities • School -- classrooms, auditoriums, gymnasiums • Libraries • Community centers • Malls • Discount stores Cultural diﬀerences -- diﬃculty building trust • • Inability to connect with local leaders who by deﬁnition are busy people engaged in many levels of the community Identify and work with and/or through local liaisons, trusted advocates, and recognized leaders to learnmore about cultural diﬀerences • Local religious leaders, school principals, socialworkers, health care staﬀ • School: English as a second language coordinators, Local: ethnic organization leaders Source: Prozzi et al., 2006; Aimen and Morris, 2012 Table 1. (Continued) Read the entire page →
From page 115... ... Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 119 persons from the community (e.g., city planners, municipal officials, community-based organizations, neighborhood associations) to learn more about the area. Read the entire page →
From page 116... ... 120 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Use "I Speak" Cards to Ensure Communications with LEP Populations. "I Speak" cards are two-sided bilingual cards that invite LEP persons to identify their language needs to transportation agency staff. Read the entire page →
From page 117... ... Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 121 people may be color blind and the name of the color should be written near it. The elderly may require information in a large print format. Read the entire page →
From page 118... ... 122 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox opportunities to influence decision-making processes. Providing information effectively may require an agency to critically assess its typical practices and adjust them, if needed, to better advertise events, describe activities in a way that clearly conveys coming changes or potential impacts, and work with affected communities, where warranted, to facilitate their informed involvement on projects that may affect them (see text box, SR 520: I-5 to Medina Bridge Replacement and High-Occupancy Vehicle -- Strategies to Provide Information) Read the entire page →
From page 119... ... Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 123 Distribute Flyers. Flyers can effectively provide information to traditionally underserved populations because they provide flexibility in information dissemination. Read the entire page →
From page 120... ... 124 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox or on the sides of buildings. Billboards, marquees, and variable messaging signs can draw attention and communicate a simple message to a captive community traveling through an area. Read the entire page →
From page 121... ... Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 125 Employ Visualization Techniques. Making visualizations an integral part of any presentation, newsletter, PowerPoint presentation, website, or newspaper article provides the public with a picture of what is actually being proposed. Read the entire page →
From page 122... ... 126 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox are to be sited. Traditionally underserved populations may represent a significant portion of the transportation network's users or bear the burden of potential adverse impacts, yet oftentimes they are not heard from during the decision-making process. Read the entire page →
From page 123... ... Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 127 Massachusetts DOT Turnpike All-Electronic Toll Collection -- Visiting the New Senior Centers On the occasion of the recent opening of Westfield, Massachusetts' new Senior Center, Massachusetts DOT was the most popular of the exhibitors. Local seniors attending the event were provided a new E-ZPass Transponder. Read the entire page →
From page 124... ... 128 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox can eliminate literacy, language, and cultural barriers. They can help practitioners develop a better understanding of how various population segments may use contemplated tolling facilities, which can vary significantly depending on the group (see text box, Minnesota DOT I-394 Express Lane Focus Groups, and tool, "Using Focus Groups in Assessing the Impacts of Tolling on EJ Populations") Read the entire page →
From page 125... ... Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 129 daunting than public meetings because supplementary, background information can be easily provided, (2) participation can occur at more convenient times (assuming online, open-hours access) Read the entire page →
From page 126... ... 130 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Foster Understanding of Communities through Relationships with Community Organizations and Other Local Experts. Leveraging relationships with community organizations entails fostering -- formally or informally -- a working arrangement or alliance with social services organizations, faith-based institutions, community-based organizations, or other groups at the local level that regularly interact with or include members from traditionally underserved populations. Read the entire page →
From page 127... ... Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 131 populations because the ambassador or beacon is someone they know and trust to give them good advice. The relationships are already established and people rely on the network to give them good information (see case example, "Mobilizing a Local Liaison to Recruit Community Leaders for Survey, Louisville–Southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges Project") Read the entire page →
From page 128... ... 132 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox What Are Its Limitations? In the context of EJ, full and fair participation means everyone has a clear path to the table and, once there, accorded the same rights as everyone else there to be heard and treated respectfully. Read the entire page →
From page 129... ... Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 133 What Types of Resources and Costs Are Required? The costs for the preparation and implementation of PIPs are shaped by several factors. Read the entire page →
From page 130... ... 134 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox In light of these varying factors, it is difficult to generalize the cost for the preparation and implementation of PIPs because the cost can vary significantly. Drafting a PIP for the Buford Highway (8 miles) Read the entire page →
From page 131... ... 4 Develop a social and economic proﬁle • Identify populations • Prepare and implement PIP • Informs the development of the PIP • Statewide/Metropolitan Planning • Project Development/ National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 4 Deﬁne the project and study area • Identify populations • Prepare and implement PIP • Informs the development of the PIP • Project Development/NEPA 4 Conduct a community characteristics inventory • Identify populations • Prepare and implement PIP • Informs the development of the PIP • Identify community facilities for outreach events • Statewide/Metropolitan Planning • Project Development/NEPA • Maintenance and operations 4 Up-front site visits to establish the scope of the PIP • Prepare and implement PIP • Validates or invalidates data collected and can identify new information • Provides an opportunity to talk with residents about past history and present conditions • All stages 4 Develop and maintain a community contacts database • Prepare and implement PIP • Strengthens community's network and expands practitioner's knowledge of community organizations/leaders • Ensures information is being transmitted to as wide a range of community members as possible • All stages 4 Prepare a limited English proﬁciency (LEP) Read the entire page →
From page 132... ... 4, 5, 6, 8 Use "I Speak" cards to ensure communications with LEP populations • Prepare and implement PIP • Assists LEP populations in communicating their needs for interpretive and translation services 4, 5, 6, 8 Oﬀer assistance for hearing and sight-impaired persons • Prepare and implement PIP • Provides opportunities to participate more fully in decisions • Improves awareness of how decisions can aﬀect their everyday lives • Communicates information/awareness to others 4, 5, 6, 8 Oﬀer assistance for low-literate persons • Prepare and implement PIP • Provides opportunities to participate more fully in decisions • Improves awareness of how decisions can aﬀect their everyday lives • Communicates information/awareness to others 4, 5, 6, 8 Brand project through clothing and other paraphernalia • Prepare and implement PIP • Makes it easier for community members to see that outsiders have a purpose for being there • Makes outsiders more approachable and invites comments/questions from the public 4, 5, 6, 8 Oﬀer refreshments • Prepare and implement PIP • Helps increase attendance at meetings • Fosters a more relaxed setting and puts people at ease 4, 5, 6, 8 Use videos to convey information • Provide information • Can be an engaging format that encourages participation • May be more easily digestible to a wider audience 4, 5, 6, 8 Distribute ﬂyers • Provide information • Provides ﬂexibility in information dissemination • Conveys information that is clearly visible. 4, 5, 6, 8 Advertise on billboards, marquees, and variable message signs • Provide information • Draws attention and communicates a simple message to a captive audience traveling through an area • All stages • All stages • All stages • All stages • All stages • All stages • All stages • All stages Step Tools and Techniques Task Objective How it Supports Analysis of EJ in Tolling Stage of Decision-Making Table 3. Read the entire page →
From page 133... ... 4, 5, 6, 8 Publicize through local and ethnic media outlets • Provide information • Reaches populations that would not necessarily be reached using mainstream media outlets 4, 5, 6, 8 Employ visualization techniques • Provide information • Increases understanding of the project, broadens awareness of how decisions aﬀect their lives, and helps communicate this information and awareness to others 4, 5, 6, 8 Conduct outreach at nontraditional locations • Provide Information • Gather feedback • Eﬀectively involves traditionally underserved populations in locations where they feel safe and comfortable • Increases likelihood of deeper interaction between agencies and the public 4, 5, 6, 8 Go to "their" meetings • Provide information • Gather feedback • Raises awareness of tolling project plans • Receives feedback on potential impacts or preferred mitigation solutions 4, 5, 6, 8 Go to the schools • Provide information • Gather feedback • Raises awareness of tolling project plans • Statewide/Metropolitan Planning • Project Development/NEPA • Maintenance and Operations 4, 5, 6, 8 Go to faith-based institutions • Provide information • Gather feedback • Raises awareness of tolling project plans • Receives feedback on potential impacts or preferred mitigation solutions 4, 5, 6, 8 Apply social and new media appropriately • Provide information • Gather feedback • Represents innovative approaches with accessible content 4, 5, Conduct market research • Gather • Helps practitioners develop a better understanding of • Statewide/Metropolitan 6, 8 interviews and focus groups feedback how various population segments access transportation services and travel Planning • Project Development/NEPA • All stages • All stages • All stages • All Stages • All Stages • All Stages (continued on next page) Read the entire page →
From page 134... ... 4, 5, 6, 8 Undertake surveys to understand needs, preferences, and impacts • Gather feedback • Allows extreme versatility in ways to gather information • Can enable better understanding of potential impacts 4, 5, 6, 8 Use computer-assisted technologies to explore preferences • Gather feedback • Can be less daunting than public meetings, occur at more convenient times, and overcome physical and/or geographic barriers by using online access • Statewide/Metropolitan Planning • Project Development/NEPA 4, 5, 6, 8 Form advisory boards, committees, taskforces, and working groups • Build relationships • Enables transportation agencies to better understand what the community's needs and issues are; how to reach out to these communities at large; and how to avoid, minimize, or mitigate impacts 4, 5, 6, 8 Foster understanding of communities through relationships with community organizations and other local experts • Build relationships • Facilitates input and feedback from members • Creates opportunities to conduct outreach to members • Strengthens relationships with local liaisons 4, 5, 6, 8 Recruit and mobilize community ambassadors, beacons, or trusted advocates • Provide information • Build relationships • Engages those possessing particular expertise in who and how to approach the members of the community • Utilizes existing relationships and networks • Statewide/Metropolitan Planning • Project Development/NEPA • Operations and maintenance 4, 5, 6, 8 Assess PIP eﬀectiveness • Prepare and implement PIP • Mandates re-evaluation of successfulness in achieving goals and objectives as internal and external dynamics change • All Stages • All stages • All stages • All stages Step Tools and Techniques Task Objective How it Supports Analysis of EJ in Tolling Stage of Decision-Making Table 3. (Continued) Read the entire page →
From page 135... ... Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 139 Resources Aimen, D and Morris, A Read the entire page →
From page 136... ... 140 What Is It? Focus groups are a qualitative research method involving small group discussions led by a trained moderator (also referred to as a facilitator) Read the entire page →
From page 137... ... Using Focus Groups in Assessing the Impact of tolling on Environmental Justice Populations 141 Articulation Question "And now, a quick question just for fun. If you could invite any person to dinner, living or deceased, who would it be and why? Read the entire page →
From page 138... ... 142 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox • If written materials will be used in the focus group, it is important to include a question in the screener that confirms that the person can both speak and read in the language in which the group will be conducted. • It is best to over-recruit for each focus group since not all potential participants will show. Read the entire page →
From page 139... ... Using Focus Groups in Assessing the Impact of tolling on Environmental Justice Populations 143 and such groups work best with fewer participants (four to five) because the technology works best with fewer people (at least for now) Read the entire page →
From page 140... ... 144 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox those below the poverty line could ask participants to record what they think, feel, and do about the impact of tolls on their household budget in the week prior to the focus group. Participants may be more willing to share personal reflections in a diary format than sharing in the group setting. Read the entire page →
From page 141... ... Using Focus Groups in Assessing the Impact of tolling on Environmental Justice Populations 145 Analyzing Focus Group Data. The primary task is to identify common themes that emerge from the group discussions. Read the entire page →
From page 142... ... 146 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Using Quotes to Bring the Focus Group Report to Life To provide a sense of what happened at the focus groups, verbatim quotes from the events may be used to illustrate key findings. "It would be an extra $170 a month for me; that is too much." "I can't afford it, and I would have to find another job." "My work hours are not flexible, it would affect me greatly." "Taking the bus adds a terrible amount of time." "Only if there is an Express bus (currently there is no direct service to where I need to go; I need to take more than one bus) Read the entire page →
From page 143... ... Using Focus Groups in Assessing the Impact of tolling on Environmental Justice Populations 147 Participants were recruited from the pool of people who responded to the telephone survey, as well as from a purchased telephone list of low-income people who lived in King County. In addition, several social service agencies partnered with Washington State DOT and hung flyers at their sites inviting clients to participate. Read the entire page →
From page 144... ... 148 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Findings from the focus groups included: • Although concerns about a "Lexus Lane" initially divided survey respondents evenly, when focus group participants were provided more information and project benefits were explained, participants were more likely to view the project favorably. • The use of toll revenues for other improvements in the corridor, including public transit improvements, was identified as the number one benefit. Read the entire page →
From page 145... ... Using Focus Groups in Assessing the Impact of tolling on Environmental Justice Populations 149 Focus group participants were recruited from two sources: • A list of those who, during the baseline survey, had indicated an interest in participating in a focus group and • Those who were part of an earlier Issues and Answers focus group facility panel. In particular, ERC sought to get a good mix of those who use the tunnels at different frequencies, times of the day, and travel alone or with others. Read the entire page →
From page 146... ... 150 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Who Has Used It Successfully? Several projects assessing the impact of tolling on EJ groups are described in the five examples presented above. Read the entire page →
From page 147... ... 151 What Is It? This tool examines the design and implementation of surveys to assess attitudes toward tolling facilities, travel behavior, and the willingness to pay for the use of managed lanes and tolling facilities. Read the entire page →
From page 148... ... 152 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox reported by user groups, particularly by lowincome or minority users in comparison to other populations. A table summarizing the content review analysis was prepared and can serve as a resource for considering whether and to what extent prior toll surveys have focused on dis tributional considerations that can support environmental justice assessments. Read the entire page →
From page 149... ... Designing and Executing Surveys to Assess Attitudes and travel Behavior for Environmental Justice Analyses and to Monitor Implementation 153 from Prior Surveys) Read the entire page →
From page 150... ... Facility Type of Tolling Project Performing Organizations Survey Sponsor Data Collection Year(s) Sampling Frame Survey Mode # of Responses Analyzed CALIFORNIA -- LOS ANGELES REGION I-110 HOT lanes Redhill Group (Survey Sampling, Inc.) Read the entire page →
From page 151... ... I-10, I-110 HOV lanes/ express lanes Redhill Group (Survey Sampling, Inc.) Los Angeles County Metro 2012 (preimplementation) Read the entire page →
From page 152... ... Facility Type of Tolling Project Performing Organizations Survey Sponsor Data Collection Year(s) Sampling Frame Survey Mode # of Responses Analyzed COLORADO – DENVER REGION I-25 Managed lanes UrbanTrans, Florida State University Marketing Institute Colorado DOT 2003 Area residents who commute along the I25 corridor north of Denver Phone 326 US-36 Managed lanes Wilbur Smith, RSG Colorado DOT 2010 Automobile travelers who recently made a trip in the US 36 corridor (Denver/Boulder) Read the entire page →
From page 153... ... ILLINOIS – CHICAGO REGION KENTUCKY/ INDIANA – LOUISVILLE REGION MINNESOTA – MINNEAPOLIS REGION OREGON – PORTLAND REGION Chicago Metro Region Managed lanes or congestion pricing on tollways RSG, Wilbur Smith Illinois Tollway 2008 People who within the last month traveled during a weekday at peak period on one of 14 tollways or free expressways in the region including: Jane Adams Memorial, Ronald Reagan, Tri-State, Veterans Memorial Tollways, Dan Ryan, Edens, Eisenhower, Elgin-O'Hare, Kennedy and Stevenson Expressways, IL-53, I-57, I-80, and Bishop Ford Expressway Online 1,976 Louisville- Southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges Project Tolled bridge IQS Research Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Indiana DOT 2014 Racial minorities and/or low-income persons who are members of EJ populations In-person intercept 287 I-394 MnPASS Express Lane Managed lanes NuStats, Humphrey Institute of Public Aﬀairs Minnesota DOT 2004, 2005, 2006 Users and potential users of the express lane (I-394 and I-35W travel sheds) Phone panel study 1,228 (Wave 3) Read the entire page →
From page 154... ... Facility Type of Tolling Project Performing Organizations Survey Sponsor Data Collection Year(s) Sampling Frame Survey Mode # of Responses Analyzed TEXAS – HOUSTON & DALLAS–FORT WORTH REGIONS WASHINGTON – SEATTLE REGION Katy Freeway, US 290* Read the entire page →
From page 155... ... Facility Data Collection Year(s) Survey Languages Other Than English Topics Surveyed Demographic Info Collected Results Published By: Transponder Usage Opinions or Attitudes Actual or Predicted Toll Facility Use Income Race/ Ethnicity Income Race/ Ethnicity CALIFORNIA – LOS ANGELES REGION COLORADO – DENVER REGION GEORGIA – ATLANTA REGION I-110 2008 Spanish I-10, I-210 2008 Spanish I-10, I-210 2008 Spanish I-10,I-110 2009 Spanish I-10, I-110 2012 Spanish I-10, I-110, I-210 (Los Angeles County) Read the entire page →
From page 156... ... ILLINOIS – CHICAGO REGION KENTUCKY/INDIANA – LOUISVILLE REGION MINNESOTA – MINNEAPOLIS REGION OREGON – PORTLAND REGION TEXAS – HOUSTON AND DALLAS–FORT WORTH REGIONS Facility Data Collection Year(s) Survey Languages Other Than English Topics Surveyed Demographic Info Collected Results Published By: Transponder Usage Opinions or Attitudes Actual or Predicted Toll Facility Use Income Race/ Ethnicity Income Race/ Ethnicity Chicago Region 2008 None* Read the entire page →
From page 157... ... SR-520 Bridge 2010, 2012 None * Read the entire page →
From page 158... ... 11 Peirce, S., Petrella, M., Puckett, S., Minnice, P., Lappin, J Read the entire page →
From page 159... ... 17 NuStats. Read the entire page →
From page 160... ... 164 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Tables 3 through 9 present examples of the types of questions used in various surveys of atti tudes, opinions, and behavior toward tolling facilities and managed lanes, variable pricing, tran sponder usage, and demographic selfidentification, among other topics. The set of tables are presented at the end of this writeup. Read the entire page →
From page 161... ... Designing and Executing Surveys to Assess Attitudes and travel Behavior for Environmental Justice Analyses and to Monitor Implementation 165 Question Answer Choices The MnPASS program permits single drivers on I-394 to pay a fee to use the MnPASS lanes. Drivers who pay the fee can use the carpool lanes without being in a carpool. Read the entire page →
From page 162... ... 166 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Table 5. (Continued) Read the entire page →
From page 163... ... Designing and Executing Surveys to Assess Attitudes and travel Behavior for Environmental Justice Analyses and to Monitor Implementation 167 Question Answer Choices Please identify your race/ethnicity a. White or Caucasian b. Read the entire page →
From page 164... ... 168 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Statement/ Question Answer Choices In the next section, you will compare the trip you just described with two alternative ways of making the same trip along an improved I-75 and I-30 east of I-75. The options are… a. Read the entire page →
From page 165... ... Designing and Executing Surveys to Assess Attitudes and travel Behavior for Environmental Justice Analyses and to Monitor Implementation 169 Several attributes of the toll surveys that were referenced for the content review analysis and to inform the tool development are briefly summarized below: • Sponsors and regions. The survey sponsors included county, state, and federal departments of transportation. Read the entire page →
From page 166... ... Mode of Distribution Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) Read the entire page →
From page 167... ... Designing and Executing Surveys to Assess Attitudes and travel Behavior for Environmental Justice Analyses and to Monitor Implementation 171 The intercept survey followed a convenience method focused on reaching lowincome and minority residents. • Topics covered. Read the entire page →
From page 168... ... 172 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox • Revealed preference survey. These surveys were used in the postimplementation stage to mea sure respondent's actual use of the tolled facility or managed lane. Read the entire page →
From page 169... ... Designing and Executing Surveys to Assess Attitudes and travel Behavior for Environmental Justice Analyses and to Monitor Implementation 173 • Demographic Self-Identification. Many of the surveys have explored various demographic features influencing travel demand such as gender, age, employment status, household size, vehicle ownership, and household income. Read the entire page →
From page 170... ... 174 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox plate mail in and back method should direct surveys to addresses within lowincome and minority census blocks. Greater attention to surnames in random digit dialing phone lists would increase Hispanic household participation. Read the entire page →
From page 171... ... Designing and Executing Surveys to Assess Attitudes and travel Behavior for Environmental Justice Analyses and to Monitor Implementation 175 members over time, requiring the research team to track changes in the work status, residential location, and family status of the participants, among other issues; maintain regular communi cations; and provide participation incentives. The license plate survey method is appropriate for capturing travelers on specific corridors. Read the entire page →
From page 172... ... 176 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox in the managed lanes. Credit and other loyaltytype programs may hold promise as a demand management tool. Read the entire page →
From page 173... ... Designing and Executing Surveys to Assess Attitudes and travel Behavior for Environmental Justice Analyses and to Monitor Implementation 177 Ray, R., Petrella, M., Peirce, S., Minnice, P., Puckett, S., and Lappin, J Read the entire page →
From page 174... ... 178 What Is It? Travel demand modeling, generally, is the modeling of regional or local traffic for the purpose of assessing current and future traffic performance. Read the entire page →
From page 175... ... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 179 been implemented to address such concerns. However, innovations in travel demand modeling now underway, such as activity-based models (ABMs) Read the entire page →
From page 176... ... 180 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox • Average roadway speeds and delay; and • Reliability of travel. What Are Some Techniques for Implementing This Tool? Read the entire page →
From page 177... ... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 181 generate more of the trips observed during the trip generation stage. For each household, the average number of trips is estimated based on the current travel patterns of comparable households, which may change in the future. Read the entire page →
From page 178... ... 182 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox a day as well as, in most cases, the activities and travel of other household members (Cambridge Systematics, 2015) Read the entire page →
From page 179... ... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 183 well as incorporation of joint activities or intra-household interactions (see text box, Some Key Definitions Relevant to the Activity-Based Demand Model Discussion) Read the entire page →
From page 180... ... 184 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Some Key Definitions Relevant to the Activity-Based Demand Model Discussion Tour. The sequence of trips that begin or end at the traveler's home. Read the entire page →
From page 181... ... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 185 the synthetic population. The objective in an ABM is to support the level of disaggregation in population characteristics needed to support microsimulation ABM methods. Read the entire page →
From page 182... ... 186 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox An ABM offers a more detailed analysis of outputs that can be very informative for assessing EJ. In a trip-based model, demand model results report trip tables segmented by purpose and mode while in an ABM, the decisions of individual travelers are simulated so that the model reports its results as a list of individual households, persons, tours, and trips (Donnelly et al., 2010) Read the entire page →
From page 183... ... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 187 of all the drivers and their interactions with traveler information and the roadway network. One intriguing feature of the DTA models is its ability to draw on the simulated individual values of time from the ABM and incorporate it into its driver simulation, thereby preserving the disaggregate nature of both tools. Read the entire page →
From page 184... ... 188 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox operational plans. Microsimulation models are used to model individual vehicle movements on a second or subsecond basis, assessing and illustrating the traffic performance of highway and street systems, transit, and pedestrians. Read the entire page →
From page 185... ... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 189 Modeling a Toll Corridor. Toll corridor studies require a refined level of detail that involves a subarea analysis. Read the entire page →
From page 186... ... 190 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox of the EJ status of the originating TSZ. Table 1 shows how this information was organized to succinctly encapsulate the differences in travel patterns according to these several dimensions. Read the entire page →
From page 187... ... Data of Interest All Municipal Planning Area TSZs Environmental Justice Status Environmental Justice TSZ Type Non-EJ Status TSZ EJ TSZ Low-Income Alone Minority Alone Both LowIncome and Minority TSZs in Region 5,252 2,978 (56.7%) Read the entire page →
From page 188... ... 192 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox • Mode choice segments the market for transit by trip purpose by income. Income can be used to approximate auto availability and the willingness to use transit for choice riders. Read the entire page →
From page 189... ... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 193 EJ populations were identified at the block group level using U.S. Census data; block groups were evaluated based on total population, total minority population, and the total population below the poverty level. Read the entire page →
From page 190... ... 194 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox San Francisco County Transportation Authority Regional Pricing Model While the San Francisco County Chained Activity Modeling Process (SF-CHAMP) has been continually used for a variety of transportation projects, the MAPS study team needed greater geographic breadth, toll, and TOD sensitivity to evaluate the congestion pricing strategies integral to the MAPS study. Read the entire page →
From page 191... ... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 195 peak periods or to switch to transit. The study team focused on two basic pricing approaches: "area pricing," where drivers are assessed a fee for any vehicle movement inside the boundary of a designated zone, including entry, exit, and travel entirely within the zone and "cordon pricing," where drivers are assessed a fee only for movements that cross the boundary line and internal movements are not charged. Read the entire page →
From page 192... ... Figure 2. Estimated value of time distributions from mixed logit estimation (2005 Dollars) Read the entire page →
From page 193... ... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 197 majority reaching the focus area core by other transport modes. Moreover, under the SFCTA's Preferred Cordon Scenario, the daily trips to the subject focus area were expected to be reduced by 38 percent, but the trips made by low-income households would only decrease by 1.5 percent, leading to the finding that pricing would have a positive effect on the mobility of low-income households relative to the general population. Read the entire page →
From page 194... ... 198 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox What Types of Resources and Costs Are Required? Existing TDMs may be used to evaluate impacts in EJ populations based on available resources. Read the entire page →
From page 195... ... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 199 Horowitz, A., Creasey, T., Pendyala, R., and Chen, M Read the entire page →
From page 196... ... 200 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox U.S. Census Bureau. Read the entire page →
From page 197... ... 201 What Is It? A select link analysis is a travel demand procedure that shows where trips that traverse a selected link start and end. Read the entire page →
From page 198... ... 202 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox can be accomplished through the use of the existing TDMs that have been set up for the urbanized areas. Many states have also set up statewide TDMs. Read the entire page →
From page 199... ... Applying a Select link Analysis to Assess trip Patterns 203 demand modeling software packages that are available and used in the area where the toll project is located. Who Has Used It Successfully? Read the entire page →
From page 200... ... 204 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Figure 1. Morning peak-hour trip time, Northwest Corridor project, 2018. Read the entire page →
From page 201... ... Applying a Select link Analysis to Assess trip Patterns 205 Year Total Subarea TAZs Total TAZ Trips Trips from Lowincome TAZs Trips from Low/Midincome TAZs Percentage of Total Trips from Low-income TAZs Percentage of Total Trips from Low/Midincome TAZs 2018 321 14,061 103 141 4,670 7,254 33% 52% 2035 342 35,166 112 136 13,947 17,634 40% 50% Source: Georgia DOT, 2013 Note: K = $1,000. Total Lowincome TAZs (<$20,000) Read the entire page →
From page 202... ... 206 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox of low-income households and managed lane usage as a percentage of the total trips (R2 value is 0.0065, and correlation coefficient is 0.0807) nor followed the hypothesized downward sloping trend line, as shown in Figure 3. Read the entire page →
From page 203... ... Applying a Select link Analysis to Assess trip Patterns 207 Figure 4. Alternative comparison of low-income profile and trip-making characteristics of TAZs. Read the entire page →
From page 204... ... 208 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Figure 5. Comparison of 90th percentile income and trips. Read the entire page →
From page 205... ... Figure 7. Proposed toll/managed lane system, San Antonio region. Read the entire page →
From page 206... ... 210 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Resources Georgia DOT. Read the entire page →
From page 207... ... 211 What Is It? VOT and its measurement is a key factor and variable in transportation planning, project evaluation and asset assessment, and performance. Read the entire page →
From page 208... ... 212 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox among travelers. These values can then be compared to specific tolls and toll regimes in effect or being proposed within various corridors. Read the entire page →
From page 209... ... Analyzing the Value of time/Willingness to Pay in Environmental Justice Assessments 213 Why Is It Effective in Environmental Justice Analysis? VOT and its accurate measurement can inform an assessment of EJ effects through its close consideration of the factors that influence potential differences in travel behavior. Read the entire page →
From page 210... ... 214 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox respondents may have no experience or may not have encountered the subject matter of the question. Stated preference surveys are particularly useful in making an estimate of travel behavior prior to implementation of a project or service and can encourage an exploration of responses to tolls that may not exist in the transportation system. Read the entire page →
From page 211... ... Analyzing the Value of time/Willingness to Pay in Environmental Justice Assessments 215 Commuter Services and Florida DOT District 6. With no data of individual trips along the I-95 corridor, the online survey was designed to collect information on individual trips made on the general purpose and express lanes. Read the entire page →
From page 212... ... 216 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Example 2: Los Angeles ExpressLanes Program, I-10 and I-110, Los Angeles County. To assess the impact of the ExpressLanes program initiative on low-income travelers, the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro) Read the entire page →
From page 213... ... Analyzing the Value of time/Willingness to Pay in Environmental Justice Assessments 217 developing its Low-income Assistance Plan and Transit Credit Rewards Programs as forms of mitigation. Example 3: I-10 and I-15 ExpressLanes, San Bernardino County. Read the entire page →
From page 214... ... 218 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox with established user behavior histories (at various frequencies, seasons, and over complete macroeconomic cycles) would provide a greater empirical base for drawing conclusions related to impacts on users by income class. Read the entire page →
From page 215... ... Analyzing the Value of time/Willingness to Pay in Environmental Justice Assessments 219 Network Public Affairs. Read the entire page →
From page 216... ... 220 What Is It? User cost assessments examine the economic or financial impact on households of various transportation options, including toll road pricing and their "burden" effects on household budgets. Read the entire page →
From page 217... ... Assessing User Costs and Household Burden Effects 221 income levels. For example, the economic and time impacts borne by low-income households would be compared with those experienced by middle- and high-income households. Read the entire page →
From page 218... ... 222 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox average time of trip, time savings per trip compared to the no-build alternative (in minutes) , and total time savings (in hours) Read the entire page →
From page 219... ... Assessing User Costs and Household Burden Effects 223 disproportionately high and adverse effect as a result of the toll implementation. Although not predominantly borne by the EJ population, the consequences of toll implementation would be "appreciably more severe or greater in magnitude for EJ populations" (U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 220... ... 224 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox the sensitivity of the burden effects at various higher toll rates considered as part of the project's traffic and revenue financial analyses. The financial burden sensitivity effects are shown here but were not presented in the EJ section of the Supplemental Final EIS. Read the entire page →
From page 221... ... Assessing User Costs and Household Burden Effects 225 Highway Segment Percent of Segment Users Who are LowIncome Percent of Low-Income Commuters Who Use Segment Percent of Non-LowIncome Commuters Who Use Segment 1. I-5 north from SR 520 to I-405 (serves Seattle, northern suburbs) Read the entire page →
From page 222... ... 226 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox whether they drive for work, and by the specific roads or facilities that they use. The approach points to differences within income groups as well as between groups. Read the entire page →
From page 223... ... Assessing User Costs and Household Burden Effects 227 The Washington State example relies on a GIS method that is straightforward for estimating the cost of using tolled facilities. However, the approach does not incorporate routines embedded in more sophisticated travel demand models, including potential route deviations to avoid tolls, mode switching carpools or public transit, and the effects of VOT considerations on travel behavior choices. Read the entire page →
From page 224... ... 228 What Is It? The evaluation of disproportionately high and adverse effects on low-income and minority populations is the root of an EJ analysis. Read the entire page →
From page 225... ... Evaluating Disproportionate Effects with Quantitative Methods 229 What Are Some Techniques for Implementing This Tool? Texas DOT and Washington State DOT have developed different approaches for evaluating disproportionately high and adverse effects quantitatively. Read the entire page →
From page 226... ... 230 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox differently by the different concentrations of low-income and minority populations. The statistical test to determine whether the impact on zones with high and medium concentrations of low-income and/or minority populations is significantly higher than on zones with no or low concentrations of low-income and/or minority populations is a "large sample test" based on differences between population proportions. Read the entire page →
From page 227... ... Evaluating Disproportionate Effects with Quantitative Methods 231 Example 2: Comparison of Adverse Effects between Low-income and/or Minority Populations and Non-EJ Populations, Washington State DOT. In contrast with Texas DOT, Washington State DOT considers percentage differences for effects rather than statistical tests to determine disproportionate impacts (Washington State DOT, 2014) Read the entire page →
From page 228... ... 232 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox 4. Compare the severity of the impact, potential mitigation, and other project benefits that may offset the impact to verify or refute the determination of a disproportionately high and adverse effect. Read the entire page →
From page 229... ... Evaluating Disproportionate Effects with Quantitative Methods 233 What Are Its Limitations? Texas DOT's example using the paired t-test illustrates how to determine whether or not there is a statistically significant access burden compared to a non-toll road. Read the entire page →
From page 230... ... 234 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox can be challenging to determine what percentage of a traveler's budget would be used for tolls without creating an adverse effect that is appreciably more severe or greater in magnitude for a low-income household. The Washington State DOT approach, however, acknowledges that the EJ impact determination is more than a technical or quantitative exercise; public involvement and the level of controversy, severity of the impacts, mitigation strategies and the potential off-setting benefits will inevitably play a major role in shaping any final determination. Read the entire page →
From page 231... ... 235 What Is It? Cash replenishment options address a possible barrier to the use of electronic tolling facilities caused by an absence of a credit card or a debit card to purchase or make a needed deposit to acquire a transponder or replenish an account. Read the entire page →
From page 232... ... 236 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox without a credit card had increased by 7 percentage points (22% to 29%) between 2008 and 2014 (Swift, 2014) Read the entire page →
From page 233... ... Instituting Cash Replenishment options for Unbanked and Underbanked Populations 237 Example 3: Florida SunPass's Criteria for Selection of Retail and Money Service Vendors. Florida Turnpike Enterprise offers an affordable transponder, the SunPass Mini, at $4.99. Read the entire page →
From page 234... ... 238 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Example 4: Washington State DOT, Electronic Benefit Card. Washington State DOT established its "Good To Go" card to handle the processing of electronic toll transactions on all its toll facilities. Read the entire page →
From page 235... ... Instituting Cash Replenishment options for Unbanked and Underbanked Populations 239 specifying the need for agencies and practitioners to identify and assess these considerations in planning and environmental review stages (see text box, Assessing Toll Collection Methods and Cost Differences) Read the entire page →
From page 236... ... 240 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Doering, R Read the entire page →
From page 237... ... 241 What Is It? Federal law requires toll revenues to be used first to cover the costs of developing, operating, and maintaining the toll facility and providing a return on investment to any private investment partner. Read the entire page →
From page 238... ... 242 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Setting aside revenues to fund discount and credit programs offers another alternative for ensuring mobility for low-income travelers. Toll relief for low-income populations, for example, can reduce the financial burden but still allow low-income commuters to enjoy the potential time-savings benefits of the priced lanes when most needed. Read the entire page →
From page 239... ... Recycling tolling Revenue through transit Investment and low-Income Assistance as Forms of Mitigation 243 Minnesota even updated the goals of the I-394 MnPASS Express Lanes to include this change (Cambridge Systematics, 2006) Read the entire page →
From page 240... ... 244 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox prepaid tolling account (see Figure 1) Read the entire page →
From page 241... ... Recycling tolling Revenue through transit Investment and low-Income Assistance as Forms of Mitigation 245 Research on Model Programs for Toll Credit and Rewards Metro's Transit Rewards Program rewards transit users for avoiding single-occupancy travel, helping to mitigate potential equity and EJ issues around congestion pricing. It complements research on toll credit and incentive models for maximizing passenger throughput and operating a roadway system that is accessible to all users. Read the entire page →
From page 242... ... 246 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox a new BRT service -- Rapid -- to provide higher frequency transit service in those lanes. Physical improvements such as direct access ramps to transit stations allowed buses and HOVs to directly access the express lanes without yielding to traffic in the general purpose lanes and offering greater reliability. Read the entire page →
From page 243... ... Recycling tolling Revenue through transit Investment and low-Income Assistance as Forms of Mitigation 247 and transponder ownership. Thus, a standard toll for cars with transponders is $2, while commuters exceeding 40 crossings in one month receive a $1 discount per trip, retroactively to include all trips made that month. Read the entire page →
From page 244... ... 248 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Example 5: Elizabeth River Tunnels, Hampton Roads Area, Virginia. The Elizabeth River Tunnels project consisted of constructing a new tunnel alongside the Midtown Tunnel between the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, improving the existing Midtown Tunnel and Downtown Tunnel, and extending the Martin Luther King Freeway in Portsmouth (Figure 3) Read the entire page →
From page 245... ... Recycling tolling Revenue through transit Investment and low-Income Assistance as Forms of Mitigation 249 service centers in Norfolk or Portsmouth is required to provide proof of residency and income eligibility. According to the agreement, the relief funds for the program are to be renewed annually and qualified participants will be expected to re-verify their income and residence each year. Read the entire page →
From page 246... ... 250 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox 2014) Read the entire page →
From page 247... ... Recycling tolling Revenue through transit Investment and low-Income Assistance as Forms of Mitigation 251 Physical design of infrastructure also shapes and limits forms of mitigation for toll revenue recycling. For example, if BRT services are planned for HOT lanes, they may require physical roadway improvements such as direct access ramps to improve safe and efficient access to parkand-ride lots, transit stations, and stops. Read the entire page →
From page 248... ... 252 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Indiana DOT and KYTC. Read the entire page →
From page 249... ... 253 What Is It? Public records have been used, where available, to examine the usage patterns and income distribution of users of existing tolled facilities. Read the entire page →
From page 250... ... 254 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox The toll charges from the electronic toll transactions dataset were summarized by zip code and analyzed at various geographic scales. Two measures of equity burden were reported: (1) Read the entire page →
From page 251... ... Examining Spatial Patterns and Distribution of Users on Existing tolling Facilities 255 absolute amount spent per capita, the higher-income zip codes and towns trended toward lower toll burdens than the lower-income areas as shown in the Figure 2 (Peters and Gordon, 2008) Read the entire page →
From page 252... ... 256 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox The Queens–Midtown Tunnel was presented as a representative example to illustrate how the analytical approach and equity measure can be used to compare the income distribution of toll users with the general population in the market area, using the surrounding affected community or other background population as a benchmark (see Table 1) Read the entire page →
From page 253... ... Examining Spatial Patterns and Distribution of Users on Existing tolling Facilities 257 Metrics to Measure Distributional Equity Peters and Gordon used two metrics of equality of distribution that complement each other -- the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient. The Lorenz Curve. Read the entire page →
From page 254... ... 258 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Market Power and Toll Burden. The researchers also used the equity measures to explore the relative "market power" of MTA tolled facilities to impose a higher toll burden on its users. Read the entire page →
From page 255... ... Examining Spatial Patterns and Distribution of Users on Existing Tolling Facilities 259 the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge bridge user demographics were still more affluent than the surrounding communities. However, Verrazano-Narrows Bridge users had fewer travel choices than Queens–Midtown Tunnel users. Read the entire page →
From page 256... ... 260 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Preparing the Georgia State Road and Tollway Authority Electronic Transactions Dataset for Analysis The Southern Environmental Law Center (SELC) research team obtained electronic transaction data for the I-85 HOT lanes collected by the Georgia State Road and Tollway Authority that covered a 4-month period in fall 2012. Read the entire page →
From page 257... ... Figure 6. Read the entire page →
From page 258... ... 262 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox can complicate the role of distance in an equity analysis; in this case, the spatial patterns of median income revealed that some of more distant zip codes from the city center had lower median incomes but were likely to have longer and higher priced trips (SELC, 2013) Read the entire page →
From page 259... ... Examining Spatial Patterns and Distribution of Users on Existing tolling Facilities 263 may affect different transportation user groups drawing data from the congestion analysis. According to the final "lessons learned" report, most users benefited as a result of the pricing improvements. Read the entire page →
From page 260... ... 264 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox segmentation and analysis by income or race and ethnicity group. Toward this objective, a more detailed discussion of how survey efforts were designed and conducted in Atlanta (and Seattle) Read the entire page →
From page 261... ... Examining Spatial Patterns and Distribution of Users on Existing tolling Facilities 265 What Are Its Limitations? The researchers acknowledged several of the limitations of the individual case examples (mentioned in the case example discussions) Read the entire page →
From page 262... ... 266 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Who Has Used It Successfully? Various approaches for using available data to analyze user demographics are described in the four examples presented in this section. Read the entire page →
From page 263... ... s e c t i o n 2 Case Examples Read the entire page →
From page 264... ... C o n t e n t s 271 Synopses of Case Examples 275 Case Example 1 Conducting Citizen Panels to Explore Key Issues of Value Pricing, Minneapolis– St. Paul Region, Minnesota 281 Case Example 2 Using an Environmental Justice Index to Identify Affected Populations, Dallas–Fort Worth Metro Region 287 Case Example 3 Mobilizing a Local Liaison to Recruit Community Leaders for Survey, Louisville– Southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges Project 294 Case Example 4 Targeting Local Grocery Stores to Administer Community Surveys, Louisville–Southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges Project 303 Case Example 5 Analyzing, Mitigating, and Monitoring Impacts on Low-Income Commuters, I-10 and I-110 ExpressLanes, Los Angeles County 315 Case Example 6 Mitigating Reduced Access via Toll Credits, Dallas–Fort Worth Metro Region 318 Case Example 7 Selecting a Design Alternative to Mitigate the Adverse Effects of Tolls on a Low-Income Community, St. Read the entire page →
From page 265... ... 271 Conducting Citizen Panels to Explore Key Issues of Value Pricing, Minneapolis–St. Paul Region, Minnesota The Minnesota Department of Transportation (DOT) Read the entire page →
From page 266... ... 272 Assessing the environmental Justice effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox these places to jobs, retail, and other important destinations. They also consider how this relative accessibility may change based on proposed transportation network changes. Read the entire page →
From page 267... ... synopses of Case examples 273 The approach was noteworthy for its use of surveys to target the views of low-income and minority populations in the design of tolling policies and possible mitigation. The purpose and scope of the community member survey solicited opinions, but did not focus on current travel behavior characteristics such as the type and number of trips taken, routes used, mode chosen, or time-of-day. Read the entire page →
From page 268... ... 274 Assessing the environmental Justice effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Selecting a Design Alternative to Mitigate the Adverse Effects of Tolls on a Low-Income Community, St. Johns River Crossing, Clay and St. Read the entire page →
From page 269... ... 275 Conducting Citizen Panels to Explore Key Issues of Value Pricing, Minneapolis–St. Paul Region, Minnesota Background For more than 20 years, Minnesota transportation policy leaders have worked diligently to address public perception related to implementing value pricing projects in the Twin Cities region. Read the entire page →
From page 270... ... 276 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox While this informed citizen panel process did not exclusively focus on issues of equity or EJ, themes and information relevant to equity and EJ considerations were presented and deliberated during the five-day event. How It Was Done The citizens' jury process was only part of the outreach and education activities undertaken during the public policy development stage. Read the entire page →
From page 271... ... conducting citizen panels to explore Key Issues of Value pricing, minneapolis–st. paul Region, minnesota 277 • Assistant Division Engineer, Metropolitan Division, Minnesota DOT • Vice President, Hughes Transportation Management Process. Read the entire page →
From page 272... ... 278 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox • Additional revenue should be spent as follows: 60 percent transit, 25 percent repair and improve roads, and 15 percent on new roads. • Provisions to be adopted over a 10-year period to avoid the need for a constitutional amendment. Read the entire page →
From page 273... ... conducting citizen panels to explore Key Issues of Value pricing, minneapolis–st. paul Region, minnesota 279 jury process into future studies and deliberations. Read the entire page →
From page 274... ... 280 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox public tends to focus on the funding issue. It is difficult to combine both objectives because the public tends to focus on the financial perspective because it is easier to understand. Read the entire page →
From page 275... ... 281 Background The Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex spans 12 counties and contains a population approaching 9 million. It is the fourth largest metro area in the United States. Read the entire page →
From page 276... ... 282 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox survey zones (TSZs) (similar to traffic analysis zones) Read the entire page →
From page 277... ... Using an environmental Justice Index to Identify affected populations, Dallas–Fort Worth metro Region 283 Source: NCTCOG, 2013 Figure 1. EJ Index map for the Dallas–Fort Worth Region. Read the entire page →
From page 278... ... 284 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Resources and Costs Prior to 2008, NCTCOG used consultants for its tolling analysis. However, a lack of consistency in the methodologies used prompted NCTCOG to hire two National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Read the entire page →
From page 279... ... Using an environmental Justice Index to Identify affected populations, Dallas–Fort Worth metro Region 285 Challenges and Limitations One of the limitations in this analysis is the statistical comparability of the data used in identifying populations. In this example, the U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 280... ... 286 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Lessons Learned The methodologies developed for the EJ analysis (i.e., both the EJ Index and the four separate EJ categories) arose because of the demographic circumstances in the Dallas–Fort Worth region. Read the entire page →
From page 281... ... 287 Background The Louisville–Southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges Project (Ohio River Bridges Project) is a construction and reconstruction project being undertaken to address long-term cross-river transportation needs in the Louisville metropolitan area. Read the entire page →
From page 282... ... 288 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Anticipation Revenue Vehicles (GARVEE) bonds and a Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (TIFIA) Read the entire page →
From page 283... ... mobilizing a local liaison to Recruit community leaders for survey, louisville–southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges project 289 Based on these two sources, the research consultant had an initial list of about 48 leaders split between Kentucky (32 leaders) and Indiana (16 leaders) Read the entire page →
From page 284... ... 290 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox indicated they did not have internet access or preferred to review a paper copy of the report. Two of these individuals were mailed paper copies of the documents to review and DVDs of the video. Read the entire page →
From page 285... ... mobilizing a local liaison to Recruit community leaders for survey, louisville–southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges project 291 Theme/Questions Community Leader Survey Responses Online Ordering 53% Low-Minimum Balance 45% Convenient Transponder Reﬁlls 71% Account Tied to Card or Bank Account 45% Minimum Transponder Balance -- The report and video indicated that transponder accounts could require only a low-minimum account balance to be established. In your opinion, what amount of money would your constituents consider to be a low-minimum amount? Read the entire page →
From page 286... ... 292 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox of Economic Effects of Tolling and Strategies for Mitigating Effects of Tolling on Environmental Justice Populations, issued in April 2015 by KYTC and Indiana DOT. In addition to the questions shown in Table 1, community leaders were also asked their views on other questions, including: • In your opinion, how will the Ohio River Bridges Project affect the neighborhoods where low-income and minority populations reside? Read the entire page →
From page 287... ... mobilizing a local liaison to Recruit community leaders for survey, louisville–southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges project 293 Some of the leaders identified in the Louisville Mayor's 2012 Violence Prevention Work Group felt that they did not have specific knowledge of the issues to be comfortable talking about the project. They also felt that their time would have been more effectively spent with causes with which they were more invested and more familiar. Read the entire page →
From page 288... ... 294 Background In April 2012, a Supplemental Final EIS was signed for the Louisville– Southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges Project, followed in June 2012 by a revised ROD. As a post-revised ROD mitigation commitment, KYTC and the Indiana DOT were directed to obtain information from the EJ communities that would be impacted by constructing and tolling two proposed new bridges across the Ohio River. Read the entire page →
From page 289... ... Targeting local Grocery stores to administer community surveys, louisville–southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges project 295 from their stores that were good only at their stores. The consultant was allowed to approach store customers, offering a $20 gift card/voucher to those who would view a short video and complete a 17-question survey. Read the entire page →
From page 290... ... 296 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox outlined the project, tolling assumption, and recommended potential mitigation measures, and answer a 17-question survey. If the customer agreed to participate and completed the survey, the consultant gave the customer a $20 gift card/voucher to the grocery store. Read the entire page →
From page 291... ... Targeting local Grocery stores to administer community surveys, louisville–southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges project 297 to the first of the month -- a period when customers were most likely to have received food and other social service benefits. The period selected also allowed the consultant to take advantage of the Fourth of July holiday and 2 weekends. Read the entire page →
From page 292... ... 298 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Theme / Questions Community Member Individual Responses Tolling Impact on Commuting Behavior -- How will the addition of tolls impact your commuting decisions? Change/impact No Change 31% Switch to non-tolled routes Yes 31% Reduce cross-river trips Yes 26% Carpool, use public transit Yes 18% Tolling Impact on Lifestyle -- How will the addition of tolls impact your lifestyle? Read the entire page →
From page 293... ... Targeting local Grocery stores to administer community surveys, louisville–southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges project 299 having no tolls, keeping tolls affordable, stopping tolls once the bridge is paid for, and expanding bus service in southern Indiana. Resources and Costs The consultant spent $5,740 buying 287 gift cards valued at $20 each from four local grocery stores. Read the entire page →
From page 294... ... 300 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Challenges and Limitations This example highlights the approach to undertaking a convenience sample, one of the main types of non-probability sampling methods. A convenience sample is made up of people who are easy to reach. Read the entire page →
From page 295... ... Targeting local Grocery stores to administer community surveys, louisville–southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges project 301 charge because it was an unusual purchase for the research firm. Management at the firm had to call the bank to verify the charges and arrange for future similar purchases to be accepted. Read the entire page →
From page 296... ... 302 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox KYTC and Indiana DOT. Read the entire page →
From page 297... ... 303 Background The Los Angeles Congestion Reduction Demonstration (CRD) Express Lanes Program resulted in the conversion of HOV lanes on I-10 El Monte Freeway (from I-605 to Alameda Street) Read the entire page →
From page 298... ... 304 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox This report provided a foundation for Metro to establish its Equity Plan Account [currently called the Low-Income Assistance Plan (LIAP) Read the entire page →
From page 299... ... analyzing, mitigating, and monitoring Impacts on low-Income commuters, I-10 and I-110 expresslanes, los angeles county 305 Defining Low-Income for Program Definition and Assessment The low-income assessment report (Metro, 2010) benchmarked eligibility levels for several state and local programs and examined assumptions used in the region's travel demand modeling to recommend a low-income Metro of $35,000 (in 2009 dollars) Read the entire page →
From page 300... ... 306 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox MPO Survey Data. The second data source was SCAG's 2005 State of the Commute survey, a telephone survey of full-time workers in 2,800 households throughout the SCAG region. Read the entire page →
From page 301... ... analyzing, mitigating, and monitoring Impacts on low-Income commuters, I-10 and I-110 expresslanes, los angeles county 307 While vulnerable to previously discussed sampling biases, the license plate survey exhibited patterns generally consistent with SCAG's Census data analysis of commuting patterns by income group. Additionally, the attributes of the survey enabled the differentiation by corridor and between solo and carpool drivers. Read the entire page →
From page 302... ... 308 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox These values were then compared to vehicle marginal VOT as estimated by a toll optimization model (TOM) Read the entire page →
From page 303... ... analyzing, mitigating, and monitoring Impacts on low-Income commuters, I-10 and I-110 expresslanes, los angeles county 309 Originally, the Transit Rewards Program (TRP) was instituted as a way to reward its transit users with a $5 toll credit for every 32 one-way trips. Read the entire page →
From page 304... ... 310 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox travel speeds. Supplementing these measures, the Metro consultant also recommended the use of targeted surveys to registered low-income corridor users during and following the demonstration period to gauge perceptions of congestion levels as well as the perceived ease of use of accounts and payment options, among other issues. Read the entire page →
From page 305... ... analyzing, mitigating, and monitoring Impacts on low-Income commuters, I-10 and I-110 expresslanes, los angeles county 311 Resources and Costs The resources required to prepare the low-income assessment report (Metro, 2010) are not significant or time-consuming in light of possible equity-related impacts and the importance of addressing equity considerations for sustaining popular support for the HOT lane conversion. Read the entire page →
From page 306... ... 312 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Metro ExpressLanes Market Research Studies Metro has employed a three-pronged approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of the Low-Income Assistance Plan (LIAP) , including a survey of LIAP users, two rounds of focus groups, and intercept surveys. Read the entire page →
From page 307... ... analyzing, mitigating, and monitoring Impacts on low-Income commuters, I-10 and I-110 expresslanes, los angeles county 313 ExpressLanes Market Research Studies) to help evaluate the effectiveness of the LIAP. Read the entire page →
From page 308... ... 314 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox While not shown here, the research also found a higher percentage of LIAP accounts in areas with lower median household incomes and higher rates of poverty. In many cases, the areas with higher percentages of equity plans were in a lower-income area where fewer individuals obtained a transponder. Read the entire page →
From page 309... ... 315 Background In 2014, the North Central Texas Council of Governments (NCTCOG) proposed an alignment for the Chisholm Trail Parkway. Read the entire page →
From page 310... ... 316 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Outreach activities were an integral element in the development of the mitigation approach. In April 2014, representatives from Tarrant County, NCTCOG, and NTTA met with the residents of the community to present information on how the program would work and answer questions. Read the entire page →
From page 311... ... mitigating Reduced access via Toll credits, Dallas–Fort Worth metro Region 317 Benefits: Why It Was Effective Mitigation reduced the costs for residents accessing the toll road and enabled them to avoid a free alternative that would have nearly doubled their travel time. The program only cost $67,750 versus the millions of dollars that would have been required to build a new road to supply the residents with access to an alternative non-tolled route. Read the entire page →
From page 312... ... 318 Background The Florida DOT identified the need for a new limited-access highway corridor and bridge-crossing for the St. Johns River between Clay and St. Read the entire page →
From page 313... ... selecting a Design alternative to mitigate the adverse effects of Tolls, st. Johns River crossing, clay and st. Read the entire page →
From page 314... ... 320 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox generally specify the requirements of the concessionaire to design, build, operate, maintain, and finance the project for a term of 50 to 75 years (FHWA and Florida DOT, 2013) Read the entire page →
From page 315... ... selecting a Design alternative to mitigate the adverse effects of Tolls, st. Johns River crossing, clay and st. Read the entire page →
From page 316... ... 322 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox and reduces the potential for recurring economic impacts on low-income communities within the study area. Challenges and Limitations The focus of the analysis and mitigation was on the replacement of an existing non-tolled bridge with a tolled bridge and no reasonably alternate non-tolled route. Read the entire page →
From page 317... ... 323 c a s e e x a m p l e 8 Background One tool for determining whether toll roads impact EJ populations differently from other population subgroups is to determine two pieces of information that can be collected from surveys: 1. What do people in the EJ populations themselves think about tolling? Read the entire page →
From page 318... ... 324 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox How It Was Done The following sub-sections describe the tolling project under study, research participants, study objectives, study methods, and key findings related to equity for low-income and minority travelers in the I-85 corridor. Description of the I-85 Tolling Project. Read the entire page →
From page 319... ... conducting pre- and post-Implementation surveys of Traveler Behavior and Opinions, atlanta Region, I-85 corridor 325 opened and the second after the lanes were in operation. In this longitudinal survey design, known as a "panel survey," researchers contacted the same set of households for both waves of surveying. Read the entire page →
From page 320... ... 326 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Trip Diary and Questionnaires. Each adult in the participating households was asked to fill out a two-day travel diary, a demographic questionnaire, and a supplemental questionnaire that asked additional travel behavior questions and attitudinal questions. Read the entire page →
From page 321... ... conducting pre- and post-Implementation surveys of Traveler Behavior and Opinions, atlanta Region, I-85 corridor 327 vary by income. The most frequent responses among people in all income groups were "Tolls are too expensive," "Don't use toll roads enough," and "Against tolling, in general" (Ray et al., 2014) Read the entire page →
From page 322... ... 328 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox but that far fewer people thought they were likely to use the toll lanes in Wave 2. More specifically, the authors explained: [T] Read the entire page →
From page 323... ... conducting pre- and post-Implementation surveys of Traveler Behavior and Opinions, atlanta Region, I-85 corridor 329 to draw conclusions with some confidence about particular population groups of interest for equity analysis. More specifically, the researchers were able to present findings on many issues relevant to equity analysis, including the following factors: • Transponder ownership (both waves) Read the entire page →
From page 324... ... 330 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox to the federal poverty level, which is informative as well as sensitive to the region's higher cost of living. However, U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 325... ... conducting pre- and post-Implementation surveys of Traveler Behavior and Opinions, atlanta Region, I-85 corridor 331 2. When planning sample size, it is important to account for the fact that people's travel patterns will change over time (e.g., they get a new job, move within the region, start working from home some days) Read the entire page →
From page 326... ... s e c t i o n 3 Reference Tables Read the entire page →
From page 327... ... C o n t e n t s 337 Reference Table 2.1 Applicable Requirements Governing Tolling Projects 339 Reference Tables 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 Decision-Makers and Stakeholders: Actions, Decisions, and Concerns 350 Reference Table 4.1 Examples for Resource Topic Considerations Added by Tolling 353 Reference Table 5.1 Environmental Justice Assessment Methods by Resource Topic Area 358 Reference Table 6.1 Qualitative versus Quantitative Evaluations of Resource Topics Read the entire page →
From page 328... ... 337 Reference Table 2.1 (see Step 2 in the Guidebook) provides a list of relevant EJ or non-discrimination related regulations or policies that should be considered in tolling projects. Read the entire page →
From page 329... ... 338 assessing the environmental Justice effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Stage of Decision-Making Regulation/Policy Criteria 23 CFR 771 (FHWA NEPA Regulations) EJ populations provided opportunities for involvement and input in the development of the project (§771.105, §771.109) Read the entire page →
From page 330... ... 339 Decision-Makers and Stakeholders: Actions, Decisions, and Concerns Reference Tables 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 (see Step 3 in the Guidebook) identify the various types of agencies and stakeholders likely to be encountered at various stages of decision-making. Read the entire page →
From page 331... ... 340 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox State Legislature/State Government State legislatures establish the authority of state and local agencies to engage in toll road development and have the power to create tolling authorities and establish the legal powers, required oversight, and mechanisms for funding and ﬁnance. Legislatures in many jurisdictions establish laws and standards for the application and collection of tolls and the procurement, delivery, and operation of toll road facilities. Read the entire page →
From page 332... ... decision-Makers and stakeholders: actions, decisions, and concerns 341 Public Transportation Agencies No role in most cases at this stage. Public transportation agencies are often called on to mitigate impacts on EJ populations for tolling projects; therefore, it may be helpful for transit agencies to understand the breadth of EJ populations aﬀected in the planned tolling corridor to ensure future transit planning studies are aware of possible impacts and that no changes are needed to their policy or planning documents that guide future investments. Read the entire page →
From page 333... ... 342 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Reference Table 3.1. (Continued) Read the entire page →
From page 334... ... decision-Makers and stakeholders: actions, decisions, and concerns 343 Decision-Makers and Stakeholders Tolling Lens Environmental Justice Lens U.S. DOT and FHWA Oversees State DOT role described below to ensure compliance with EJ guidance and orders (unless state is acting as FHWA for environmental review purposes through NEPA assignment) Read the entire page →
From page 335... ... 344 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Local Government In the case of local assistance projects, local government may make certain project deﬁnition decisions that are described above for state DOTs. See role description under Policy and Planning in Table 3.1. Read the entire page →
From page 336... ... decision-Makers and stakeholders: actions, decisions, and concerns 345 Reference Table 3.2. (Continued) Read the entire page →
From page 337... ... 346 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Reference Table 3.3. Decision-makers and stakeholders: actions, decisions, and concerns for Stage 3 (implementation) Read the entire page →
From page 338... ... decision-Makers and stakeholders: actions, decisions, and concerns 347 Reference Table 3.3. (Continued) Read the entire page →
From page 339... ... 348 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Decision-Makers and Stakeholders Tolling Lens Environmental Justice Lens Public Private Partnerships and Private Sponsors Operations are typically overseen by a private concessionaire. However, the private entity functions under regulations set by state and federal governments; tolls are imposed with limitations for how toll funds may be used. Read the entire page →
From page 340... ... decision-Makers and stakeholders: actions, decisions, and concerns 349 Decision-Makers and Stakeholders Tolling Lens Environmental Justice Lens Social Service, Community, and Advocacy-Based Organizations Community and advocacy-based organizations may be involved in Implementation Task Forces, as in the case of Minneapolis/St. Paul's I-394 MnPASS HOT Lane project, where the task force was formed to guide the department through project implementation. Read the entire page →
From page 341... ... 350 Reference Table 4.1 (see Step 4 in the Guidebook) categorizes the resource topics that are typically considered in an environmental analysis from an environmental justice perspective. Read the entire page →
From page 342... ... examples of Resource Topic considerations added by Tolling 351 (continued on next page) Categories Resource Topics Questions Social and Economic Community cohesion Will the toll facility alter social relationships through changes in design, access, or displacement? Read the entire page →
From page 343... ... 352 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Reference Table 4.1. (Continued) Read the entire page →
From page 344... ... 353 Reference Table 5.1 (see Step 5 in the Guidebook) summarizes assessment methods consistent with the resource topic areas introduced in Step 4 in the Guidebook and Reference Table 4.1. Read the entire page →
From page 345... ... 354 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Reference Table 5.1. Environmental justice assessment methods by resource topic area. Read the entire page →
From page 346... ... environmental Justice assessment Methods by Resource Topic area 355 Reference Table 5.1. (Continued) Read the entire page →
From page 347... ... 356 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox EJ Assessment Resource Topic Area Basic EJ Assessment Methods Special Considerations for Toll Projects Guidebook Tools to Assess EJ Toll Considerations Physical and Environmental Impacts Air Quality 1. General air quality review 2. Read the entire page →
From page 348... ... environmental Justice assessment Methods by Resource Topic area 357 EJ Assessment Resource Topic Area Basic EJ Assessment Methods Special Considerations for Toll Projects Guidebook Tools to Assess EJ Toll Considerations Cultural and Historical Resources Cultural and Historical Resources 1. Multilevel impact valuation 2. Read the entire page →
From page 349... ... 358 Reference Table 6.1 (see Step 6 in the Guidebook) summarizes typical analysis frameworks for the resource topic areas (as previously identified in Steps 4 and 5 in the Guidebook) Read the entire page →
From page 350... ... Qualitative versus Quantitative evaluations of Resource Topics 359 Reference Table 6.1. Qualitative versus quantitative evaluations of resource topics (refer to comparable resource topic Table 5.1 for analysis methods and references to tools) Read the entire page →
From page 351... ... s e c t i o n 4 Checklists Read the entire page →
From page 352... ... C o n t e n t s 365 Checklist 1 Checklists for Framing the Project 366 Checklist 1a. Tolling Actions and the Impact-Causing Aspects of Tolling Actions 368 Checklist 1b. Read the entire page →
From page 353... ... 365 Purpose. The checklists provide a self-assessment tool to help the practitioner identify the type of action, the anticipated impact-causing aspects, potential direct and indirect effects, and the context for assessing the degree and extent to which there could be disproportionately high and adverse effects from the action on minority and low-income populations. Read the entire page →
From page 354... ... Checklist 1a. Tolling actions and the impact-causing aspects of tolling actions. Read the entire page →
From page 355... ... 7a. Increase Tolls on an Existing Toll Facility √ 7b. Read the entire page →
From page 356... ... Checklist 1b. Potential direct and indirect effects. Read the entire page →
From page 357... ... Increased travel on alternate routes or modes lead to degradation of level of service on the alternate routes or modes Changes in health (air quality, noise, vibration) for residents nearby alternate routes that have degradation in level of service Changes in quality of life from: Degraded environmental quality and pedestrian safety along alternate routes Contracted possibilities for employment and services because of degraded accessibility, mobility, and travel reliability Activities and purchases foregone because of reduced disposable income or less available time outside of travel time Array of indirect eﬀects stemming from direct facility footprint eﬀects that could occur regardless of tolling aspects Array of indirect eﬀects stemming from facility proximity eﬀects that could occur regardless of tolling aspects Potential Indirect Eﬀects Associated with an Action and Its Aspects Your project? Read the entire page →
From page 358... ... Checklist 1c. Context considerations at different project stages and phases. Read the entire page →
From page 359... ... Environmental studies are mandated by federal and state laws and are used to ﬁnd the most appropriate design concept for a proposed facility, out of a pool of alternative concepts. The selected alternative is developed into a preliminary design. Read the entire page →
From page 360... ... 3 Stages 6 Phases Example EJ Issues for Tolling Your Project: Comments, Additional Questions 6. Operations and Maintenance Do the pricing mechanisms and changed traﬃc patterns of road pricing projects result in disproportionately high and adverse eﬀects on low-income and/or minority populations? Read the entire page →
From page 361... ... 373 Purpose. The checklist provides a suggested template to track the progress and status of the analysis and the disposition of each resource topic area in an EJ toll project analysis. Read the entire page →
From page 362... ... Step # Assessment Status/Question Yes If Yes No If No Comments Major Topic Area (e.g., Accessibility, Mobility, and Safety) Resource Topic Area (e.g., Transportation Accessibility) Read the entire page →
From page 363... ... 6g Have other mitigation measures been considered that would avoid or minimize eﬀects? To 6h To 7d 6h Have aﬀected populations been involved in the decision-making process? Read the entire page →
From page 364... ... s e c t i o n 5 Scenarios Read the entire page →
From page 365... ... C o n t e n t s 381 Introduction 382 Scenario A: Untolled Bridge to Tolled Bridge, P3 395 Scenario B: HOV Lanes to HOT Lanes 406 Scenario C: Rate Change Read the entire page →
From page 366... ... 381 This section illustrates how to apply the tools and case examples included in the Toolbox through the suggested eight-step process framework for assessing the environmental justice (EJ) implications of toll implementation or rate changes. Read the entire page →
From page 367... ... 382 Untolled Bridge to Tolled Bridge, P3 Step 1. Frame the Project Scenario A considers a bridge (not part of the Interstate system) Read the entire page →
From page 368... ... Tools Why Practitioner Uses the Tool Checklist 1 To identify the type of toll implementation action from among the range of types. To identify the impact-causing aspects typically associated with the action from among the range of aspects. Read the entire page →
From page 369... ... 384 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox minority populations before the bridge crossing to the CBD. Read the entire page →
From page 370... ... Untolled Bridge to Tolled Bridge, P3 385 The practitioner documents the results of Step 2 in a technical memorandum describing the discussions with the state DOT manager on why a categorical exclusion is unlikely for this project because of the need for additional study. The technical memorandum cites the regulations and references the potential adverse impacts borne by low-income and minority populations identified in Step 1 and the need to further consider the potential for offsetting benefits for lowincome and minority populations in the studies to be undertaken. Read the entire page →
From page 371... ... 386 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Step 4. Scope Approach to Measure and Address Impacts The practitioner begins to scope the project in earnest, within and outside the agency after reviewing the key questions of Step 4: • Who could be affected by the toll project or rate change? Read the entire page →
From page 372... ... Untolled Bridge to Tolled Bridge, P3 387 • Major concerns and questions are raised in outreach discussions and through focus groups: – Mobility, Access, and Safety: The AET system could be a barrier for those without a bank account or credit card if cash replenishment options are not available or readily accessible. Would there be fees for transponders? Read the entire page →
From page 373... ... 388 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Tools Why Practitioner Uses the Tools Reference Table 4.1: Examples of Resource Topic Considerations Added by Tolling Public Involvement Plan Focus Groups Conducting Surveys Case Examples: Surveys with Local Liaison, KY-IN Surveys at Grocery Stores KY-IN Avoid Impacts FL Bridge To ramp up the public involvement of EJ stakeholders identiﬁed in Step 3. The questions in Reference Table 4.1, Tolling Considerations, would help spark fruitful conversations. Read the entire page →
From page 374... ... Untolled Bridge to Tolled Bridge, P3 389 the tolling in terms of improved travel times would be from areas that are not classified as communities of concern. • Based on regional models, disproportionately high and adverse effects on minority and lowincome populations are possible from the proposed tolling of the bridge vis-à-vis diminished mobility and accessibility to opportunities in the CBD. Read the entire page →
From page 375... ... 390 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Continuing documentation, the practitioner works through the Step 5 portion of Checklist 2 in the Checklists section for each of the resource areas: mobility, access, and safety; social and economic; physical and environmental; and cultural and historic resources. The practitioner continues to thoroughly document the public outreach efforts and the outcomes of those efforts, including developing, conducting, and recording the findings of the survey, as well as continued face-to-face outreach. Read the entire page →
From page 376... ... Untolled Bridge to Tolled Bridge, P3 391 Step 6. Identify and Assess Mitigation Strategies The surveys, analysis, and continued outreach from Step 5 identify mobility, access, and safety impacts that are adverse and may disproportionately burden low-income populations. Read the entire page →
From page 377... ... 392 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Tools Why Practitioner Uses the Tools Conducting Surveys Full Cycle I-10– I-110 LA County Mitigation NCTCOG Pre- and PostSurveys Atlanta User Activity Monitoring or cash payment (through arrangement with local grocery stores and convenience stores) Read the entire page →
From page 378... ... Untolled Bridge to Tolled Bridge, P3 393 Step 7. Document Results for Decision-Makers and the Public The practitioner uses Checklist 2 in the Checklists section to ensure thorough documentation of various outreach and analytical steps (Steps 4, 5, and 6) Read the entire page →
From page 379... ... 394 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Step 8. Conduct Post-Implementation Monitoring The practitioner advises the agency that it is appropriate to monitor whether the travel diversion effects predicted in the travel demand model prove to be true after operations begin and to assess whether the cash replenishment option and low-income assistance/toll credit mitigation commitments are effective in practice. Read the entire page →
From page 380... ... 395 Step 1. Frame the Project Scenario B considers a 6-lane roadway (Interstate) Read the entire page →
From page 381... ... 396 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Impact-Causing Activity of the Tolling Project Potential Impact-Causing Activity Applicable? Introduction of a transaction cost–paying a toll– on the facility user. Read the entire page →
From page 382... ... HoV Lanes to HoT Lanes 397 should mean that the potential for disproportionately high and adverse effects on minority and low-income populations is low. In addition, because all users of the facility would benefit from the project, it appears that minority and low-income populations would share in the benefits of the project. Read the entire page →
From page 383... ... 398 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox HOT lane and general lane performance, it would be prudent to make provisions for including an EJ assessment in a future annual report if actual conditions differ from expected conditions. In planning for this HOV to HOT lane conversion, some concerns may be expressed that the primary function of the HOV lanes -- to provide an incentive to form carpools and to "reward" such an incentive by guaranteeing a mostly delay-free trip -- would be degraded. Read the entire page →
From page 384... ... HoV Lanes to HoT Lanes 399 Step 4. Scope Approach to Measure and Address Impacts The practitioner gathers information to answer the key questions: • Who would be affected by this project? Read the entire page →
From page 385... ... 400 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox documents the research findings and summarizes the implications of their initial model efforts on travel patterns and behavior, in particular induced demand. Read the entire page →
From page 386... ... HoV Lanes to HoT Lanes 401 Step 5. Conduct impact analysis and measurement. Read the entire page →
From page 387... ... 402 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox households. The practitioner also aggregates and tracks the findings of the other resource topic areas from the subject matter experts on noise, cultural cohesion, and cultural and historical resources. Read the entire page →
From page 388... ... HoV Lanes to HoT Lanes 403 The practitioner uses the Step 6 portion of Checklist 2 in the Checklists section for each research area, the "Disproportionate Effects" tool, and the backup documentation for each resource topic analysis to make clear the level of analyses conducted and document the rational basis for findings on each resource topic in Step 4, Step 5, or Step 6. Read the entire page →
From page 389... ... 404 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox what constitutes a threshold for taking action; and if action is needed, who would initiate the action and with what public operator consultation, if appropriate. As noted in Step 2, in planning for this HOV to HOT lane conversion, some concerns may be expressed that the primary function of the HOV lanes -- to provide an incentive to form carpools and to "reward" such an incentive by guaranteeing a mostly delay-free trip -- would be degraded. Read the entire page →
From page 390... ... HoV Lanes to HoT Lanes 405 This annual reporting documenting conditions on the converted lanes is required under 23 U.S.C. 166, and if the HOV facility becomes degraded the sponsor must bring the facility into compliance either by increasing HOV occupancy requirements, increasing tolls, increasing capacity, or eliminating access to paying motorists. Read the entire page →
From page 391... ... 406 Step 1. Frame the Project Scenario C considers a proposed rate change on a tolled facility, an interstate toll road. Read the entire page →
From page 392... ... rate change 407 fine-particulates, and because heavy truck diversions to the alternate route were reported with the previous toll increase, the practitioner concludes that a PM2.5 hot spot analysis is warranted. These effects, as well as the increased cost of travel, can generate public controversy as evidenced by what followed the previous toll increase. Read the entire page →
From page 393... ... 408 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox of minority neighborhoods that are traversed. Such diversion would also have impacts on the roadway users who divert to the alternate route to avoid tolls, including longer travel distances and longer travel times. Read the entire page →
From page 394... ... rate change 409 impacts could diverted traffic have on current traffic on the alternate route? Would the increased traffic impact pedestrian, bike and vehicle safety on the alternate route? Read the entire page →
From page 395... ... 410 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Tools Why Practitioner Uses the Tools Social and Economic VOT/Willing to Pay User Costs, HH Burden Public Involvement Plan Evaluate Impact on: Community cohesion - Community outreach did not identify adverse impacts to community cohesion. Economic development and other economic impacts, including household burden - Low-income households could be adversely impacted. Read the entire page →
From page 396... ... rate change 411 addressed in the tool, but underlying travel patterns and analysis would produce travel information that would be input to the air quality and noise models. Read the entire page →
From page 397... ... 412 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox If any or all of these questions could be answered "yes," for any of the resource topic areas examined, are there mitigation measures or offsetting benefits that could be considered to address the disproportionately high and adverse impacts? The practitioner uses the "Focus Groups" tool to help structure in-depth conversations about concerns, trade-offs, and desirable mitigations. Read the entire page →
From page 398... ... rate change 413 Step 7. Document Results for Decision-Makers and the Public The practitioner uses Checklist 2 in the Checklists section to ensure thorough documentation of various outreach processes and analytical steps (Steps 4, 5, and 6) Read the entire page →
From page 399... ... Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) Read the entire page →
From page 400... ... TRA N SPO RTATIO N RESEA RCH BO A RD 500 Fifth Street, N W W ashington, D C 20001 A D D RESS SERV ICE REQ U ESTED N O N -PR O FIT O R G . Read the entire page →

From page 76...

... P a r t 2 Toolbox

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From page 77...

... Tools s e c t i o n 1

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From page 78...

... C o n t e n t s 83 Synopses of Tools 88 Tool 1 Developing a Socioeconomic Profile and Community Characteristics Inventory for Environmental Justice Assessments 102 Tool 2 Using Public Use Microdata Samples to Profile Transportation Characteristics and Differences 110 Tool 3 Using the National Household Travel Survey to Profile Transportation Characteristics and Differences 113 Tool 4 Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 140 Tool 5 Using Focus Groups in Assessing the Impact of Tolling on Environmental Justice Populations 151 Tool 6 Designing and Executing Surveys to Assess Attitudes and Travel Behavior for Environmental Justice Analyses and to Monitor Implementation 178 Tool 7 Using Travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 201 Tool 8 Applying a Select Link Analysis to Assess Trip Patterns 211 Tool 9 Analyzing the Value of Time/Willingness to Pay in Environmental Justice Assessments 220 Tool 10 Assessing User Costs and Household Burden Effects 228 Tool 11 Evaluating Disproportionate Effects with Quantitative Methods 235 Tool 12 Instituting Cash Replenishment Options for Unbanked and Underbanked Populations 241 Tool 13 Recycling Tolling Revenue through Transit Investment and Low-Income Assistance as Forms of Mitigation 253 Tool 14 Examining Spatial Patterns and Distribution of Users on Existing Tolling Facilities

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From page 79...

... 83 Synopses of Tools Developing a Socioeconomic Profile and Community Characteristics Inventory for EJ Assessments A demographic profile of social and economic characteristics such as income, race and ethnicity, disability, age, limited English proficiency, educational attainment, time leaving home for work, and "zero-car" households provides important building blocks about communities for impact assessment. Creating a profile contributes to developing a substantive understanding of the needs of the affected populations, including low-income and minority populations and other traditionally underserved populations.

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From page 80...

... 84 Assessing the environmental Justice effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox as the characteristics of the vehicles they own and their attitudes toward several transportation issues. Using NHTS allows for a very detailed analysis of households' travel patterns among population subgroups and across a variety of geographic characteristics.

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From page 81...

... synopses of tools 85 minority travelers compared to other populations. This information is important to gather to determine potential EJ impacts and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies.

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From page 82...

... 86 Assessing the environmental Justice effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox distribution and trip purpose are important measures to estimate within a region or corridor. VOT can be used to inform the development of toll pricing and account policies that are sensitive to the behavioral differences of low-income travelers.

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From page 83...

... synopses of tools 87 account face the prospect of being excluded or financially penalized for their use. Populations in this circumstance may experience a form of social exclusion (i.e., compromised access to jobs and other amenities critical to sustaining a household's quality of life)

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From page 84...

... 88 What Is It? Demographic profiles of social and economic characteristics such as income, race and ethnicity, disability, age, limited English proficiency, educational attainment, time leaving home for work, and "zero-car" households provide important building blocks about communities for impact assessment.

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From page 85...

... Developing a Socioeconomic Profile and Community Characteristics Inventory for Environmental Justice Assessments 89 What Are Some Techniques for Implementing This Tool? There are many data sources and methods for conducting a preliminary screening to determine whether minority or low-income populations may be affected by the tolling project and to inform the preparation of a detailed social and economic profile.

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From page 86...

... 90 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Using the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey The American Community Survey (ACS)

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From page 87...

... Developing a Socioeconomic Profile and Community Characteristics Inventory for Environmental Justice Assessments 91 Using the U.S. Census Bureau's American FactFinder American FactFinder is an easy-to-use portal to find population, housing, economic, and geographic data collected by the U.S.

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From page 88...

... Variable Example Metrics U.S. Census Product Lowest Geographic Level Data Tables Reporting Variables Household and family type Number of family households 2013 ACS 5-year estimates Block Group B11001 Household Type (Including Living Alone)

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From page 89...

... Vehicle availability Owner occupied housing units with no vehicle available householder 15 to 34 years 2013 ACS 5-year estimates Block Group B25045 Tenure by Vehicles Available by Age of Householder Owner occupied housing units with one or more vehicles available householder 35 to 64 years Language (limited English proﬁciency) Limited English speaking households that speak other languages at home 2013 ACS 5-year estimates Block Group B16002 Household Language by Household Limited English Speaking Status Limited English speaking households that speak Spanish at home Race (race and ethnicity)

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From page 90...

... 94 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox "geography of opportunity" such as school proficiency and proximity to jobs (see text box, Using Available Tools from EPA and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development)

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From page 91...

... Developing a Socioeconomic Profile and Community Characteristics Inventory for Environmental Justice Assessments 95 "EJ community" or "community of concern," although this approach is not always appropriate. Thresholds are the comparison values used to make a determination of whether protected populations are located within a study area.

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From page 92...

... 96 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Identifying Low-Income Populations The 2016 Federal Interagency Working Group report, Promising Practices for EJ Methodologies in NEPA Review, listed several guiding principles and steps for the identification of low-income populations, which are paraphrased below: • Use current U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds and U.S.

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From page 93...

... Developing a Socioeconomic Profile and Community Characteristics Inventory for Environmental Justice Assessments 97 Activity space may be understood as the destinations to which potentially protected populations travel to access jobs, education, and other opportunities or to reach places that are valued for cultural, community, and family life. NCHRP Report 532: Effective Methods in Environmental Justice Assessment described 12 such methods for identifying potentially affected protected populations (Forkenbrock and Sheeley, 2004)

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From page 94...

... 98 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Method Assessment Level Appropriate Uses Use When Data Needs Expertise Required 1. Local knowledge and public input All Recommended in all situations Initial evaluation of potential for distributive eﬀects and to assure quality of ﬁndings of other methods Low Local area/ community involvement 2.

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From page 95...

... Developing a Socioeconomic Profile and Community Characteristics Inventory for Environmental Justice Assessments 99 What Types of Resources and Costs Are Required? As summarized in Table 2, data needs and cost vary greatly across methods of analysis depending on their use of secondary and primary data sources.

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From page 96...

... 100 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox level. MTC used 200 percent of the poverty level to account for the region's high cost of living relative to the nationwide federal standard.

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From page 97...

... Developing a Socioeconomic Profile and Community Characteristics Inventory for Environmental Justice Assessments 101 Resources FHWA.

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From page 98...

... 102 Using Public Use Microdata Samples to Profile Transportation Characteristics and Differences What Is It? PUMSs are computerized files containing samples of individual records, with identifying information removed, that show the population and housing characteristics of the units and people represented on the data records.

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From page 99...

... Using Public Use Microdata Samples to Profile transportation Characteristics and Differences 103 What Are Some Techniques for Implementing This Tool? The use of PUMS data supports a highly specific and adaptable classification of the low and non-low-income households and the breakdown both within households in these categories and between categories for characteristics such as car ownership, means of commute to work, and travel time to work.

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From page 100...

... Transportation and Racial Characteristics U.S. National Level New Jersey State Level New York City Metro Region Low-income Households Non-lowincome Households National Total Low-income Households Non-lowincome Households Statewid e Total Lowincome Households Non-lowincome Households Region wide Total Percent of regional population 15.2% 84.8% 100% 14.4% 85.6% 100% 31.9% 68.1% 100% Characteristics of households Cars available (%)

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From page 101...

... Race of population outside group quarters White (Non-Hispanic) 43.7% 66.1% 62.6% 36.1% 60.8% 57.2% 27.9% 67.7% 47.9% Black 20.9% 10.4% 12.0% 20.2% 10.7% 12.1% 21.6% 8.8% 15.4% Hispanic 27.0% 15.3% 17.2% 35.3% 17.0% 19.6% 38.2% 9.9% 24.0% American Indian & Alaskan Native 1.2% 0.5% 0.7% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% Asian 4.2% 5.3% 5.2% 4.8% 9.6% 8.9% 9.5% 11.4% 10.3% More than two Races or Other 3.0% 2.3% 2.4% 3.3% 1.9% 2.1% 2.6% 2.1% 2.2% Source: IPUMS-USA, 2013 ACS 1YR 1% Sample Note: NYC Metro Region is New York – New Jersey – Newark – Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA.

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From page 102...

... 106 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Comparing the New York Metropolitan region with the state of New Jersey and the nation, some other differences are apparent: • Car availability among low-income households is significantly lower within the New York Metropolitan region than either the state of New Jersey or the nation. • While public transportation plays an important role in the commute to work in the state of New Jersey, the New York Metropolitan region, which contains several northern New Jersey counties with strong work ties to New York City, exhibits an even higher dependency on public transportation relative to the nation or the state of New Jersey.

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From page 103...

... IPUMS-USA: Core Features and Limitations Integrated Public Use Microdata Series USA (IPUMS-USA) offers the researcher an opportunity to look closely at state and metro area travel through a detailed lens of race and income, but before it can be used for this purpose, it is important to understand its core features and limitations.

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From page 104...

... 108 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox What Types of Resources and Costs Are Required? Given that the data can only be downloaded and used via a statistical extraction package (SPSS, SAS, and STATA)

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From page 105...

... Using Public Use Microdata Samples to Profile transportation Characteristics and Differences 109 Resources Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota.

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From page 106...

... 110 What Is It? The 2009 NHTS is a nationally representative travel diary survey containing information on more than 150,000 U.S.

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From page 107...

... Using the National Household Travel Survey to Profile Transportation Characteristics and Differences 111 on transportation expenditures, including tolls paid. In contrast to the U.S.

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From page 108...

... 112 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of Toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and Toolbox more transit usage among low-income households. While not shown in Table 1, among the poorest households (the lowest 10%, for instance)

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From page 109...

... 113 Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan What Is It? Developing a PIP is an important step in identifying the needs and concerns of the public, including low-income and minority populations, in transportation decision-making processes.

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From page 110...

... 114 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox • Ensure the full and fair participation by all potentially affected communities in the transportation decision-making process; and • Prevent the denial of, reduction in, or significant delay in the receipt of benefits by low-income and minority populations. The PIP is a valuable tool for making clear the agency and practitioner's planned approaches for ensuring the full and fair participation of low-income and minority populations, among other populations, on toll-related studies.

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From page 111...

... Barriers Resulting Challenges Strategies to Address Barriers Individuals holding multiple jobs/unusual job hours • Time constraints prevent participation in community outreach activities Take outreach activities to them • Schedule community outreach activities for times of days/nights, weekdays/weekends, and locations convenient to them • Identify community events they are attending and go there • Ask large employers if you can sit in break rooms and conduct surveys • Become a vendor at shopping malls, local fairs, and other events they frequent Low level of education/literacy issues • Less understanding of the potential impacts of toll roads • Less understanding of rights • Unable to provide written responses/comments Hire consultants with special expertise in communicating with people who have low or no education • Conduct surveys orally • Use photographs to locate known landmarks on maps • Create a video that describes what is being shown at themeeting • Show before-and-after renderings • Createmorphs and 3D animations • Color code alternatives • Introduce a project, ask for their comments, and repeat the comments back to ensure that you correctly heard them and they know you listened to them Unique family structures (e.g., single parents, multi-generational families) • Time constraints prevent participation due to family obligations, such as caring for children and the elderly • Single parents often pick up their children and go straight home to feed them supper Provide accommodations for children and the elderly during community outreach activities • Hire a licensed and bonded child care provider formeetings • Provide a meal for children and adults so they do not have to go home for supper (continued on next page)

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From page 112...

... Barriers Resulting Challenges Strategies to Address Barriers Less likely to have modes of personal transportation (i.e., private car) • Greater diﬃculty getting to community outreach activities • Less concerned about toll road projects if they do not intend to use them Hold meetings at locations accessible by public transit • Ask if transportation will be needed to an event and provide a licensed driver and, if needed, wheelchair lift or bike rack • Hold events in their community and bring the chairs and tables and food • Hold events at locations they are familiar with, such as schools, parks, religious organizations, and community centers • Make sure accommodations are Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

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From page 113...

... Distrust of government agencies • Less likely to participate in community outreach activities Work with leaders to increase the credibility of the participatory planning process • Hire consultants with special expertise working with low-income or minority populations • Hold public meetings or events in non-governmental (or less traditional) buildings such as schools, religious facilities, and community centers • Provide opportunities for EJ communities to comment prior to making each decision • Keep the community informed, reply to public input promptly and respectfully Limited understanding of how a project will aﬀect their lives and how participation in the process would beneﬁt them • Less likely to participate in community outreach activities • Need to convince people of their power to inﬂuence decisions Hold informal meetings to increase public understanding of how the project may impact the community and inform the public how their input is important • Show the public how their input has informed decisions • Seek public input early in the process and make information available • Involve the communities in decisions that might aﬀect them in approvals and implementation • Provide opportunities to comment prior to making each decision • Keep the community informed even when nothing new is happening • Reply to public input promptly and respectfully Cultural diﬀerences -- discomfort with meetings • Less likely to attend public meetings and events • More likely to feel event does not invite a true exchange of information Identify preferred community outreach techniques • Open house format • One-on-one interaction • Informal small groups (continued on next page)

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From page 114...

... Barriers Resulting Challenges Strategies to Address Barriers Process oﬀered by professional is disconnected from ways cultural groups interact with one another andmake decisions Monetary incentivemay be necessary for attendance at events Refreshments/mealsmay need to be provided Location or time of eventmay not feel accessible andmay not contribute to sense of safety • Groups segmented by religious aﬃliation or secular beliefs • Focus groups/groups segmented by gender, race, ethnicity, and/or nationality • Homes of individuals • Formal presentation with question and answer period • Finding the right combination of processes to provide information and build a two-way dialogue Identify less traditional venues for outreach activities • Religious facilities • School -- classrooms, auditoriums, gymnasiums • Libraries • Community centers • Malls • Discount stores Cultural diﬀerences -- diﬃculty building trust • • Inability to connect with local leaders who by deﬁnition are busy people engaged in many levels of the community Identify and work with and/or through local liaisons, trusted advocates, and recognized leaders to learnmore about cultural diﬀerences • Local religious leaders, school principals, socialworkers, health care staﬀ • School: English as a second language coordinators, Local: ethnic organization leaders Source: Prozzi et al., 2006; Aimen and Morris, 2012 Table 1. (Continued)

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From page 115...

... Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 119 persons from the community (e.g., city planners, municipal officials, community-based organizations, neighborhood associations) to learn more about the area.

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From page 116...

... 120 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Use "I Speak" Cards to Ensure Communications with LEP Populations. "I Speak" cards are two-sided bilingual cards that invite LEP persons to identify their language needs to transportation agency staff.

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From page 117...

... Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 121 people may be color blind and the name of the color should be written near it. The elderly may require information in a large print format.

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From page 118...

... 122 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox opportunities to influence decision-making processes. Providing information effectively may require an agency to critically assess its typical practices and adjust them, if needed, to better advertise events, describe activities in a way that clearly conveys coming changes or potential impacts, and work with affected communities, where warranted, to facilitate their informed involvement on projects that may affect them (see text box, SR 520: I-5 to Medina Bridge Replacement and High-Occupancy Vehicle -- Strategies to Provide Information)

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From page 119...

... Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 123 Distribute Flyers. Flyers can effectively provide information to traditionally underserved populations because they provide flexibility in information dissemination.

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From page 120...

... 124 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox or on the sides of buildings. Billboards, marquees, and variable messaging signs can draw attention and communicate a simple message to a captive community traveling through an area.

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From page 121...

... Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 125 Employ Visualization Techniques. Making visualizations an integral part of any presentation, newsletter, PowerPoint presentation, website, or newspaper article provides the public with a picture of what is actually being proposed.

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From page 122...

... 126 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox are to be sited. Traditionally underserved populations may represent a significant portion of the transportation network's users or bear the burden of potential adverse impacts, yet oftentimes they are not heard from during the decision-making process.

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From page 123...

... Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 127 Massachusetts DOT Turnpike All-Electronic Toll Collection -- Visiting the New Senior Centers On the occasion of the recent opening of Westfield, Massachusetts' new Senior Center, Massachusetts DOT was the most popular of the exhibitors. Local seniors attending the event were provided a new E-ZPass Transponder.

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From page 124...

... 128 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox can eliminate literacy, language, and cultural barriers. They can help practitioners develop a better understanding of how various population segments may use contemplated tolling facilities, which can vary significantly depending on the group (see text box, Minnesota DOT I-394 Express Lane Focus Groups, and tool, "Using Focus Groups in Assessing the Impacts of Tolling on EJ Populations")

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From page 125...

... Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 129 daunting than public meetings because supplementary, background information can be easily provided, (2) participation can occur at more convenient times (assuming online, open-hours access)

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From page 126...

... 130 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Foster Understanding of Communities through Relationships with Community Organizations and Other Local Experts. Leveraging relationships with community organizations entails fostering -- formally or informally -- a working arrangement or alliance with social services organizations, faith-based institutions, community-based organizations, or other groups at the local level that regularly interact with or include members from traditionally underserved populations.

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From page 127...

... Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 131 populations because the ambassador or beacon is someone they know and trust to give them good advice. The relationships are already established and people rely on the network to give them good information (see case example, "Mobilizing a Local Liaison to Recruit Community Leaders for Survey, Louisville–Southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges Project")

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From page 128...

... 132 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox What Are Its Limitations? In the context of EJ, full and fair participation means everyone has a clear path to the table and, once there, accorded the same rights as everyone else there to be heard and treated respectfully.

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From page 129...

... Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 133 What Types of Resources and Costs Are Required? The costs for the preparation and implementation of PIPs are shaped by several factors.

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From page 130...

... 134 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox In light of these varying factors, it is difficult to generalize the cost for the preparation and implementation of PIPs because the cost can vary significantly. Drafting a PIP for the Buford Highway (8 miles)

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From page 131...

... 4 Develop a social and economic proﬁle • Identify populations • Prepare and implement PIP • Informs the development of the PIP • Statewide/Metropolitan Planning • Project Development/ National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 4 Deﬁne the project and study area • Identify populations • Prepare and implement PIP • Informs the development of the PIP • Project Development/NEPA 4 Conduct a community characteristics inventory • Identify populations • Prepare and implement PIP • Informs the development of the PIP • Identify community facilities for outreach events • Statewide/Metropolitan Planning • Project Development/NEPA • Maintenance and operations 4 Up-front site visits to establish the scope of the PIP • Prepare and implement PIP • Validates or invalidates data collected and can identify new information • Provides an opportunity to talk with residents about past history and present conditions • All stages 4 Develop and maintain a community contacts database • Prepare and implement PIP • Strengthens community's network and expands practitioner's knowledge of community organizations/leaders • Ensures information is being transmitted to as wide a range of community members as possible • All stages 4 Prepare a limited English proﬁciency (LEP)

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From page 132...

... 4, 5, 6, 8 Use "I Speak" cards to ensure communications with LEP populations • Prepare and implement PIP • Assists LEP populations in communicating their needs for interpretive and translation services 4, 5, 6, 8 Oﬀer assistance for hearing and sight-impaired persons • Prepare and implement PIP • Provides opportunities to participate more fully in decisions • Improves awareness of how decisions can aﬀect their everyday lives • Communicates information/awareness to others 4, 5, 6, 8 Oﬀer assistance for low-literate persons • Prepare and implement PIP • Provides opportunities to participate more fully in decisions • Improves awareness of how decisions can aﬀect their everyday lives • Communicates information/awareness to others 4, 5, 6, 8 Brand project through clothing and other paraphernalia • Prepare and implement PIP • Makes it easier for community members to see that outsiders have a purpose for being there • Makes outsiders more approachable and invites comments/questions from the public 4, 5, 6, 8 Oﬀer refreshments • Prepare and implement PIP • Helps increase attendance at meetings • Fosters a more relaxed setting and puts people at ease 4, 5, 6, 8 Use videos to convey information • Provide information • Can be an engaging format that encourages participation • May be more easily digestible to a wider audience 4, 5, 6, 8 Distribute ﬂyers • Provide information • Provides ﬂexibility in information dissemination • Conveys information that is clearly visible. 4, 5, 6, 8 Advertise on billboards, marquees, and variable message signs • Provide information • Draws attention and communicates a simple message to a captive audience traveling through an area • All stages • All stages • All stages • All stages • All stages • All stages • All stages • All stages Step Tools and Techniques Task Objective How it Supports Analysis of EJ in Tolling Stage of Decision-Making Table 3.

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From page 133...

... 4, 5, 6, 8 Publicize through local and ethnic media outlets • Provide information • Reaches populations that would not necessarily be reached using mainstream media outlets 4, 5, 6, 8 Employ visualization techniques • Provide information • Increases understanding of the project, broadens awareness of how decisions aﬀect their lives, and helps communicate this information and awareness to others 4, 5, 6, 8 Conduct outreach at nontraditional locations • Provide Information • Gather feedback • Eﬀectively involves traditionally underserved populations in locations where they feel safe and comfortable • Increases likelihood of deeper interaction between agencies and the public 4, 5, 6, 8 Go to "their" meetings • Provide information • Gather feedback • Raises awareness of tolling project plans • Receives feedback on potential impacts or preferred mitigation solutions 4, 5, 6, 8 Go to the schools • Provide information • Gather feedback • Raises awareness of tolling project plans • Statewide/Metropolitan Planning • Project Development/NEPA • Maintenance and Operations 4, 5, 6, 8 Go to faith-based institutions • Provide information • Gather feedback • Raises awareness of tolling project plans • Receives feedback on potential impacts or preferred mitigation solutions 4, 5, 6, 8 Apply social and new media appropriately • Provide information • Gather feedback • Represents innovative approaches with accessible content 4, 5, Conduct market research • Gather • Helps practitioners develop a better understanding of • Statewide/Metropolitan 6, 8 interviews and focus groups feedback how various population segments access transportation services and travel Planning • Project Development/NEPA • All stages • All stages • All stages • All Stages • All Stages • All Stages (continued on next page)

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From page 134...

... 4, 5, 6, 8 Undertake surveys to understand needs, preferences, and impacts • Gather feedback • Allows extreme versatility in ways to gather information • Can enable better understanding of potential impacts 4, 5, 6, 8 Use computer-assisted technologies to explore preferences • Gather feedback • Can be less daunting than public meetings, occur at more convenient times, and overcome physical and/or geographic barriers by using online access • Statewide/Metropolitan Planning • Project Development/NEPA 4, 5, 6, 8 Form advisory boards, committees, taskforces, and working groups • Build relationships • Enables transportation agencies to better understand what the community's needs and issues are; how to reach out to these communities at large; and how to avoid, minimize, or mitigate impacts 4, 5, 6, 8 Foster understanding of communities through relationships with community organizations and other local experts • Build relationships • Facilitates input and feedback from members • Creates opportunities to conduct outreach to members • Strengthens relationships with local liaisons 4, 5, 6, 8 Recruit and mobilize community ambassadors, beacons, or trusted advocates • Provide information • Build relationships • Engages those possessing particular expertise in who and how to approach the members of the community • Utilizes existing relationships and networks • Statewide/Metropolitan Planning • Project Development/NEPA • Operations and maintenance 4, 5, 6, 8 Assess PIP eﬀectiveness • Prepare and implement PIP • Mandates re-evaluation of successfulness in achieving goals and objectives as internal and external dynamics change • All Stages • All stages • All stages • All stages Step Tools and Techniques Task Objective How it Supports Analysis of EJ in Tolling Stage of Decision-Making Table 3. (Continued)

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From page 135...

... Preparing, Implementing, and Assessing a Public Involvement Plan 139 Resources Aimen, D and Morris, A

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From page 136...

... 140 What Is It? Focus groups are a qualitative research method involving small group discussions led by a trained moderator (also referred to as a facilitator)

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From page 137...

... Using Focus Groups in Assessing the Impact of tolling on Environmental Justice Populations 141 Articulation Question "And now, a quick question just for fun. If you could invite any person to dinner, living or deceased, who would it be and why?

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From page 138...

... 142 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox • If written materials will be used in the focus group, it is important to include a question in the screener that confirms that the person can both speak and read in the language in which the group will be conducted. • It is best to over-recruit for each focus group since not all potential participants will show.

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From page 139...

... Using Focus Groups in Assessing the Impact of tolling on Environmental Justice Populations 143 and such groups work best with fewer participants (four to five) because the technology works best with fewer people (at least for now)

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From page 140...

... 144 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox those below the poverty line could ask participants to record what they think, feel, and do about the impact of tolls on their household budget in the week prior to the focus group. Participants may be more willing to share personal reflections in a diary format than sharing in the group setting.

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From page 141...

... Using Focus Groups in Assessing the Impact of tolling on Environmental Justice Populations 145 Analyzing Focus Group Data. The primary task is to identify common themes that emerge from the group discussions.

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From page 142...

... 146 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Using Quotes to Bring the Focus Group Report to Life To provide a sense of what happened at the focus groups, verbatim quotes from the events may be used to illustrate key findings. "It would be an extra $170 a month for me; that is too much." "I can't afford it, and I would have to find another job." "My work hours are not flexible, it would affect me greatly." "Taking the bus adds a terrible amount of time." "Only if there is an Express bus (currently there is no direct service to where I need to go; I need to take more than one bus)

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From page 143...

... Using Focus Groups in Assessing the Impact of tolling on Environmental Justice Populations 147 Participants were recruited from the pool of people who responded to the telephone survey, as well as from a purchased telephone list of low-income people who lived in King County. In addition, several social service agencies partnered with Washington State DOT and hung flyers at their sites inviting clients to participate.

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From page 144...

... 148 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Findings from the focus groups included: • Although concerns about a "Lexus Lane" initially divided survey respondents evenly, when focus group participants were provided more information and project benefits were explained, participants were more likely to view the project favorably. • The use of toll revenues for other improvements in the corridor, including public transit improvements, was identified as the number one benefit.

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From page 145...

... Using Focus Groups in Assessing the Impact of tolling on Environmental Justice Populations 149 Focus group participants were recruited from two sources: • A list of those who, during the baseline survey, had indicated an interest in participating in a focus group and • Those who were part of an earlier Issues and Answers focus group facility panel. In particular, ERC sought to get a good mix of those who use the tunnels at different frequencies, times of the day, and travel alone or with others.

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From page 146...

... 150 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Who Has Used It Successfully? Several projects assessing the impact of tolling on EJ groups are described in the five examples presented above.

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From page 147...

... 151 What Is It? This tool examines the design and implementation of surveys to assess attitudes toward tolling facilities, travel behavior, and the willingness to pay for the use of managed lanes and tolling facilities.

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From page 148...

... 152 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox reported by user groups, particularly by lowincome or minority users in comparison to other populations. A table summarizing the content review analysis was prepared and can serve as a resource for considering whether and to what extent prior toll surveys have focused on dis tributional considerations that can support environmental justice assessments.

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From page 149...

... Designing and Executing Surveys to Assess Attitudes and travel Behavior for Environmental Justice Analyses and to Monitor Implementation 153 from Prior Surveys)

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From page 150...

... Facility Type of Tolling Project Performing Organizations Survey Sponsor Data Collection Year(s) Sampling Frame Survey Mode # of Responses Analyzed CALIFORNIA -- LOS ANGELES REGION I-110 HOT lanes Redhill Group (Survey Sampling, Inc.)

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From page 151...

... I-10, I-110 HOV lanes/ express lanes Redhill Group (Survey Sampling, Inc.) Los Angeles County Metro 2012 (preimplementation)

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From page 152...

... Facility Type of Tolling Project Performing Organizations Survey Sponsor Data Collection Year(s) Sampling Frame Survey Mode # of Responses Analyzed COLORADO – DENVER REGION I-25 Managed lanes UrbanTrans, Florida State University Marketing Institute Colorado DOT 2003 Area residents who commute along the I25 corridor north of Denver Phone 326 US-36 Managed lanes Wilbur Smith, RSG Colorado DOT 2010 Automobile travelers who recently made a trip in the US 36 corridor (Denver/Boulder)

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From page 153...

... ILLINOIS – CHICAGO REGION KENTUCKY/ INDIANA – LOUISVILLE REGION MINNESOTA – MINNEAPOLIS REGION OREGON – PORTLAND REGION Chicago Metro Region Managed lanes or congestion pricing on tollways RSG, Wilbur Smith Illinois Tollway 2008 People who within the last month traveled during a weekday at peak period on one of 14 tollways or free expressways in the region including: Jane Adams Memorial, Ronald Reagan, Tri-State, Veterans Memorial Tollways, Dan Ryan, Edens, Eisenhower, Elgin-O'Hare, Kennedy and Stevenson Expressways, IL-53, I-57, I-80, and Bishop Ford Expressway Online 1,976 Louisville- Southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges Project Tolled bridge IQS Research Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Indiana DOT 2014 Racial minorities and/or low-income persons who are members of EJ populations In-person intercept 287 I-394 MnPASS Express Lane Managed lanes NuStats, Humphrey Institute of Public Aﬀairs Minnesota DOT 2004, 2005, 2006 Users and potential users of the express lane (I-394 and I-35W travel sheds) Phone panel study 1,228 (Wave 3)

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From page 154...

... Facility Type of Tolling Project Performing Organizations Survey Sponsor Data Collection Year(s) Sampling Frame Survey Mode # of Responses Analyzed TEXAS – HOUSTON & DALLAS–FORT WORTH REGIONS WASHINGTON – SEATTLE REGION Katy Freeway, US 290*

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From page 155...

... Facility Data Collection Year(s) Survey Languages Other Than English Topics Surveyed Demographic Info Collected Results Published By: Transponder Usage Opinions or Attitudes Actual or Predicted Toll Facility Use Income Race/ Ethnicity Income Race/ Ethnicity CALIFORNIA – LOS ANGELES REGION COLORADO – DENVER REGION GEORGIA – ATLANTA REGION I-110 2008 Spanish I-10, I-210 2008 Spanish I-10, I-210 2008 Spanish I-10,I-110 2009 Spanish I-10, I-110 2012 Spanish I-10, I-110, I-210 (Los Angeles County)

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From page 156...

... ILLINOIS – CHICAGO REGION KENTUCKY/INDIANA – LOUISVILLE REGION MINNESOTA – MINNEAPOLIS REGION OREGON – PORTLAND REGION TEXAS – HOUSTON AND DALLAS–FORT WORTH REGIONS Facility Data Collection Year(s) Survey Languages Other Than English Topics Surveyed Demographic Info Collected Results Published By: Transponder Usage Opinions or Attitudes Actual or Predicted Toll Facility Use Income Race/ Ethnicity Income Race/ Ethnicity Chicago Region 2008 None*

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From page 157...

... SR-520 Bridge 2010, 2012 None *

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From page 158...

... 11 Peirce, S., Petrella, M., Puckett, S., Minnice, P., Lappin, J

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From page 159...

... 17 NuStats.

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From page 160...

... 164 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Tables 3 through 9 present examples of the types of questions used in various surveys of atti tudes, opinions, and behavior toward tolling facilities and managed lanes, variable pricing, tran sponder usage, and demographic selfidentification, among other topics. The set of tables are presented at the end of this writeup.

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From page 161...

... Designing and Executing Surveys to Assess Attitudes and travel Behavior for Environmental Justice Analyses and to Monitor Implementation 165 Question Answer Choices The MnPASS program permits single drivers on I-394 to pay a fee to use the MnPASS lanes. Drivers who pay the fee can use the carpool lanes without being in a carpool.

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From page 162...

... 166 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Table 5. (Continued)

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From page 163...

... Designing and Executing Surveys to Assess Attitudes and travel Behavior for Environmental Justice Analyses and to Monitor Implementation 167 Question Answer Choices Please identify your race/ethnicity a. White or Caucasian b.

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From page 164...

... 168 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Statement/ Question Answer Choices In the next section, you will compare the trip you just described with two alternative ways of making the same trip along an improved I-75 and I-30 east of I-75. The options are… a.

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From page 165...

... Designing and Executing Surveys to Assess Attitudes and travel Behavior for Environmental Justice Analyses and to Monitor Implementation 169 Several attributes of the toll surveys that were referenced for the content review analysis and to inform the tool development are briefly summarized below: • Sponsors and regions. The survey sponsors included county, state, and federal departments of transportation.

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From page 166...

... Mode of Distribution Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI)

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From page 167...

... Designing and Executing Surveys to Assess Attitudes and travel Behavior for Environmental Justice Analyses and to Monitor Implementation 171 The intercept survey followed a convenience method focused on reaching lowincome and minority residents. • Topics covered.

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From page 168...

... 172 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox • Revealed preference survey. These surveys were used in the postimplementation stage to mea sure respondent's actual use of the tolled facility or managed lane.

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From page 169...

... Designing and Executing Surveys to Assess Attitudes and travel Behavior for Environmental Justice Analyses and to Monitor Implementation 173 • Demographic Self-Identification. Many of the surveys have explored various demographic features influencing travel demand such as gender, age, employment status, household size, vehicle ownership, and household income.

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From page 170...

... 174 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox plate mail in and back method should direct surveys to addresses within lowincome and minority census blocks. Greater attention to surnames in random digit dialing phone lists would increase Hispanic household participation.

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From page 171...

... Designing and Executing Surveys to Assess Attitudes and travel Behavior for Environmental Justice Analyses and to Monitor Implementation 175 members over time, requiring the research team to track changes in the work status, residential location, and family status of the participants, among other issues; maintain regular communi cations; and provide participation incentives. The license plate survey method is appropriate for capturing travelers on specific corridors.

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From page 172...

... 176 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox in the managed lanes. Credit and other loyaltytype programs may hold promise as a demand management tool.

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From page 173...

... Designing and Executing Surveys to Assess Attitudes and travel Behavior for Environmental Justice Analyses and to Monitor Implementation 177 Ray, R., Petrella, M., Peirce, S., Minnice, P., Puckett, S., and Lappin, J

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From page 174...

... 178 What Is It? Travel demand modeling, generally, is the modeling of regional or local traffic for the purpose of assessing current and future traffic performance.

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From page 175...

... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 179 been implemented to address such concerns. However, innovations in travel demand modeling now underway, such as activity-based models (ABMs)

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From page 176...

... 180 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox • Average roadway speeds and delay; and • Reliability of travel. What Are Some Techniques for Implementing This Tool?

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From page 177...

... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 181 generate more of the trips observed during the trip generation stage. For each household, the average number of trips is estimated based on the current travel patterns of comparable households, which may change in the future.

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From page 178...

... 182 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox a day as well as, in most cases, the activities and travel of other household members (Cambridge Systematics, 2015)

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From page 179...

... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 183 well as incorporation of joint activities or intra-household interactions (see text box, Some Key Definitions Relevant to the Activity-Based Demand Model Discussion)

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From page 180...

... 184 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Some Key Definitions Relevant to the Activity-Based Demand Model Discussion Tour. The sequence of trips that begin or end at the traveler's home.

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From page 181...

... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 185 the synthetic population. The objective in an ABM is to support the level of disaggregation in population characteristics needed to support microsimulation ABM methods.

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From page 182...

... 186 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox An ABM offers a more detailed analysis of outputs that can be very informative for assessing EJ. In a trip-based model, demand model results report trip tables segmented by purpose and mode while in an ABM, the decisions of individual travelers are simulated so that the model reports its results as a list of individual households, persons, tours, and trips (Donnelly et al., 2010)

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From page 183...

... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 187 of all the drivers and their interactions with traveler information and the roadway network. One intriguing feature of the DTA models is its ability to draw on the simulated individual values of time from the ABM and incorporate it into its driver simulation, thereby preserving the disaggregate nature of both tools.

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From page 184...

... 188 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox operational plans. Microsimulation models are used to model individual vehicle movements on a second or subsecond basis, assessing and illustrating the traffic performance of highway and street systems, transit, and pedestrians.

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From page 185...

... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 189 Modeling a Toll Corridor. Toll corridor studies require a refined level of detail that involves a subarea analysis.

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From page 186...

... 190 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox of the EJ status of the originating TSZ. Table 1 shows how this information was organized to succinctly encapsulate the differences in travel patterns according to these several dimensions.

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From page 187...

... Data of Interest All Municipal Planning Area TSZs Environmental Justice Status Environmental Justice TSZ Type Non-EJ Status TSZ EJ TSZ Low-Income Alone Minority Alone Both LowIncome and Minority TSZs in Region 5,252 2,978 (56.7%)

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From page 188...

... 192 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox • Mode choice segments the market for transit by trip purpose by income. Income can be used to approximate auto availability and the willingness to use transit for choice riders.

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From page 189...

... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 193 EJ populations were identified at the block group level using U.S. Census data; block groups were evaluated based on total population, total minority population, and the total population below the poverty level.

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From page 190...

... 194 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox San Francisco County Transportation Authority Regional Pricing Model While the San Francisco County Chained Activity Modeling Process (SF-CHAMP) has been continually used for a variety of transportation projects, the MAPS study team needed greater geographic breadth, toll, and TOD sensitivity to evaluate the congestion pricing strategies integral to the MAPS study.

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From page 191...

... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 195 peak periods or to switch to transit. The study team focused on two basic pricing approaches: "area pricing," where drivers are assessed a fee for any vehicle movement inside the boundary of a designated zone, including entry, exit, and travel entirely within the zone and "cordon pricing," where drivers are assessed a fee only for movements that cross the boundary line and internal movements are not charged.

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From page 192...

... Figure 2. Estimated value of time distributions from mixed logit estimation (2005 Dollars)

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From page 193...

... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 197 majority reaching the focus area core by other transport modes. Moreover, under the SFCTA's Preferred Cordon Scenario, the daily trips to the subject focus area were expected to be reduced by 38 percent, but the trips made by low-income households would only decrease by 1.5 percent, leading to the finding that pricing would have a positive effect on the mobility of low-income households relative to the general population.

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From page 194...

... 198 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox What Types of Resources and Costs Are Required? Existing TDMs may be used to evaluate impacts in EJ populations based on available resources.

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From page 195...

... Using travel Demand Models for Environmental Justice Assessments 199 Horowitz, A., Creasey, T., Pendyala, R., and Chen, M

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From page 196...

... 200 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox U.S. Census Bureau.

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From page 197...

... 201 What Is It? A select link analysis is a travel demand procedure that shows where trips that traverse a selected link start and end.

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From page 198...

... 202 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox can be accomplished through the use of the existing TDMs that have been set up for the urbanized areas. Many states have also set up statewide TDMs.

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From page 199...

... Applying a Select link Analysis to Assess trip Patterns 203 demand modeling software packages that are available and used in the area where the toll project is located. Who Has Used It Successfully?

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From page 200...

... 204 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Figure 1. Morning peak-hour trip time, Northwest Corridor project, 2018.

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From page 201...

... Applying a Select link Analysis to Assess trip Patterns 205 Year Total Subarea TAZs Total TAZ Trips Trips from Lowincome TAZs Trips from Low/Midincome TAZs Percentage of Total Trips from Low-income TAZs Percentage of Total Trips from Low/Midincome TAZs 2018 321 14,061 103 141 4,670 7,254 33% 52% 2035 342 35,166 112 136 13,947 17,634 40% 50% Source: Georgia DOT, 2013 Note: K = $1,000. Total Lowincome TAZs (<$20,000)

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From page 202...

... 206 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox of low-income households and managed lane usage as a percentage of the total trips (R2 value is 0.0065, and correlation coefficient is 0.0807) nor followed the hypothesized downward sloping trend line, as shown in Figure 3.

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From page 203...

... Applying a Select link Analysis to Assess trip Patterns 207 Figure 4. Alternative comparison of low-income profile and trip-making characteristics of TAZs.

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From page 204...

... 208 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Figure 5. Comparison of 90th percentile income and trips.

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From page 205...

... Figure 7. Proposed toll/managed lane system, San Antonio region.

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From page 206...

... 210 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Resources Georgia DOT.

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From page 207...

... 211 What Is It? VOT and its measurement is a key factor and variable in transportation planning, project evaluation and asset assessment, and performance.

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From page 208...

... 212 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox among travelers. These values can then be compared to specific tolls and toll regimes in effect or being proposed within various corridors.

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From page 209...

... Analyzing the Value of time/Willingness to Pay in Environmental Justice Assessments 213 Why Is It Effective in Environmental Justice Analysis? VOT and its accurate measurement can inform an assessment of EJ effects through its close consideration of the factors that influence potential differences in travel behavior.

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From page 210...

... 214 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox respondents may have no experience or may not have encountered the subject matter of the question. Stated preference surveys are particularly useful in making an estimate of travel behavior prior to implementation of a project or service and can encourage an exploration of responses to tolls that may not exist in the transportation system.

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From page 211...

... Analyzing the Value of time/Willingness to Pay in Environmental Justice Assessments 215 Commuter Services and Florida DOT District 6. With no data of individual trips along the I-95 corridor, the online survey was designed to collect information on individual trips made on the general purpose and express lanes.

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From page 212...

... 216 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Example 2: Los Angeles ExpressLanes Program, I-10 and I-110, Los Angeles County. To assess the impact of the ExpressLanes program initiative on low-income travelers, the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro)

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From page 213...

... Analyzing the Value of time/Willingness to Pay in Environmental Justice Assessments 217 developing its Low-income Assistance Plan and Transit Credit Rewards Programs as forms of mitigation. Example 3: I-10 and I-15 ExpressLanes, San Bernardino County.

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From page 214...

... 218 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox with established user behavior histories (at various frequencies, seasons, and over complete macroeconomic cycles) would provide a greater empirical base for drawing conclusions related to impacts on users by income class.

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From page 215...

... Analyzing the Value of time/Willingness to Pay in Environmental Justice Assessments 219 Network Public Affairs.

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From page 216...

... 220 What Is It? User cost assessments examine the economic or financial impact on households of various transportation options, including toll road pricing and their "burden" effects on household budgets.

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From page 217...

... Assessing User Costs and Household Burden Effects 221 income levels. For example, the economic and time impacts borne by low-income households would be compared with those experienced by middle- and high-income households.

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From page 218...

... 222 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox average time of trip, time savings per trip compared to the no-build alternative (in minutes) , and total time savings (in hours)

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From page 219...

... Assessing User Costs and Household Burden Effects 223 disproportionately high and adverse effect as a result of the toll implementation. Although not predominantly borne by the EJ population, the consequences of toll implementation would be "appreciably more severe or greater in magnitude for EJ populations" (U.S.

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From page 220...

... 224 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox the sensitivity of the burden effects at various higher toll rates considered as part of the project's traffic and revenue financial analyses. The financial burden sensitivity effects are shown here but were not presented in the EJ section of the Supplemental Final EIS.

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From page 221...

... Assessing User Costs and Household Burden Effects 225 Highway Segment Percent of Segment Users Who are LowIncome Percent of Low-Income Commuters Who Use Segment Percent of Non-LowIncome Commuters Who Use Segment 1. I-5 north from SR 520 to I-405 (serves Seattle, northern suburbs)

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From page 222...

... 226 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox whether they drive for work, and by the specific roads or facilities that they use. The approach points to differences within income groups as well as between groups.

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From page 223...

... Assessing User Costs and Household Burden Effects 227 The Washington State example relies on a GIS method that is straightforward for estimating the cost of using tolled facilities. However, the approach does not incorporate routines embedded in more sophisticated travel demand models, including potential route deviations to avoid tolls, mode switching carpools or public transit, and the effects of VOT considerations on travel behavior choices.

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From page 224...

... 228 What Is It? The evaluation of disproportionately high and adverse effects on low-income and minority populations is the root of an EJ analysis.

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From page 225...

... Evaluating Disproportionate Effects with Quantitative Methods 229 What Are Some Techniques for Implementing This Tool? Texas DOT and Washington State DOT have developed different approaches for evaluating disproportionately high and adverse effects quantitatively.

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From page 226...

... 230 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox differently by the different concentrations of low-income and minority populations. The statistical test to determine whether the impact on zones with high and medium concentrations of low-income and/or minority populations is significantly higher than on zones with no or low concentrations of low-income and/or minority populations is a "large sample test" based on differences between population proportions.

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From page 227...

... Evaluating Disproportionate Effects with Quantitative Methods 231 Example 2: Comparison of Adverse Effects between Low-income and/or Minority Populations and Non-EJ Populations, Washington State DOT. In contrast with Texas DOT, Washington State DOT considers percentage differences for effects rather than statistical tests to determine disproportionate impacts (Washington State DOT, 2014)

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From page 228...

... 232 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox 4. Compare the severity of the impact, potential mitigation, and other project benefits that may offset the impact to verify or refute the determination of a disproportionately high and adverse effect.

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From page 229...

... Evaluating Disproportionate Effects with Quantitative Methods 233 What Are Its Limitations? Texas DOT's example using the paired t-test illustrates how to determine whether or not there is a statistically significant access burden compared to a non-toll road.

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From page 230...

... 234 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox can be challenging to determine what percentage of a traveler's budget would be used for tolls without creating an adverse effect that is appreciably more severe or greater in magnitude for a low-income household. The Washington State DOT approach, however, acknowledges that the EJ impact determination is more than a technical or quantitative exercise; public involvement and the level of controversy, severity of the impacts, mitigation strategies and the potential off-setting benefits will inevitably play a major role in shaping any final determination.

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From page 231...

... 235 What Is It? Cash replenishment options address a possible barrier to the use of electronic tolling facilities caused by an absence of a credit card or a debit card to purchase or make a needed deposit to acquire a transponder or replenish an account.

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From page 232...

... 236 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox without a credit card had increased by 7 percentage points (22% to 29%) between 2008 and 2014 (Swift, 2014)

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From page 233...

... Instituting Cash Replenishment options for Unbanked and Underbanked Populations 237 Example 3: Florida SunPass's Criteria for Selection of Retail and Money Service Vendors. Florida Turnpike Enterprise offers an affordable transponder, the SunPass Mini, at $4.99.

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From page 234...

... 238 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Example 4: Washington State DOT, Electronic Benefit Card. Washington State DOT established its "Good To Go" card to handle the processing of electronic toll transactions on all its toll facilities.

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From page 235...

... Instituting Cash Replenishment options for Unbanked and Underbanked Populations 239 specifying the need for agencies and practitioners to identify and assess these considerations in planning and environmental review stages (see text box, Assessing Toll Collection Methods and Cost Differences)

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From page 236...

... 240 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Doering, R

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From page 237...

... 241 What Is It? Federal law requires toll revenues to be used first to cover the costs of developing, operating, and maintaining the toll facility and providing a return on investment to any private investment partner.

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From page 238...

... 242 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Setting aside revenues to fund discount and credit programs offers another alternative for ensuring mobility for low-income travelers. Toll relief for low-income populations, for example, can reduce the financial burden but still allow low-income commuters to enjoy the potential time-savings benefits of the priced lanes when most needed.

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From page 239...

... Recycling tolling Revenue through transit Investment and low-Income Assistance as Forms of Mitigation 243 Minnesota even updated the goals of the I-394 MnPASS Express Lanes to include this change (Cambridge Systematics, 2006)

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From page 240...

... 244 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox prepaid tolling account (see Figure 1)

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From page 241...

... Recycling tolling Revenue through transit Investment and low-Income Assistance as Forms of Mitigation 245 Research on Model Programs for Toll Credit and Rewards Metro's Transit Rewards Program rewards transit users for avoiding single-occupancy travel, helping to mitigate potential equity and EJ issues around congestion pricing. It complements research on toll credit and incentive models for maximizing passenger throughput and operating a roadway system that is accessible to all users.

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From page 242...

... 246 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox a new BRT service -- Rapid -- to provide higher frequency transit service in those lanes. Physical improvements such as direct access ramps to transit stations allowed buses and HOVs to directly access the express lanes without yielding to traffic in the general purpose lanes and offering greater reliability.

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From page 243...

... Recycling tolling Revenue through transit Investment and low-Income Assistance as Forms of Mitigation 247 and transponder ownership. Thus, a standard toll for cars with transponders is $2, while commuters exceeding 40 crossings in one month receive a $1 discount per trip, retroactively to include all trips made that month.

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From page 244...

... 248 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Example 5: Elizabeth River Tunnels, Hampton Roads Area, Virginia. The Elizabeth River Tunnels project consisted of constructing a new tunnel alongside the Midtown Tunnel between the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, improving the existing Midtown Tunnel and Downtown Tunnel, and extending the Martin Luther King Freeway in Portsmouth (Figure 3)

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From page 245...

... Recycling tolling Revenue through transit Investment and low-Income Assistance as Forms of Mitigation 249 service centers in Norfolk or Portsmouth is required to provide proof of residency and income eligibility. According to the agreement, the relief funds for the program are to be renewed annually and qualified participants will be expected to re-verify their income and residence each year.

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From page 246...

... 250 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox 2014)

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From page 247...

... Recycling tolling Revenue through transit Investment and low-Income Assistance as Forms of Mitigation 251 Physical design of infrastructure also shapes and limits forms of mitigation for toll revenue recycling. For example, if BRT services are planned for HOT lanes, they may require physical roadway improvements such as direct access ramps to improve safe and efficient access to parkand-ride lots, transit stations, and stops.

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From page 248...

... 252 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Indiana DOT and KYTC.

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From page 249...

... 253 What Is It? Public records have been used, where available, to examine the usage patterns and income distribution of users of existing tolled facilities.

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From page 250...

... 254 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox The toll charges from the electronic toll transactions dataset were summarized by zip code and analyzed at various geographic scales. Two measures of equity burden were reported: (1)

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From page 251...

... Examining Spatial Patterns and Distribution of Users on Existing tolling Facilities 255 absolute amount spent per capita, the higher-income zip codes and towns trended toward lower toll burdens than the lower-income areas as shown in the Figure 2 (Peters and Gordon, 2008)

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From page 252...

... 256 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox The Queens–Midtown Tunnel was presented as a representative example to illustrate how the analytical approach and equity measure can be used to compare the income distribution of toll users with the general population in the market area, using the surrounding affected community or other background population as a benchmark (see Table 1)

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From page 253...

... Examining Spatial Patterns and Distribution of Users on Existing tolling Facilities 257 Metrics to Measure Distributional Equity Peters and Gordon used two metrics of equality of distribution that complement each other -- the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient. The Lorenz Curve.

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From page 254...

... 258 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Market Power and Toll Burden. The researchers also used the equity measures to explore the relative "market power" of MTA tolled facilities to impose a higher toll burden on its users.

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From page 255...

... Examining Spatial Patterns and Distribution of Users on Existing Tolling Facilities 259 the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge bridge user demographics were still more affluent than the surrounding communities. However, Verrazano-Narrows Bridge users had fewer travel choices than Queens–Midtown Tunnel users.

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From page 256...

... 260 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Preparing the Georgia State Road and Tollway Authority Electronic Transactions Dataset for Analysis The Southern Environmental Law Center (SELC) research team obtained electronic transaction data for the I-85 HOT lanes collected by the Georgia State Road and Tollway Authority that covered a 4-month period in fall 2012.

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From page 257...

... Figure 6.

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From page 258...

... 262 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox can complicate the role of distance in an equity analysis; in this case, the spatial patterns of median income revealed that some of more distant zip codes from the city center had lower median incomes but were likely to have longer and higher priced trips (SELC, 2013)

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From page 259...

... Examining Spatial Patterns and Distribution of Users on Existing tolling Facilities 263 may affect different transportation user groups drawing data from the congestion analysis. According to the final "lessons learned" report, most users benefited as a result of the pricing improvements.

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From page 260...

... 264 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox segmentation and analysis by income or race and ethnicity group. Toward this objective, a more detailed discussion of how survey efforts were designed and conducted in Atlanta (and Seattle)

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From page 261...

... Examining Spatial Patterns and Distribution of Users on Existing tolling Facilities 265 What Are Its Limitations? The researchers acknowledged several of the limitations of the individual case examples (mentioned in the case example discussions)

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From page 262...

... 266 Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Who Has Used It Successfully? Various approaches for using available data to analyze user demographics are described in the four examples presented in this section.

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From page 263...

... s e c t i o n 2 Case Examples

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From page 264...

... C o n t e n t s 271 Synopses of Case Examples 275 Case Example 1 Conducting Citizen Panels to Explore Key Issues of Value Pricing, Minneapolis– St. Paul Region, Minnesota 281 Case Example 2 Using an Environmental Justice Index to Identify Affected Populations, Dallas–Fort Worth Metro Region 287 Case Example 3 Mobilizing a Local Liaison to Recruit Community Leaders for Survey, Louisville– Southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges Project 294 Case Example 4 Targeting Local Grocery Stores to Administer Community Surveys, Louisville–Southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges Project 303 Case Example 5 Analyzing, Mitigating, and Monitoring Impacts on Low-Income Commuters, I-10 and I-110 ExpressLanes, Los Angeles County 315 Case Example 6 Mitigating Reduced Access via Toll Credits, Dallas–Fort Worth Metro Region 318 Case Example 7 Selecting a Design Alternative to Mitigate the Adverse Effects of Tolls on a Low-Income Community, St.

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From page 265...

... 271 Conducting Citizen Panels to Explore Key Issues of Value Pricing, Minneapolis–St. Paul Region, Minnesota The Minnesota Department of Transportation (DOT)

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From page 266...

... 272 Assessing the environmental Justice effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox these places to jobs, retail, and other important destinations. They also consider how this relative accessibility may change based on proposed transportation network changes.

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From page 267...

... synopses of Case examples 273 The approach was noteworthy for its use of surveys to target the views of low-income and minority populations in the design of tolling policies and possible mitigation. The purpose and scope of the community member survey solicited opinions, but did not focus on current travel behavior characteristics such as the type and number of trips taken, routes used, mode chosen, or time-of-day.

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From page 268...

... 274 Assessing the environmental Justice effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Selecting a Design Alternative to Mitigate the Adverse Effects of Tolls on a Low-Income Community, St. Johns River Crossing, Clay and St.

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From page 269...

... 275 Conducting Citizen Panels to Explore Key Issues of Value Pricing, Minneapolis–St. Paul Region, Minnesota Background For more than 20 years, Minnesota transportation policy leaders have worked diligently to address public perception related to implementing value pricing projects in the Twin Cities region.

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From page 270...

... 276 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox While this informed citizen panel process did not exclusively focus on issues of equity or EJ, themes and information relevant to equity and EJ considerations were presented and deliberated during the five-day event. How It Was Done The citizens' jury process was only part of the outreach and education activities undertaken during the public policy development stage.

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From page 271...

... conducting citizen panels to explore Key Issues of Value pricing, minneapolis–st. paul Region, minnesota 277 • Assistant Division Engineer, Metropolitan Division, Minnesota DOT • Vice President, Hughes Transportation Management Process.

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From page 272...

... 278 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox • Additional revenue should be spent as follows: 60 percent transit, 25 percent repair and improve roads, and 15 percent on new roads. • Provisions to be adopted over a 10-year period to avoid the need for a constitutional amendment.

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From page 273...

... conducting citizen panels to explore Key Issues of Value pricing, minneapolis–st. paul Region, minnesota 279 jury process into future studies and deliberations.

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From page 274...

... 280 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox public tends to focus on the funding issue. It is difficult to combine both objectives because the public tends to focus on the financial perspective because it is easier to understand.

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From page 275...

... 281 Background The Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex spans 12 counties and contains a population approaching 9 million. It is the fourth largest metro area in the United States.

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From page 276...

... 282 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox survey zones (TSZs) (similar to traffic analysis zones)

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From page 277...

... Using an environmental Justice Index to Identify affected populations, Dallas–Fort Worth metro Region 283 Source: NCTCOG, 2013 Figure 1. EJ Index map for the Dallas–Fort Worth Region.

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From page 278...

... 284 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Resources and Costs Prior to 2008, NCTCOG used consultants for its tolling analysis. However, a lack of consistency in the methodologies used prompted NCTCOG to hire two National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

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From page 279...

... Using an environmental Justice Index to Identify affected populations, Dallas–Fort Worth metro Region 285 Challenges and Limitations One of the limitations in this analysis is the statistical comparability of the data used in identifying populations. In this example, the U.S.

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From page 280...

... 286 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Lessons Learned The methodologies developed for the EJ analysis (i.e., both the EJ Index and the four separate EJ categories) arose because of the demographic circumstances in the Dallas–Fort Worth region.

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From page 281...

... 287 Background The Louisville–Southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges Project (Ohio River Bridges Project) is a construction and reconstruction project being undertaken to address long-term cross-river transportation needs in the Louisville metropolitan area.

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From page 282...

... 288 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Anticipation Revenue Vehicles (GARVEE) bonds and a Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (TIFIA)

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From page 283...

... mobilizing a local liaison to Recruit community leaders for survey, louisville–southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges project 289 Based on these two sources, the research consultant had an initial list of about 48 leaders split between Kentucky (32 leaders) and Indiana (16 leaders)

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From page 284...

... 290 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox indicated they did not have internet access or preferred to review a paper copy of the report. Two of these individuals were mailed paper copies of the documents to review and DVDs of the video.

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From page 285...

... mobilizing a local liaison to Recruit community leaders for survey, louisville–southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges project 291 Theme/Questions Community Leader Survey Responses Online Ordering 53% Low-Minimum Balance 45% Convenient Transponder Reﬁlls 71% Account Tied to Card or Bank Account 45% Minimum Transponder Balance -- The report and video indicated that transponder accounts could require only a low-minimum account balance to be established. In your opinion, what amount of money would your constituents consider to be a low-minimum amount?

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From page 286...

... 292 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox of Economic Effects of Tolling and Strategies for Mitigating Effects of Tolling on Environmental Justice Populations, issued in April 2015 by KYTC and Indiana DOT. In addition to the questions shown in Table 1, community leaders were also asked their views on other questions, including: • In your opinion, how will the Ohio River Bridges Project affect the neighborhoods where low-income and minority populations reside?

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From page 287...

... mobilizing a local liaison to Recruit community leaders for survey, louisville–southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges project 293 Some of the leaders identified in the Louisville Mayor's 2012 Violence Prevention Work Group felt that they did not have specific knowledge of the issues to be comfortable talking about the project. They also felt that their time would have been more effectively spent with causes with which they were more invested and more familiar.

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From page 288...

... 294 Background In April 2012, a Supplemental Final EIS was signed for the Louisville– Southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges Project, followed in June 2012 by a revised ROD. As a post-revised ROD mitigation commitment, KYTC and the Indiana DOT were directed to obtain information from the EJ communities that would be impacted by constructing and tolling two proposed new bridges across the Ohio River.

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From page 289...

... Targeting local Grocery stores to administer community surveys, louisville–southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges project 295 from their stores that were good only at their stores. The consultant was allowed to approach store customers, offering a $20 gift card/voucher to those who would view a short video and complete a 17-question survey.

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From page 290...

... 296 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox outlined the project, tolling assumption, and recommended potential mitigation measures, and answer a 17-question survey. If the customer agreed to participate and completed the survey, the consultant gave the customer a $20 gift card/voucher to the grocery store.

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From page 291...

... Targeting local Grocery stores to administer community surveys, louisville–southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges project 297 to the first of the month -- a period when customers were most likely to have received food and other social service benefits. The period selected also allowed the consultant to take advantage of the Fourth of July holiday and 2 weekends.

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From page 292...

... 298 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Theme / Questions Community Member Individual Responses Tolling Impact on Commuting Behavior -- How will the addition of tolls impact your commuting decisions? Change/impact No Change 31% Switch to non-tolled routes Yes 31% Reduce cross-river trips Yes 26% Carpool, use public transit Yes 18% Tolling Impact on Lifestyle -- How will the addition of tolls impact your lifestyle?

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From page 293...

... Targeting local Grocery stores to administer community surveys, louisville–southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges project 299 having no tolls, keeping tolls affordable, stopping tolls once the bridge is paid for, and expanding bus service in southern Indiana. Resources and Costs The consultant spent $5,740 buying 287 gift cards valued at $20 each from four local grocery stores.

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From page 294...

... 300 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Challenges and Limitations This example highlights the approach to undertaking a convenience sample, one of the main types of non-probability sampling methods. A convenience sample is made up of people who are easy to reach.

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From page 295...

... Targeting local Grocery stores to administer community surveys, louisville–southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges project 301 charge because it was an unusual purchase for the research firm. Management at the firm had to call the bank to verify the charges and arrange for future similar purchases to be accepted.

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From page 296...

... 302 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox KYTC and Indiana DOT.

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From page 297...

... 303 Background The Los Angeles Congestion Reduction Demonstration (CRD) Express Lanes Program resulted in the conversion of HOV lanes on I-10 El Monte Freeway (from I-605 to Alameda Street)

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From page 298...

... 304 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox This report provided a foundation for Metro to establish its Equity Plan Account [currently called the Low-Income Assistance Plan (LIAP)

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From page 299...

... analyzing, mitigating, and monitoring Impacts on low-Income commuters, I-10 and I-110 expresslanes, los angeles county 305 Defining Low-Income for Program Definition and Assessment The low-income assessment report (Metro, 2010) benchmarked eligibility levels for several state and local programs and examined assumptions used in the region's travel demand modeling to recommend a low-income Metro of $35,000 (in 2009 dollars)

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From page 300...

... 306 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox MPO Survey Data. The second data source was SCAG's 2005 State of the Commute survey, a telephone survey of full-time workers in 2,800 households throughout the SCAG region.

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From page 301...

... analyzing, mitigating, and monitoring Impacts on low-Income commuters, I-10 and I-110 expresslanes, los angeles county 307 While vulnerable to previously discussed sampling biases, the license plate survey exhibited patterns generally consistent with SCAG's Census data analysis of commuting patterns by income group. Additionally, the attributes of the survey enabled the differentiation by corridor and between solo and carpool drivers.

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From page 302...

... 308 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox These values were then compared to vehicle marginal VOT as estimated by a toll optimization model (TOM)

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From page 303...

... analyzing, mitigating, and monitoring Impacts on low-Income commuters, I-10 and I-110 expresslanes, los angeles county 309 Originally, the Transit Rewards Program (TRP) was instituted as a way to reward its transit users with a $5 toll credit for every 32 one-way trips.

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From page 304...

... 310 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox travel speeds. Supplementing these measures, the Metro consultant also recommended the use of targeted surveys to registered low-income corridor users during and following the demonstration period to gauge perceptions of congestion levels as well as the perceived ease of use of accounts and payment options, among other issues.

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From page 305...

... analyzing, mitigating, and monitoring Impacts on low-Income commuters, I-10 and I-110 expresslanes, los angeles county 311 Resources and Costs The resources required to prepare the low-income assessment report (Metro, 2010) are not significant or time-consuming in light of possible equity-related impacts and the importance of addressing equity considerations for sustaining popular support for the HOT lane conversion.

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From page 306...

... 312 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Metro ExpressLanes Market Research Studies Metro has employed a three-pronged approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of the Low-Income Assistance Plan (LIAP) , including a survey of LIAP users, two rounds of focus groups, and intercept surveys.

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From page 307...

... analyzing, mitigating, and monitoring Impacts on low-Income commuters, I-10 and I-110 expresslanes, los angeles county 313 ExpressLanes Market Research Studies) to help evaluate the effectiveness of the LIAP.

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From page 308...

... 314 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox While not shown here, the research also found a higher percentage of LIAP accounts in areas with lower median household incomes and higher rates of poverty. In many cases, the areas with higher percentages of equity plans were in a lower-income area where fewer individuals obtained a transponder.

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From page 309...

... 315 Background In 2014, the North Central Texas Council of Governments (NCTCOG) proposed an alignment for the Chisholm Trail Parkway.

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From page 310...

... 316 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Outreach activities were an integral element in the development of the mitigation approach. In April 2014, representatives from Tarrant County, NCTCOG, and NTTA met with the residents of the community to present information on how the program would work and answer questions.

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From page 311...

... mitigating Reduced access via Toll credits, Dallas–Fort Worth metro Region 317 Benefits: Why It Was Effective Mitigation reduced the costs for residents accessing the toll road and enabled them to avoid a free alternative that would have nearly doubled their travel time. The program only cost $67,750 versus the millions of dollars that would have been required to build a new road to supply the residents with access to an alternative non-tolled route.

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From page 312...

... 318 Background The Florida DOT identified the need for a new limited-access highway corridor and bridge-crossing for the St. Johns River between Clay and St.

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From page 313...

... selecting a Design alternative to mitigate the adverse effects of Tolls, st. Johns River crossing, clay and st.

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From page 314...

... 320 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox generally specify the requirements of the concessionaire to design, build, operate, maintain, and finance the project for a term of 50 to 75 years (FHWA and Florida DOT, 2013)

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From page 315...

... selecting a Design alternative to mitigate the adverse effects of Tolls, st. Johns River crossing, clay and st.

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From page 316...

... 322 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox and reduces the potential for recurring economic impacts on low-income communities within the study area. Challenges and Limitations The focus of the analysis and mitigation was on the replacement of an existing non-tolled bridge with a tolled bridge and no reasonably alternate non-tolled route.

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From page 317...

... 323 c a s e e x a m p l e 8 Background One tool for determining whether toll roads impact EJ populations differently from other population subgroups is to determine two pieces of information that can be collected from surveys: 1. What do people in the EJ populations themselves think about tolling?

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From page 318...

... 324 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox How It Was Done The following sub-sections describe the tolling project under study, research participants, study objectives, study methods, and key findings related to equity for low-income and minority travelers in the I-85 corridor. Description of the I-85 Tolling Project.

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From page 319...

... conducting pre- and post-Implementation surveys of Traveler Behavior and Opinions, atlanta Region, I-85 corridor 325 opened and the second after the lanes were in operation. In this longitudinal survey design, known as a "panel survey," researchers contacted the same set of households for both waves of surveying.

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From page 320...

... 326 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Trip Diary and Questionnaires. Each adult in the participating households was asked to fill out a two-day travel diary, a demographic questionnaire, and a supplemental questionnaire that asked additional travel behavior questions and attitudinal questions.

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From page 321...

... conducting pre- and post-Implementation surveys of Traveler Behavior and Opinions, atlanta Region, I-85 corridor 327 vary by income. The most frequent responses among people in all income groups were "Tolls are too expensive," "Don't use toll roads enough," and "Against tolling, in general" (Ray et al., 2014)

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From page 322...

... 328 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox but that far fewer people thought they were likely to use the toll lanes in Wave 2. More specifically, the authors explained: [T]

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From page 323...

... conducting pre- and post-Implementation surveys of Traveler Behavior and Opinions, atlanta Region, I-85 corridor 329 to draw conclusions with some confidence about particular population groups of interest for equity analysis. More specifically, the researchers were able to present findings on many issues relevant to equity analysis, including the following factors: • Transponder ownership (both waves)

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From page 324...

... 330 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox to the federal poverty level, which is informative as well as sensitive to the region's higher cost of living. However, U.S.

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From page 325...

... conducting pre- and post-Implementation surveys of Traveler Behavior and Opinions, atlanta Region, I-85 corridor 331 2. When planning sample size, it is important to account for the fact that people's travel patterns will change over time (e.g., they get a new job, move within the region, start working from home some days)

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From page 326...

... s e c t i o n 3 Reference Tables

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From page 327...

... C o n t e n t s 337 Reference Table 2.1 Applicable Requirements Governing Tolling Projects 339 Reference Tables 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 Decision-Makers and Stakeholders: Actions, Decisions, and Concerns 350 Reference Table 4.1 Examples for Resource Topic Considerations Added by Tolling 353 Reference Table 5.1 Environmental Justice Assessment Methods by Resource Topic Area 358 Reference Table 6.1 Qualitative versus Quantitative Evaluations of Resource Topics

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From page 328...

... 337 Reference Table 2.1 (see Step 2 in the Guidebook) provides a list of relevant EJ or non-discrimination related regulations or policies that should be considered in tolling projects.

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From page 329...

... 338 assessing the environmental Justice effects of toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and toolbox Stage of Decision-Making Regulation/Policy Criteria 23 CFR 771 (FHWA NEPA Regulations) EJ populations provided opportunities for involvement and input in the development of the project (§771.105, §771.109)

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From page 330...

... 339 Decision-Makers and Stakeholders: Actions, Decisions, and Concerns Reference Tables 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 (see Step 3 in the Guidebook) identify the various types of agencies and stakeholders likely to be encountered at various stages of decision-making.

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From page 331...

... 340 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox State Legislature/State Government State legislatures establish the authority of state and local agencies to engage in toll road development and have the power to create tolling authorities and establish the legal powers, required oversight, and mechanisms for funding and ﬁnance. Legislatures in many jurisdictions establish laws and standards for the application and collection of tolls and the procurement, delivery, and operation of toll road facilities.

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From page 332...

... decision-Makers and stakeholders: actions, decisions, and concerns 341 Public Transportation Agencies No role in most cases at this stage. Public transportation agencies are often called on to mitigate impacts on EJ populations for tolling projects; therefore, it may be helpful for transit agencies to understand the breadth of EJ populations aﬀected in the planned tolling corridor to ensure future transit planning studies are aware of possible impacts and that no changes are needed to their policy or planning documents that guide future investments.

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From page 333...

... 342 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Reference Table 3.1. (Continued)

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From page 334...

... decision-Makers and stakeholders: actions, decisions, and concerns 343 Decision-Makers and Stakeholders Tolling Lens Environmental Justice Lens U.S. DOT and FHWA Oversees State DOT role described below to ensure compliance with EJ guidance and orders (unless state is acting as FHWA for environmental review purposes through NEPA assignment)

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From page 335...

... 344 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Local Government In the case of local assistance projects, local government may make certain project deﬁnition decisions that are described above for state DOTs. See role description under Policy and Planning in Table 3.1.

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From page 336...

... decision-Makers and stakeholders: actions, decisions, and concerns 345 Reference Table 3.2. (Continued)

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From page 337...

... 346 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Reference Table 3.3. Decision-makers and stakeholders: actions, decisions, and concerns for Stage 3 (implementation)

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From page 338...

... decision-Makers and stakeholders: actions, decisions, and concerns 347 Reference Table 3.3. (Continued)

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From page 339...

... 348 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Decision-Makers and Stakeholders Tolling Lens Environmental Justice Lens Public Private Partnerships and Private Sponsors Operations are typically overseen by a private concessionaire. However, the private entity functions under regulations set by state and federal governments; tolls are imposed with limitations for how toll funds may be used.

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From page 340...

... decision-Makers and stakeholders: actions, decisions, and concerns 349 Decision-Makers and Stakeholders Tolling Lens Environmental Justice Lens Social Service, Community, and Advocacy-Based Organizations Community and advocacy-based organizations may be involved in Implementation Task Forces, as in the case of Minneapolis/St. Paul's I-394 MnPASS HOT Lane project, where the task force was formed to guide the department through project implementation.

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From page 341...

... 350 Reference Table 4.1 (see Step 4 in the Guidebook) categorizes the resource topics that are typically considered in an environmental analysis from an environmental justice perspective.

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From page 342...

... examples of Resource Topic considerations added by Tolling 351 (continued on next page) Categories Resource Topics Questions Social and Economic Community cohesion Will the toll facility alter social relationships through changes in design, access, or displacement?

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From page 343...

... 352 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Reference Table 4.1. (Continued)

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From page 344...

... 353 Reference Table 5.1 (see Step 5 in the Guidebook) summarizes assessment methods consistent with the resource topic areas introduced in Step 4 in the Guidebook and Reference Table 4.1.

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From page 345...

... 354 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Reference Table 5.1. Environmental justice assessment methods by resource topic area.

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From page 346...

... environmental Justice assessment Methods by Resource Topic area 355 Reference Table 5.1. (Continued)

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From page 347...

... 356 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll Implementation or Rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox EJ Assessment Resource Topic Area Basic EJ Assessment Methods Special Considerations for Toll Projects Guidebook Tools to Assess EJ Toll Considerations Physical and Environmental Impacts Air Quality 1. General air quality review 2.

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From page 348...

... environmental Justice assessment Methods by Resource Topic area 357 EJ Assessment Resource Topic Area Basic EJ Assessment Methods Special Considerations for Toll Projects Guidebook Tools to Assess EJ Toll Considerations Cultural and Historical Resources Cultural and Historical Resources 1. Multilevel impact valuation 2.

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From page 349...

... 358 Reference Table 6.1 (see Step 6 in the Guidebook) summarizes typical analysis frameworks for the resource topic areas (as previously identified in Steps 4 and 5 in the Guidebook)

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From page 350...

... Qualitative versus Quantitative evaluations of Resource Topics 359 Reference Table 6.1. Qualitative versus quantitative evaluations of resource topics (refer to comparable resource topic Table 5.1 for analysis methods and references to tools)

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From page 351...

... s e c t i o n 4 Checklists

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From page 352...

... C o n t e n t s 365 Checklist 1 Checklists for Framing the Project 366 Checklist 1a. Tolling Actions and the Impact-Causing Aspects of Tolling Actions 368 Checklist 1b.

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From page 353...

... 365 Purpose. The checklists provide a self-assessment tool to help the practitioner identify the type of action, the anticipated impact-causing aspects, potential direct and indirect effects, and the context for assessing the degree and extent to which there could be disproportionately high and adverse effects from the action on minority and low-income populations.

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From page 354...

... Checklist 1a. Tolling actions and the impact-causing aspects of tolling actions.

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From page 355...

... 7a. Increase Tolls on an Existing Toll Facility √ 7b.

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From page 356...

... Checklist 1b. Potential direct and indirect effects.

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From page 357...

... Increased travel on alternate routes or modes lead to degradation of level of service on the alternate routes or modes Changes in health (air quality, noise, vibration) for residents nearby alternate routes that have degradation in level of service Changes in quality of life from: Degraded environmental quality and pedestrian safety along alternate routes Contracted possibilities for employment and services because of degraded accessibility, mobility, and travel reliability Activities and purchases foregone because of reduced disposable income or less available time outside of travel time Array of indirect eﬀects stemming from direct facility footprint eﬀects that could occur regardless of tolling aspects Array of indirect eﬀects stemming from facility proximity eﬀects that could occur regardless of tolling aspects Potential Indirect Eﬀects Associated with an Action and Its Aspects Your project?

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From page 358...

... Checklist 1c. Context considerations at different project stages and phases.

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From page 359...

... Environmental studies are mandated by federal and state laws and are used to ﬁnd the most appropriate design concept for a proposed facility, out of a pool of alternative concepts. The selected alternative is developed into a preliminary design.

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From page 360...

... 3 Stages 6 Phases Example EJ Issues for Tolling Your Project: Comments, Additional Questions 6. Operations and Maintenance Do the pricing mechanisms and changed traﬃc patterns of road pricing projects result in disproportionately high and adverse eﬀects on low-income and/or minority populations?

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From page 361...

... 373 Purpose. The checklist provides a suggested template to track the progress and status of the analysis and the disposition of each resource topic area in an EJ toll project analysis.

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From page 362...

... Step # Assessment Status/Question Yes If Yes No If No Comments Major Topic Area (e.g., Accessibility, Mobility, and Safety) Resource Topic Area (e.g., Transportation Accessibility)

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From page 363...

... 6g Have other mitigation measures been considered that would avoid or minimize eﬀects? To 6h To 7d 6h Have aﬀected populations been involved in the decision-making process?

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From page 364...

... s e c t i o n 5 Scenarios

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From page 365...

... C o n t e n t s 381 Introduction 382 Scenario A: Untolled Bridge to Tolled Bridge, P3 395 Scenario B: HOV Lanes to HOT Lanes 406 Scenario C: Rate Change

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From page 366...

... 381 This section illustrates how to apply the tools and case examples included in the Toolbox through the suggested eight-step process framework for assessing the environmental justice (EJ) implications of toll implementation or rate changes.

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From page 367...

... 382 Untolled Bridge to Tolled Bridge, P3 Step 1. Frame the Project Scenario A considers a bridge (not part of the Interstate system)

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From page 368...

... Tools Why Practitioner Uses the Tool Checklist 1 To identify the type of toll implementation action from among the range of types. To identify the impact-causing aspects typically associated with the action from among the range of aspects.

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From page 369...

... 384 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox minority populations before the bridge crossing to the CBD.

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From page 370...

... Untolled Bridge to Tolled Bridge, P3 385 The practitioner documents the results of Step 2 in a technical memorandum describing the discussions with the state DOT manager on why a categorical exclusion is unlikely for this project because of the need for additional study. The technical memorandum cites the regulations and references the potential adverse impacts borne by low-income and minority populations identified in Step 1 and the need to further consider the potential for offsetting benefits for lowincome and minority populations in the studies to be undertaken.

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From page 371...

... 386 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Step 4. Scope Approach to Measure and Address Impacts The practitioner begins to scope the project in earnest, within and outside the agency after reviewing the key questions of Step 4: • Who could be affected by the toll project or rate change?

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From page 372...

... Untolled Bridge to Tolled Bridge, P3 387 • Major concerns and questions are raised in outreach discussions and through focus groups: – Mobility, Access, and Safety: The AET system could be a barrier for those without a bank account or credit card if cash replenishment options are not available or readily accessible. Would there be fees for transponders?

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From page 373...

... 388 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Tools Why Practitioner Uses the Tools Reference Table 4.1: Examples of Resource Topic Considerations Added by Tolling Public Involvement Plan Focus Groups Conducting Surveys Case Examples: Surveys with Local Liaison, KY-IN Surveys at Grocery Stores KY-IN Avoid Impacts FL Bridge To ramp up the public involvement of EJ stakeholders identiﬁed in Step 3. The questions in Reference Table 4.1, Tolling Considerations, would help spark fruitful conversations.

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From page 374...

... Untolled Bridge to Tolled Bridge, P3 389 the tolling in terms of improved travel times would be from areas that are not classified as communities of concern. • Based on regional models, disproportionately high and adverse effects on minority and lowincome populations are possible from the proposed tolling of the bridge vis-à-vis diminished mobility and accessibility to opportunities in the CBD.

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From page 375...

... 390 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Continuing documentation, the practitioner works through the Step 5 portion of Checklist 2 in the Checklists section for each of the resource areas: mobility, access, and safety; social and economic; physical and environmental; and cultural and historic resources. The practitioner continues to thoroughly document the public outreach efforts and the outcomes of those efforts, including developing, conducting, and recording the findings of the survey, as well as continued face-to-face outreach.

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From page 376...

... Untolled Bridge to Tolled Bridge, P3 391 Step 6. Identify and Assess Mitigation Strategies The surveys, analysis, and continued outreach from Step 5 identify mobility, access, and safety impacts that are adverse and may disproportionately burden low-income populations.

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From page 377...

... 392 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Tools Why Practitioner Uses the Tools Conducting Surveys Full Cycle I-10– I-110 LA County Mitigation NCTCOG Pre- and PostSurveys Atlanta User Activity Monitoring or cash payment (through arrangement with local grocery stores and convenience stores)

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From page 378...

... Untolled Bridge to Tolled Bridge, P3 393 Step 7. Document Results for Decision-Makers and the Public The practitioner uses Checklist 2 in the Checklists section to ensure thorough documentation of various outreach and analytical steps (Steps 4, 5, and 6)

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From page 379...

... 394 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Step 8. Conduct Post-Implementation Monitoring The practitioner advises the agency that it is appropriate to monitor whether the travel diversion effects predicted in the travel demand model prove to be true after operations begin and to assess whether the cash replenishment option and low-income assistance/toll credit mitigation commitments are effective in practice.

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From page 380...

... 395 Step 1. Frame the Project Scenario B considers a 6-lane roadway (Interstate)

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From page 381...

... 396 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Impact-Causing Activity of the Tolling Project Potential Impact-Causing Activity Applicable? Introduction of a transaction cost–paying a toll– on the facility user.

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From page 382...

... HoV Lanes to HoT Lanes 397 should mean that the potential for disproportionately high and adverse effects on minority and low-income populations is low. In addition, because all users of the facility would benefit from the project, it appears that minority and low-income populations would share in the benefits of the project.

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From page 383...

... 398 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox HOT lane and general lane performance, it would be prudent to make provisions for including an EJ assessment in a future annual report if actual conditions differ from expected conditions. In planning for this HOV to HOT lane conversion, some concerns may be expressed that the primary function of the HOV lanes -- to provide an incentive to form carpools and to "reward" such an incentive by guaranteeing a mostly delay-free trip -- would be degraded.

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From page 384...

... HoV Lanes to HoT Lanes 399 Step 4. Scope Approach to Measure and Address Impacts The practitioner gathers information to answer the key questions: • Who would be affected by this project?

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From page 385...

... 400 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox documents the research findings and summarizes the implications of their initial model efforts on travel patterns and behavior, in particular induced demand.

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From page 386...

... HoV Lanes to HoT Lanes 401 Step 5. Conduct impact analysis and measurement.

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From page 387...

... 402 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox households. The practitioner also aggregates and tracks the findings of the other resource topic areas from the subject matter experts on noise, cultural cohesion, and cultural and historical resources.

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From page 388...

... HoV Lanes to HoT Lanes 403 The practitioner uses the Step 6 portion of Checklist 2 in the Checklists section for each research area, the "Disproportionate Effects" tool, and the backup documentation for each resource topic analysis to make clear the level of analyses conducted and document the rational basis for findings on each resource topic in Step 4, Step 5, or Step 6.

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From page 389...

... 404 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox what constitutes a threshold for taking action; and if action is needed, who would initiate the action and with what public operator consultation, if appropriate. As noted in Step 2, in planning for this HOV to HOT lane conversion, some concerns may be expressed that the primary function of the HOV lanes -- to provide an incentive to form carpools and to "reward" such an incentive by guaranteeing a mostly delay-free trip -- would be degraded.

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From page 390...

... HoV Lanes to HoT Lanes 405 This annual reporting documenting conditions on the converted lanes is required under 23 U.S.C. 166, and if the HOV facility becomes degraded the sponsor must bring the facility into compliance either by increasing HOV occupancy requirements, increasing tolls, increasing capacity, or eliminating access to paying motorists.

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From page 391...

... 406 Step 1. Frame the Project Scenario C considers a proposed rate change on a tolled facility, an interstate toll road.

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From page 392...

... rate change 407 fine-particulates, and because heavy truck diversions to the alternate route were reported with the previous toll increase, the practitioner concludes that a PM2.5 hot spot analysis is warranted. These effects, as well as the increased cost of travel, can generate public controversy as evidenced by what followed the previous toll increase.

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From page 393...

... 408 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox of minority neighborhoods that are traversed. Such diversion would also have impacts on the roadway users who divert to the alternate route to avoid tolls, including longer travel distances and longer travel times.

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From page 394...

... rate change 409 impacts could diverted traffic have on current traffic on the alternate route? Would the increased traffic impact pedestrian, bike and vehicle safety on the alternate route?

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From page 395...

... 410 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox Tools Why Practitioner Uses the Tools Social and Economic VOT/Willing to Pay User Costs, HH Burden Public Involvement Plan Evaluate Impact on: Community cohesion - Community outreach did not identify adverse impacts to community cohesion. Economic development and other economic impacts, including household burden - Low-income households could be adversely impacted.

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From page 396...

... rate change 411 addressed in the tool, but underlying travel patterns and analysis would produce travel information that would be input to the air quality and noise models.

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From page 397...

... 412 assessing the environmental Justice effects of Toll implementation or rate changes: Guidebook and Toolbox If any or all of these questions could be answered "yes," for any of the resource topic areas examined, are there mitigation measures or offsetting benefits that could be considered to address the disproportionately high and adverse impacts? The practitioner uses the "Focus Groups" tool to help structure in-depth conversations about concerns, trade-offs, and desirable mitigations.

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From page 398...

... rate change 413 Step 7. Document Results for Decision-Makers and the Public The practitioner uses Checklist 2 in the Checklists section to ensure thorough documentation of various outreach processes and analytical steps (Steps 4, 5, and 6)

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From page 399...

... Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012)

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From page 400...

... TRA N SPO RTATIO N RESEA RCH BO A RD 500 Fifth Street, N W W ashington, D C 20001 A D D RESS SERV ICE REQ U ESTED N O N -PR O FIT O R G .

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Key Terms

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