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From page 6... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 6 3.0 Research Results 3.1 Summary of Literature Review During Task 1, the Research Team conducted a multi‐pronged literature review, examining the existing academic literature, policy reports, project specific documents, resource guides, case studies, and effective practices on issues relevant to consideration of equity and environmental justice on toll implementation and rate change studies. The review of existing literature and ongoing research has further informed the Research Team's understanding of the current state‐of‐the‐practice, allowed the research ream to further identify resources and tools for reference purposes (e.g., bibliography and literature review) , and provided opportunities to inventory approaches and tools for possible further research as part of the interview plan (Task 4) Read the entire page →
From page 7... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 7 More than 60 documents were reviewed during this stage to support an initial assessment of the state‐ of‐the‐practice. These documents also informed the development of a content review template that was used to assess the current state‐of‐the‐practice in conducting environmental justice analyses on toll implementation and rate change projects. 3.1.2 Articles Reviewed for Literature Review The general features or characteristics of the articles reviewed during this phase are discussed briefly below. Findings from review of bibliographic materials related to the state‐of‐the‐practice as it pertains to equity and environmental justice considerations in toll implementation and rate changes are then summarized. The documents that were part of this review are shown in Table 1 along with a brief summary of findings after the table. The individual literature review summaries are included in Appendix A. 3.1.2.1 Audience For the state‐of‐the‐practice literature review scan, the Research Team examined resource documents, policy research, and research papers that were targeted to a range of audiences, including practitioners, academics, policy and advocacy researchers, policy makers, and the general public. Most of the equity and pricing papers were targeted to academic and practitioner audiences. 3.1.2.2 Focus Areas Several focus areas identified as relevant throughout the Guidebook and Toolbox and to the agency decisionmakers and practitioners who work at the nexus of environmental justice and toll implementation were identified to broadly classify papers and articles. These focus areas included: data requirements and trends; tolling and pricing scenarios and collection technologies; analysis methods and impact measures; public engagement approaches and methods; mitigation and compensation; and legal and regulatory context. Papers, reports, and policy resource documents reviewed in this phase were then categorized by whether these focus areas were featured themes or topics of the reviewed material. . Read the entire page →
From page 8... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 8 Table 1. Summary Table of Literature Reviewed P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 9... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 9 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 10... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 10 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 11... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 11 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 12... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 12 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 13... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 13 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 14... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 14 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 15... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 15 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 16... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 16 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 17... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 17 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 18... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 18 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 19... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 19 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 20 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 21... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 21 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 22 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 23 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 24... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 24 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 25... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 25 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 26... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 26 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 27... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 27 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 28... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 28 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 29... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 29 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 30... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 30 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 31 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 32... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 32 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 33... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 33 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 34... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 34 P r a c t i t i o n e r s A c a d e m i c s P o l i c y M a k e r s G e n e r a l P u b l i c D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s & T r e n d s T o l l i n g & P r i c i n g S c e n a r i o s / C o l l e c t i o n T e c h n o l o g i e s A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s / I m p a c t M e a s u r e s P u b l i c E n g a g e m e n t A p p r o a c h e s & M e t h o d s M i t i g a t i o n & C o m p e n s a t i o n L e g a l & R e g u l a t o r y G e n e r a l P r i c i n g M a n a g e d L a n e s / H O T L a n e s C o n g e s t i o n P r i c i n g P e a k P e r i o d P r i c i n g D y n a m i c P r i c i n g C o r d o n P r i c i n g A l l ‐ E l e c t r o n i c / E l e c t r o n i c T o l l C o l l e c t i o n ( E T C ) T r a n s p o n d e r R o a d P r i c i n g / P r i c i n g R e s p o n s e R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s & M e t r i c s E q u i t y E n v i r o n m e n t a l J u s t i c e L o w ‐ I n c o m e F o c u s S o c i a l E x c l u s i o n / A c c e s s t o O p p o r t u n i t i e s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F u n d i n g / P u b l i c F i n a n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h S t a t e w i d e / M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g / F e a s i b i l i t y P r o j e c t D e v e l o p m e n t / N E P A O p e r a t i o n s Region(s) Read the entire page →
From page 35... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 35 The reviewed literature in this phase tended to focus on analytical methods and impact measures followed by data requirements and trends. Tolling‐related issues, pricing, and methods of payment and collection issues were explicit or implicit in many, but not all, of the articles reviewed. For example, select articles discussed public engagement methods or communications strategies. Mitigation and compensation was an important theme in more than one‐quarter of the reviewed articles. A smaller subset of the reviewed articles focused more on the legal and regulatory context. 3.1.2.3 Pricing and Tolling Context The reports reviewed generally consider tolling within the following categories: fixed or flat‐rate tolls on highways and bridges; variable‐rate tolls on highways and bridges; and variable tolls on exclusive facilities within corridors (express toll lanes) or on converted or shared high‐occupancy vehicle (HOV) Read the entire page →
From page 36... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 36 linked to statewide and metropolitan planning than other stages of transportation decisionmaking such as pre‐project planning or feasibility, environmental review (national or state‐level) , or operations. Within the literature, there were some examples of reports that reference or examine travel survey impacts pre‐ and post‐implementation of tolling facilities, but most of the literature discovered during this phase did not examine the impact of changes in toll rates (i.e., increases) Read the entire page →
From page 37... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 37 structure, payment collection method, alternative routes or modes, and use of net toll revenues, among other considerations. The Research Team drew upon background research on these attributes to develop Toolbox elements – case examples and tools to identify data sources and support effective analytical practices and involvement processes. The research also placed various tolling initiatives in a funding, regulatory and legal context in the Guidebook and Toolbox. Literature Review Observations The reviewed literature includes useful background information for understanding the recent history of congestion pricing in the U.S., the legislative authority under which these programs were funded, and the type and location of funded pricing projects initiated since the first U.S. congestion pricing project was implemented in 1995 in Orange County, California. This background informed development of sections of the Guidebook and its Toolbox elements. The material also included potential contacts for the interviews that were conducted to advance the analysis and develop the tools and case examples. In an early 2012 report, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) stated that Congress has authorized U.S. DOT to approve tolling, which can include congestion pricing, through three DOT congestion pricing programs and several operational or under construction congestion pricing projects authorized under each program:  Value Pricing Pilot Program (VPPP) Read the entire page →
From page 38... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 38 Lauderdale, FL.; Los Angeles, CA; and Atlanta, GA. The federal government has provided approximately $800 million through grant programs to implement tolling as well as transit, technology, and telecommunications strategies to reduce congestion. Funds have been used to build new HOT lanes, convert HOV lanes to HOT lanes, establish electronic tolling systems, and purchase buses for express bus service on HOT lanes (see Table 2) . U.S. DOT has provided about $100 million, according to GAO, in grants for studies, implementation, and select evaluations of congestion pricing projects through VPPP since it was established in fiscal year 1998. Congress also authorized $11 million in fiscal year 2005 and $12 million per year for fiscal years 2006 through 2009 for projects that involve highway pricing. About a third of total VPPP grants were awarded to fund three of the six UPA participants -- Seattle in fiscal year 2007 and Minnesota and San Francisco in fiscal year 2008. The GAO report itemizes DOT's Value Pricing Pilot Program Grants, Fiscal Years 1999 through 2010. Federal funding for congestion pricing projects has also come through programs other than the VPPP. For example, federal credit assistance available under the Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act program has been used to help finance construction of HOT lanes for seven projects including those on I‐495 in Virginia, I‐635/I‐35E in Texas, and I‐595 in Florida. The Federal Aid Highway Program provides nearly $40 billion a year to the states in federal funding, according to the GAO, and the program has been used to help fund construction of congestion pricing programs. According to the GAO, by early 2012 some 19 project sponsors had initiated 41 pricing projects on highways, bridges, and tunnels, including operating projects in Georgia, Utah, Colorado, Maryland, and New Jersey and multiple projects in California, Florida, New York, Texas, Virginia, Minnesota, and Washington State. Of the 41 pricing projects, 30 were completed and open to traffic in 2012 and 11 HOT lane projects were under construction. Of the 30 opened projects, 12 were HOT lane projects and 18 were peak period priced facilities. In addition, two of the 12 HOT lane projects in operation were extending the length of their tolled lanes. Within the reviewed literature, other NCHRP and FHWA policy resource reports supplement the GAO report to make clear the overall status of HOT Lane (partial facility pricing) Read the entire page →
From page 39... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 39 Table 2: Range of Pricing, Operational and Transit Strategies to Reduce Congestion by UPA/CRD Site Note: Bold are congestion pricing strategies. Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 2010. Synthesis of Congestion Pricing‐Related Environmental Impact Analyses. 3.1.3.3 Defining Equity and Environmental Justice The Guidebook includes brief discussions of key definitions of equity and environmental justice. Toll implementation seeks to ensure mobility, greater accessibility, and reduce travel times but there can be unintended consequences. There are several dimensions of fairness and equity that are typically raised by public officials and the public, but it is anticipated that practitioners responsible for preparing an environmental justice assessment will look to the Guidebook to better understand the legal and regulatory context and core considerations for identifying and addressing environmental justice. Literature Review Observations Equity analysis examines how the costs and benefits of projects are distributed among members of the society. Equity explores the treatment of persons equally, but what constitutes equal treatment is very much in dispute (Madi et al., 2013) . Key dimensions of equity and fairness as it relates to transportation and pricing are illuminated in the reviewed literature and are often raised by practitioners, elected officials, various stakeholders, and the public (Altschuler, 2013; Ecola and Light, UPA/CRD Strategies Site MN SF Sea Mia LA Atl Convert HOV lanes to dynamically priced HOT lanes and/or new HOT lanes X X X X Priced dynamic shoulder lanes X Variably priced parking and/or loading zones X X Variably priced roadways or bridges (partial cordon) Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 40 2009; Levinson, 2010; Taylor and Kalauskas, 2010; GAO, 2012; Madi et al., 2013; TRB, 2013) . Several key dimensions of equity and fairness are encountered in these materials, including the following:  Horizontal equity is concerned with the equal treatment or distribution of impacts between distinct individuals and groups that are considered equal in ability or need. Horizontal equity is concerned with the extent to which members of the same group are treated equally or the same – for example, whether some people within the same income group pay a larger amount of taxes or fees. The principle does not consider the differing endowments, resources, or other socioeconomic differences between classes or groups.  Vertical equity or outcome equity, by comparison, refers to the distribution of impacts across social groups who differ in their ability and need. In accordance with the principle of vertical equity, individuals with less ability and/or more need should bear less of the cost and/or accrue more of the benefits of a project. Conversely, those individuals with more ability or lesser need should bear more of the cost and/or accrue less of the benefits of the project (Madi et al., 2013) Read the entire page →
From page 41... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 41 Table 3. Taxonomy of Transportation Equity Type Sub‐Type Description Horizontal Opportunity Groups/individuals of the same ability/need are given costs/benefits in proportion to their size Market Groups/individuals of the same ability/need are charged a cost in proportion to benefits received Vertical/Outcome Groups/individuals of differing ability/need achieve the same result Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 2013. Guidebook for State, Regional and Local Governments on Addressing Potential Equity Impacts of Road Pricing. As seen in the text box, Equity Decisions Raised in the Pricing Literature, the literature on equity and fairness spans a great breadth of considerations revealing sometimes conflicting notions of fairness and justice. Market equity, for example, holding that users bear the costs of their use of transportation facilities and services, may not be reconcilable with fair treatment of different classes (i.e., vertical equity or "income equity") . Depending on how costs would shift, the most vulnerable or disadvantaged populations may require subsidies or other forms of mitigation to ensure their access and mobility. The concept of full social cost pricing adds further complexity to the equity assessment. Economic and social theorists would have the pricing mechanism better address externalities and reflect full social costs, nudging people's behavior toward the social good and the protection of scarce public resources (e.g., congestion reduction on transportation infrastructure) Read the entire page →
From page 42... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 42 Equity Definitions Raised in the Pricing Literature In a 2013 Guidebook for State, Regional and Local Governments on Addressing Potential Equity Impacts of Road Pricing, several types of equity are defined with the suggestion that thorough analysis into various types may be warranted once they are identified for a specific project. Many other authors such as Viegas (2001) , Levinson (2010) Read the entire page →
From page 43... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 43 GAO, in its report to Congress, also focused on income equity and geographic equity as the primary equity considerations. Regarding income equity, "low‐income drivers may spend a greater proportion of their income to pay to travel at preferred times or incur greater costs in travel time by choosing alternate unpriced routes." Concerning geographic equity, GAO described scenarios in which drivers in a metropolitan region who use the tolled corridor "may incur greater costs than drivers in the untolled corridor because of the tolls they pay or the increase in travel time they incur by choosing an alternate route." Also, drivers who choose to avoid the tolls may divert traffic from tolled routes within a corridor, potentially contributing to congestion on an alternate route and adversely affecting surrounding neighborhoods. Complicating matters, equity concerns can be further incurred if the diversion of traffic is through low‐income and minority communities (GAO, 2012) . According to several researchers, the equity impacts of tolling or congestion pricing is most appropriately assessed in comparison to current and alternative sources of funding such as motor fuel taxes, sales taxes, and local option taxes which are generally more regressive. Tolls are generally more equitable than funding transportation through sales or gas taxes, or local option taxes that are consumption‐oriented (Schweitzer & Taylor, 2008) Read the entire page →
From page 44... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 44 toll pricing should be better understood and appreciated to foster acceptability of the option (Plotnick et al., 2011) . While exploring core principles of justice and fairness, the equity literature is not grounded in the body of civil rights laws and their nondiscrimination principles and policies (e.g., Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act) Read the entire page →
From page 45... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 45 the transportation decision‐making process. In Texas, a guidance report was prepared with the objective to "present an approach for the identification, measurement, and mitigation of disproportionately high or adverse impacts imposed on minority and low‐income (EJ) communities by toll roads relative to non‐toll roads." The guidance highlights general EJ considerations on highway‐ related transportation improvements as well as specific considerations related to EJ on toll implementation projects (Prozzi et al., 2006) Read the entire page →
From page 46... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 46 Reflecting on the likely attributes of a proposed toll facility implementation or rate increase action, decisionmakers and practitioners consulting the Guidebook will be asked to define and situate the scope of activities in relationship to the stage of decisionmaking, decision‐making approval authority, and the geography of the action (e.g., statewide or system‐level, regional, corridor, or facility‐specific) . EJ concerns are expressed when affected populations as commuters do not have access to their workplaces through transit; or when costs of tolling exact a severe burden on low‐income households that necessitates a shift to congested roads, a reduction in discretionary trip‐making, or a modal shift to a less preferred option (e.g., walking, biking, transit, carpooling) Read the entire page →
From page 47... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 47 focus on effects and impacts that are unique to tolling projects compared to other highway projects, such as income‐related mobility, user household burdens, and so on. Tools to conduct impact analysis and measurement are described with recognition that the capacity and availability of tools and data sources may differ regionally, by project, or decision‐making stage. Literature Review Observations The literature review (and also confirmed through the content review assessment) indicates a variety of criteria and methods for identifying affected "minority" and "low‐income" populations and characterizing their travel patterns. These variations in definition and treatment are driven, in part, by the stage of decisionmaking (e.g., regional or network level, corridor, and project facility) Read the entire page →
From page 48... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 48 Table 4. Select Examples of Considerations Imposed by Toll Roads Categories Questions Physical Environmental  Will the toll road divert a substantial amount of traffic through an EJ community?  If yes, will air quality be affected by shifts in free‐flow and delay? Read the entire page →
From page 49... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 49 their guidance, they emphasize that "discussion should disclose how and where individuals may set up and maintain toll accounts, and what requirements there are for account maintenance. For those who may be financially constrained, who may have low‐literacy, or limited English proficiency, the practitioner should consider if access to the Internet is required to monitor account balances. The document should address whether toll tags are only available to those with credit cards. If cash accounts are available, the document should reflect where and how cash customers can pay" (FHWA/TxDOT, 2009) . Researchers find that the relationship between toll pricing and its consequences for individual travel behavior and classes of users is complex and contextual to region's land use, transportation network, and modal alternatives, among other factors. Therefore, it is important to closely examine travel patterns in a region and differentiate the demographics and travel behavior of low‐income users to work and other opportunities. Those who purport to be interested in vertical equity and social justice should consider differences in commuting behavior by time of day, distance traveled, and auto‐ ownership of low‐income persons (Deka, 2004) Read the entire page →
From page 50... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 50 Considerations for Project Level Environmental Justice Analyses of Toll Roads in Texas The FHWA/TxDOT guidance identifies considerations for discussion for all projects which include toll features (including HOT, high occupancy vehicle/managed or managed lanes) . An abbreviated list of these considerations, include:  Non‐toll facilities. The document will need to describe available non‐toll facilities that offer alternative travel options (e.g., free main lanes on same facility, frontage roads, and parallel arterials) Read the entire page →
From page 51... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 51 Considerations for Network Level Environmental Justice Analyses of Toll Roads in Texas The FHWA/TxDOT guidance identifies considerations for system or regional level studies, including the identification of existing and planned toll network projects in the financially constrained MTP. Several of the items prepared for the project level analysis in an environmental document would also be referenced in the network level analysis, including discussions of:  Toll policies  Methods of toll collection  Policies regarding the use of toll revenues and/or mitigation measures  LEP provisions in accessing toll facilities Items included in the network analysis may be repeated in all relevant environmental documents (most likely in the cumulative impacts section) . Toll network analyses are expected to discuss or document:  Maps indicating the implementation of the toll network over time.  Cumulative economic impact to individuals of using the toll network facilities. Similar to methods of project level economic impact analysis, but expanded to encompass the entire network. In the Dallas‐Fort Worth area, the average trip length was used to compute a reasonable estimate of the distance the average commuter would travel along toll facilities. The average trip distance is multiplied by the number of assumed trips per year (500) Read the entire page →
From page 52... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 52 Actual transaction data was used to examine usage on the I‐85 managed lane after its implementation; the data was obtained from Georgia's State Road and Tolling Authority. The available data, however, is reported at the zip code rather than a smaller tract or block group level and contained several fields (date, duration, average speed, toll status, cost, and zip code for some 1.5 million transactions for a four‐month period in the fall of 2012) . The data was used to measure the strength of the relationship between median income and per capita HOT lane use. The report found a moderate correlation that suggested median income is not the only factor influencing HOT lane (Southern Environmental Law Center, 2013) Read the entire page →
From page 53... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 53  Low‐income populations without free route alternatives should be provided with improved transit service (improved by means of toll revenue) or discounted toll rates.  Barriers to the acquisition of transponders and toll accounts for low‐income people should be eliminated.  Willingness to pay as a selection criterion represents a problem since it creates an income bias in the highway system development.  The Tool Using Travel Demand Models for EJ Assessments helps the practitioner specifically address these travel demand model concerns. In a study of methods on congestion pricing projects for the FHWA, researchers (Burt et al., 2010) Read the entire page →
From page 54... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 54 Recommended Considerations for Travel Impact Analysis for EJ According to the FHWA study, Synthesis, of Congestion Pricing‐Related Environmental Impact Analysis, a comprehensive travel impacts analysis ‐‐ one which will support a robust EJ evaluation – might consider the following impacts.  Traffic volumes  Vehicle miles traveled  Average speeds  Person and vehicle throughput  Travel times, including some "indexed" measure such as the travel time index utilized by the Texas Transportation Institute in their urban traffic monitoring program for U.S. DOT  Travel time reliability, such as represented by a "buffer index" or "planning index", both of which capture the extra increment of time travelers need to plan for given observed variability in travel conditions  Geographic and temporal extent of congestion, e.g., hours of congestion and miles of congested roadway  Vehicle classification/vehicle mix  Average vehicle occupancy  Mode choice/mode split  Accident rates and contributing factors  System operator and/or traveler (all modes) Read the entire page →
From page 55... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 55 3.1.3.6 Educating Decisionmakers, Stakeholders, and Community Engagement The Guidebook and Toolbox seek to illuminate proven practical approaches for educating decisionmakers and the affected public on sometimes complex issues in toll implementation. , including efforts to engage low‐income and minority populations. While the Guidebook and Toolbox explore several types of data sources, analytical methods and metrics that can be differentiated by income segment or race, impacts cannot be solely vetted through quantitative methods. Through public involvement and community engagement, practitioners can learn from affected individuals about their existing conditions and potential impacts of the toll road and pricing decisions. Specific approaches, techniques, and possible barriers to ensuring participation of low‐income and minority populations in outreach processes are discussed. The Guidebook describes approaches that can be effectively used to identify affected populations; explains possible barriers to participation; suggests ways to overcome barriers; and considers how communities receive information. The Guidebook acknowledges the challenges of informing and educating affected communities as to toll implementation effects and explores effective strategies to ensure informed feedback and build the types of relationships with partnering organizations that can promote meaningful opportunities for involvement. Specific tools and case examples highlight why various approaches are effective, detail some techniques, highlight limitations, and identify resource requirements for their implementation as well as who may have used the approach successfully in the past. Literature Review Observations Generally, the reviewed resource policy documents present planning, engagement, and communication strategies for building support and promoting acceptability of toll pricing solutions. The articles tend to present lessons in managing perceptions, finding effective ways to communicate pricing proposals, and developing project plans for their best chances of successful implementation (Mahendra et al., 2011) . In promoting the "acceptability" of pricing, various strategic steps and persuasive arguments are outlined. Engagement and communications should focus on the most resonant challenges: congestion‐ related problems and, in some areas or corridors, pollution or the need for revenues in a time of shrinking traditional revenue sources. Thus, "planners need to assess which problems are most pressing and their impact on affected parties, all of which will help fashion the kind of pricing proposed, how it is cast, and how its benefits are framed in communications and engagement" (Mahendra et al., 2011) Read the entire page →
From page 56... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 56 recognition of the need to translate public documents to address limited English proficiency populations. According to the literature, when it comes to building support for toll implementation, invoking equity and fairness has a broader appeal if it is not framed narrowly in terms of income equity. Thus, practitioners are reminded that the acceptability of pricing programs does not vary greatly across income groups. Other fairness issues have greater resonance – for example, "paying twice" necessitating the need for demarcation of improvements and services supported by traditional taxes versus those supported by new pricing revenues; possible evasion of pricing; the ease of participation in developing pricing plans (sometimes termed "procedural" fairness) ; and pricing effects perceived as a hardship on certain population segments. Also, "use equity (benefits in proportion to facility use) Read the entire page →
From page 57... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 57  Experience to date shows income equity has not blocked programs and is not a paramount issue in planning or focus groups and surveys. Equity assessments are limited but a study of changes in electronic pass ownership before/after price changes in Illinois shows ownership rates increased across all income groups.  Equity concerns may center more on those with inflexible work schedules, with peak‐hour tolling in effect on HOT lanes; however, optional nature of HOT lanes reduces concerns about some travelers being worse off than before. Read the entire page →
From page 58... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 58 limited English proficiency (LEP) and low‐literacy populations, work with "trusted advocates" to increase turnout, hold events formally and informally ‒ all as ways to meaningfully engage with disadvantaged populations, including low‐income and minority populations. These strategies are generally highlighted or presented in detail in various policy resource or guidance publications (Aimen and Morris, 2012; Cairns et al. 2003; Prozzi et al., 2006) Read the entire page →
From page 59... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 59 Literature Review Observations Several authors in the literature review or referenced in the articles conclude that tolling implementation, even if regressive, may have merit for its congestion relief benefits. They suggest that adverse impacts to low‐income households can be offset by income transfer or tax policies. Tolls may have adverse impacts for low‐income drivers, particularly when free alternative routes are not available, but they can be potentially offset by how collected revenues are used (Levinson, 2011; Small, 1992a; Santos & Rojey, 2004; Safirova et al., 2005; Eliasson & Mattsson, 2006) . In principle, the redistribution of revenues on a per capita basis or according to income should offset the regressivity of tolls (Small, 1983; Franklin, 2007) Read the entire page →
From page 60... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 60 (e.g., I‐15 in San Diego or I‐95 Express Lanes in Florida) or to support transit, vanpools, or other forms of transit (e.g., Washington State) Read the entire page →
From page 61... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 61 Literature Review Observations The articles reviewed include references to the Executive Order 12898, U.S. DOT Order (5610.2) , the FHWA Order (6640.23) Read the entire page →
From page 62... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 62 References to other sections in the NEPA document can be cited, as appropriate. The beneficial and adverse effects on the overall population and on minority and low‐income populations, in particular, need to be addressed under the applicable topics (e.g., air, noise, water pollution, hazardous waste, aesthetic values, community cohesion, economic vitality, employment effects, displacement of persons or businesses, farms, accessibility, traffic congestion, relocation impacts, safety, and construction/temporary impacts) . o Compare the impacts on the minority and/or low‐income populations with respect to the impacts on the overall population within the project area. Fair distribution of the beneficial and adverse effects of the proposed action is the desired outcome. o Under NEPA, consideration must be given to mitigation (as defined in 40 CFR 1508.20) Read the entire page →
From page 63... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 63 3.1.3.9 Post‐Implementation Monitoring The Guidebook and Toolbox describe the merits of periodic monitoring of the effect of toll implementation and the importance of assessing the impacts of rate changes directly and indirectly upon users, including their equity effects. The post‐implementation monitoring is warranted to review to what extent anticipated or modeled effects were borne out after the fact. Potential data sources, survey and analytical methods, tools, and performance measures to carry out an empirical assessment are presented. To improve the state‐of‐the‐practice, such monitoring should probably be understood as a commitment and condition of implementation of toll pricing solutions. Literature Review Observations Prior policy research studies have found that there was a limited amount of literature focusing on the before‐after valuation of the environmental impacts of congestion pricing projects. In its report to the FHWA, Burt et al. (2010) also noted that authors of a 2008 FHWA evaluation of the Value Pricing Pilot Program drew similar conclusions (K.T. Analytics, 2008) Read the entire page →
From page 64... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 64 center. Moreover, there is little variation by income level when polling is conducted (e.g., 60–80 percent range) . All income groups would appear to value the "insurance" of a reliable trip time when they absolutely need it (FHWA, 2008) Read the entire page →
From page 65... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 65 3.2 Summary of Planning and Environmental Document Review During Task 1, the Research Team began to identify, collect, and systematically review regional or network level and project level documents, prepared on behalf of transportation agency sponsors, for their treatment of EJ considerations in the implementation of toll projects and rate changes. Paralleling the literature review, the content review approach described here seeks to characterize the state‐of‐ the‐practice in identifying and addressing EJ on a range of tolling‐related projects. The documents compiled and reviewed include managed lanes system plans, regional level tolling studies, environmental studies (e.g., environmental assessments, environmental impact statements, technical or discipline studies, categorical exclusions, findings of no significant impacts (FONSIs) , and national evaluation progress reports to monitor commitments and changes effectuated through toll implementation. These documents have been prepared by and on behalf of several sponsors, including U.S. DOT, State DOT, Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) Read the entire page →
From page 66... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 66 Table 5. Content Review Assessment of Technical Reports Document Title / Project Name / Region Project Sponsor T e c h n i c a l S t u d y E n v i r o n m e n t a l A s s e s s m e n t E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t S t a t e m e n t N a t i o n a l E v a l u a t i o n R e p o r t R e g i o n a l P l a n & T o l l N e t w o r k A n a l y s i s T o l l F a c i l i t y & T o l l i n g C o n t e x t P r i c i n g A r r a n g e m e n t s T r a n s p o n d e r D i s c u s s i o n I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f A f f e c t e d P o p u l a t i o n s T h r e s h o l d C r i t e r i a & B o u n d a r i e s P u b l i c I n v o l v e m e n t R e f e r e n c e d S u r v e y s , F o c u s G r o u p s , a n d I n t e r v i e w s Washington State DOT, 2009. Environmental Justice Discipline Report. SR 520: I‐5 to Medina Bridge Replacement and HOV Project Supplemental Draft EIS. King County, Central Puget Sound Region, WA Washington State DOT X X •SR 520 Bridge •New Toll •All Electronic Variable Pricing: Time of Day •Pay with transponder connected to a Good To Go! Read the entire page →
From page 67... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 67 Document Title / Project Name / Region Project Sponsor T e c h n i c a l S t u d y E n v i r o n m e n t a l A s s e s s m e n t E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t S t a t e m e n t N a t i o n a l E v a l u a t i o n R e p o r t R e g i o n a l P l a n & T o l l N e t w o r k A n a l y s i s T o l l F a c i l i t y & T o l l i n g C o n t e x t P r i c i n g A r r a n g e m e n t s T r a n s p o n d e r D i s c u s s i o n I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f A f f e c t e d P o p u l a t i o n s T h r e s h o l d C r i t e r i a & B o u n d a r i e s P u b l i c I n v o l v e m e n t R e f e r e n c e d S u r v e y s , F o c u s G r o u p s , a n d I n t e r v i e w s HDR Engineering, October 2013, MTC Regional Express Lanes Interstate 680 Corridor: Environmental Justice Technical Memorandum Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) , Oakland, CA X First phase of regional network, converting 24.4 miles of existing HOV lanes to express lanes (includes 3 bridge approaches and I‐ 680 and I‐880) Read the entire page →
From page 68... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 68 Document Title / Project Name / Region Project Sponsor T e c h n i c a l S t u d y E n v i r o n m e n t a l A s s e s s m e n t E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t S t a t e m e n t N a t i o n a l E v a l u a t i o n R e p o r t R e g i o n a l P l a n & T o l l N e t w o r k A n a l y s i s T o l l F a c i l i t y & T o l l i n g C o n t e x t P r i c i n g A r r a n g e m e n t s T r a n s p o n d e r D i s c u s s i o n I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f A f f e c t e d P o p u l a t i o n s T h r e s h o l d C r i t e r i a & B o u n d a r i e s P u b l i c I n v o l v e m e n t R e f e r e n c e d S u r v e y s , F o c u s G r o u p s , a n d I n t e r v i e w s California DOT, July 2012, Community Impact Assessment: State Route 85 Express Lanes Project, Santa Clara County, CA California DOT & Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority X Conversion of existing HOV lanes to Express Toll Lanes for SOV (no toll for HOV/Transit) Dynamic pricing to maintain free‐flow Electronic transponder Minority and low‐income (HHS poverty) Read the entire page →
From page 69... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 69 Document Title / Project Name / Region Project Sponsor T e c h n i c a l S t u d y E n v i r o n m e n t a l A s s e s s m e n t E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t S t a t e m e n t N a t i o n a l E v a l u a t i o n R e p o r t R e g i o n a l P l a n & T o l l N e t w o r k A n a l y s i s T o l l F a c i l i t y & T o l l i n g C o n t e x t P r i c i n g A r r a n g e m e n t s T r a n s p o n d e r D i s c u s s i o n I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f A f f e c t e d P o p u l a t i o n s T h r e s h o l d C r i t e r i a & B o u n d a r i e s P u b l i c I n v o l v e m e n t R e f e r e n c e d S u r v e y s , F o c u s G r o u p s , a n d I n t e r v i e w s Texas DOT, June 2014, SH 45SW Environmental Study, Appendix F: CAMPO Regional Toll Analysis (2013) and Central Texas Regional Mobility Authority Toll Policy. Central Texas Regional Mobility Authority, Texas DOT, and Capital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization. X A network of existing and planned tolled facilities. Planned facilities will have managed lanes. The change includes the addition of highway projects and managed lanes. Existing TxDOT and CTRMA facilities pricing is dynamic and varies by road, vehicle type, and time of day. The pricing scheme for the planned managed lanes is not described in detail. Transponder cards and pay by mail Low‐income and minority populations. No No Texas DOT, April 2013, Appendix E: Project Level Toll Analysis and Effects on Environmental Justice Populations FHWA, TxDOT, Alamo Regional Mobility Authority. X The change includes improvements to US 281 between Loop 1604 and the Bexar County Lane, and three alternatives: managed lanes (Toll and HOV) Read the entire page →
From page 70... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 70 Document Title / Project Name / Region Project Sponsor T e c h n i c a l S t u d y E n v i r o n m e n t a l A s s e s s m e n t E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t S t a t e m e n t N a t i o n a l E v a l u a t i o n R e p o r t R e g i o n a l P l a n & T o l l N e t w o r k A n a l y s i s T o l l F a c i l i t y & T o l l i n g C o n t e x t P r i c i n g A r r a n g e m e n t s T r a n s p o n d e r D i s c u s s i o n I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f A f f e c t e d P o p u l a t i o n s T h r e s h o l d C r i t e r i a & B o u n d a r i e s P u b l i c I n v o l v e m e n t R e f e r e n c e d S u r v e y s , F o c u s G r o u p s , a n d I n t e r v i e w s North Central Texas Council, June 2013, Regional Tolling Analysis for the Dallas‐ Ft. Worth Metropolitan Planning Area Based on Mobility 2035 – Plan Update MPO X X Regional network of planned toll/managed roadways Combination of dynamic, fixed and peak period tolling Transponders/tags and video based tolling Low‐income and minority. The MPO boundary was used to define the study area. 2000 census data on poverty, diversity and density was used. Data was assigned to TSZ units and each TSZ was classified for EJ status No No Alamo Area MPO, December 2011, Appendix F: San Antonio – Bexar County MPO (now referred to as the Alamo Area MPO) Regional Toll Analysis MPO X X Not project specific; series of potential managed lanes and tolls Tolls based on number of axles Not specified Low‐income, minority, disabled and limited English proficiency populations within the San Antonio‐Bexar County MPO. 2000 Census data was used to select TAZs with greater than 50% minority and low‐income populations Not for this report No Florida DOT, July 2013, St. Johns River Crossing Project Development and Environmental Study: Environmental Discipline Report. Florida DOT X New limited access highway and bridge over the St. Johns River will toll facility Single price Electronic transponder Minority and low‐income populations were identified using 2010 ACS census data. Census blocks and tracts were selected by their location within a 1,500 foot buffer from the proposed alignment Yes Yes Georgia DOT, March 2013, Technical Memorandum: Evaluation of Tolling Effects on Low‐Income Populations: I‐75 Express Lanes Project, I‐75 Express Lanes, Atlanta Metropolitan Region, GA Georgia DOT X X •New Toll Facility •All‐Electronic •Variable Pricing of HOT Lanes Variable Pricing of HOT Lanes No •Focus on Low‐Income Populations. No discussion of minority populations. •Use of MPO (ARC) Read the entire page →
From page 71... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 71 Document Title / Project Name / Region Project Sponsor T e c h n i c a l S t u d y E n v i r o n m e n t a l A s s e s s m e n t E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t S t a t e m e n t N a t i o n a l E v a l u a t i o n R e p o r t R e g i o n a l P l a n & T o l l N e t w o r k A n a l y s i s T o l l F a c i l i t y & T o l l i n g C o n t e x t P r i c i n g A r r a n g e m e n t s T r a n s p o n d e r D i s c u s s i o n I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f A f f e c t e d P o p u l a t i o n s T h r e s h o l d C r i t e r i a & B o u n d a r i e s P u b l i c I n v o l v e m e n t R e f e r e n c e d S u r v e y s , F o c u s G r o u p s , a n d I n t e r v i e w s Georgia DOT, January 2010, Atlanta Regional Managed Lane System Plan, Technical Memorandum 9: Social Equity and Environmental Effects Evaluation Georgia DOT X Analysis of existing toll network. HOT/Managed Lanes Dynamic Pricing Electronic Transponders Low‐income, minority, disabled and limited English proficiency. 2000 US Census data for block groups adjacent to the highway/toll network were used. No No North Carolina DOT, May 2013, I‐77 High Occupancy/Toll (HOT) Lanes From I‐277 (Brookshire Freeway) Read the entire page →
From page 72... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 72 Document Title / Project Name / Region Project Sponsor T e c h n i c a l S t u d y E n v i r o n m e n t a l A s s e s s m e n t E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t S t a t e m e n t N a t i o n a l E v a l u a t i o n R e p o r t R e g i o n a l P l a n & T o l l N e t w o r k A n a l y s i s T o l l F a c i l i t y & T o l l i n g C o n t e x t P r i c i n g A r r a n g e m e n t s T r a n s p o n d e r D i s c u s s i o n I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f A f f e c t e d P o p u l a t i o n s T h r e s h o l d C r i t e r i a & B o u n d a r i e s P u b l i c I n v o l v e m e n t R e f e r e n c e d S u r v e y s , F o c u s G r o u p s , a n d I n t e r v i e w s Maryland DOT, November 2004, Intercounty Connector Socioeconomic and Land Use Technical Report Maryland DOT X New limited access highway connecting I‐270 and I‐95 in suburban MD outside Washington DC. Variable tolls based on time of day or congestion, TBD Not defined Minority, low‐income populations identified at the census tract level using 2000 census data. Additional demographic and income data from school enrollment, low‐income housing and county social services was also used. Yes Yes Maryland DOT, May 2004, Environmental Assessment Section 100: I‐95, I‐895(N) Split to North of MD 43 Maryland DOT X 4 new managed lanes (2 in each direction) Read the entire page →
From page 73... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 73 Table 6. Content Review Assessment of Technical Reports D o c u m e n t T i t l e / P r o j e c t N a m e / R e g i o n P r o j e c t S p o n s o r D a t a S o u r c e s , A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s & R e g i o n a l T r a v e l ‐ R e l a t e d M e a s u r e s & M e t r i c s T r a f f i c D i v e r s i o n R e f e r e n c e d E v a l u a t i o n o f E J I m p a c t s R e v e n u e R e c y c l i n g , O t h e r M i t i g a t i o n , & C o m m i t m e n t s A s s e s s m e n t Washington State DOT, 2009. Environmental Justice Discipline Report. SR 520: I‐5 to Medina Bridge Replacement and HOV Project Supplemental Draft EIS. King County, Central Puget Sound Region, WA Washington State DOT A variety of other project documents were used to map potential impacts (examples include air quality, ecosystems, construction activities, etc.) . This information was overlaid with the EJ census blocks to determine impact areas. This allowed for a comparison of impacts among different groups. Read the entire page →
From page 74... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 74 D o c u m e n t T i t l e / P r o j e c t N a m e / R e g i o n P r o j e c t S p o n s o r D a t a S o u r c e s , A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s & R e g i o n a l T r a v e l ‐ R e l a t e d M e a s u r e s & M e t r i c s T r a f f i c D i v e r s i o n R e f e r e n c e d E v a l u a t i o n o f E J I m p a c t s R e v e n u e R e c y c l i n g , O t h e r M i t i g a t i o n , & C o m m i t m e n t s A s s e s s m e n t HDR Engineering, October 2013, MTC Regional Express Lanes Interstate 680 Corridor: Environmental Justice Technical Memorandum Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) , Oakland, CA Data Sources: MTC's regional travel demand model (Travel Model one) Read the entire page →
From page 75... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 75 D o c u m e n t T i t l e / P r o j e c t N a m e / R e g i o n P r o j e c t S p o n s o r D a t a S o u r c e s , A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s & R e g i o n a l T r a v e l ‐ R e l a t e d M e a s u r e s & M e t r i c s T r a f f i c D i v e r s i o n R e f e r e n c e d E v a l u a t i o n o f E J I m p a c t s R e v e n u e R e c y c l i n g , O t h e r M i t i g a t i o n , & C o m m i t m e n t s A s s e s s m e n t California DOT, The Interstate 10 (San Bernardino Freeway/El Monte Busway) High Occupancy Toll Lanes Project California DOT Census data and the defined poverty level of 2009 were the primary data sources. More geographic refinement was present with only tracts and block groups within the study area (1/4 mile from the corridor) Read the entire page →
From page 76... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 76 D o c u m e n t T i t l e / P r o j e c t N a m e / R e g i o n P r o j e c t S p o n s o r D a t a S o u r c e s , A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s & R e g i o n a l T r a v e l ‐ R e l a t e d M e a s u r e s & M e t r i c s T r a f f i c D i v e r s i o n R e f e r e n c e d E v a l u a t i o n o f E J I m p a c t s R e v e n u e R e c y c l i n g , O t h e r M i t i g a t i o n , & C o m m i t m e n t s A s s e s s m e n t Texas DOT, June 2014, SH 45SW Environmental Study, Appendix F: CAMPO Regional Toll Analysis (2013) and Central Texas Regional Mobility Authority Toll Policy Central Texas Regional Mobility Authority, Texas DOT, and Capital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization. Read the entire page →
From page 77... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 77 D o c u m e n t T i t l e / P r o j e c t N a m e / R e g i o n P r o j e c t S p o n s o r D a t a S o u r c e s , A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s & R e g i o n a l T r a v e l ‐ R e l a t e d M e a s u r e s & M e t r i c s T r a f f i c D i v e r s i o n R e f e r e n c e d E v a l u a t i o n o f E J I m p a c t s R e v e n u e R e c y c l i n g , O t h e r M i t i g a t i o n , & C o m m i t m e n t s A s s e s s m e n t North Central Texas Council, June 2013, Regional Tolling Analysis for the Dallas‐ Ft. Worth Metropolitan Planning Area Based on Mobility 2035 – Plan Update MPO Census data was used to identify four TSZ categories: low‐ income, minority alone, low‐income & minority and non‐EJ. Accessibility and Mobility performance measures were evaluated to assess EJ and non‐EJ areas. No It was determined that the recommended transportation projects included in Mobility 2035‐2013 Update do not have a highly adverse impact on protected populations. Read the entire page →
From page 78... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 78 D o c u m e n t T i t l e / P r o j e c t N a m e / R e g i o n P r o j e c t S p o n s o r D a t a S o u r c e s , A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s & R e g i o n a l T r a v e l ‐ R e l a t e d M e a s u r e s & M e t r i c s T r a f f i c D i v e r s i o n R e f e r e n c e d E v a l u a t i o n o f E J I m p a c t s R e v e n u e R e c y c l i n g , O t h e r M i t i g a t i o n , & C o m m i t m e n t s A s s e s s m e n t Georgia DOT, March 2013, Technical Memorandum: Evaluation of Tolling Effects on Low‐Income Populations: I‐75 Express Lanes Project, I‐75 Express Lanes, Atlanta Metropolitan Region, GA Georgia DOT •ARC's Travel Demand Model ‐ Select Link Analysis; Trips household is likely to make over the course of a typical weekday; •Relationship between various HH income variables and express lane trip‐related variables using statistical significance, mapping, and/or regression analysis. •Key Metric: Express lane trips per TAZ. •Usage rates from low‐income areas were not statistically different than usage rates from high‐income areas. Read the entire page →
From page 79... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 79 D o c u m e n t T i t l e / P r o j e c t N a m e / R e g i o n P r o j e c t S p o n s o r D a t a S o u r c e s , A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s & R e g i o n a l T r a v e l ‐ R e l a t e d M e a s u r e s & M e t r i c s T r a f f i c D i v e r s i o n R e f e r e n c e d E v a l u a t i o n o f E J I m p a c t s R e v e n u e R e c y c l i n g , O t h e r M i t i g a t i o n , & C o m m i t m e n t s A s s e s s m e n t VDOT, December 2013, Interstate 64 Peninsula Study: Socioeconomic / Land Use Technical Memorandum. Virginia DOT No other methods presented other than those to identify populations. Read the entire page →
From page 80... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 80 D o c u m e n t T i t l e / P r o j e c t N a m e / R e g i o n P r o j e c t S p o n s o r D a t a S o u r c e s , A n a l y t i c a l M e t h o d s & R e g i o n a l T r a v e l ‐ R e l a t e d M e a s u r e s & M e t r i c s T r a f f i c D i v e r s i o n R e f e r e n c e d E v a l u a t i o n o f E J I m p a c t s R e v e n u e R e c y c l i n g , O t h e r M i t i g a t i o n , & C o m m i t m e n t s A s s e s s m e n t Rhode Island DOT, January 2013, Sakonnet River Bridge: Rehabilitation or Replacement Rhode Island DOT & FHWA 2010 Census, 2011 ACS 5 year. A travel demand model was created for 2030 conditions taking into account the new toll. The model provided estimates for total trips, VMT, and VHT. The details of the model used or the variables identified are not included in the report. The study only looked at municipalities as origins and destinations and determined that the only two municipalities with a higher proportion of EJ populations were not impacted by the tolling project. No The finding was that EJ populations did not incur disproportionate impacts. No The report lacked a thorough approach and hard data. In the EJ section, there were no comparisons made to other studies looking at similar roadway specific tolling projects. EJ populations were only analyzed at the city level (while demographics at the census tract level were included in an appendix they were not discussed in the analysis) Read the entire page →
From page 81... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 81 3.2.1 Geographic Distribution The 24 selected documents included in this initial scan of the practice came from a broad range of places across the country, reflecting initiatives in many regions of the country, including: the West (California and Washington) , Southwest (Texas) Read the entire page →
From page 82... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 82 used by the Census Bureau as defined by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Data from either the decennial census or the American Community Survey was used, depending on data availability.  While minority and low‐income populations, in accordance with the DOT and FHWA Orders, are the focus of demographic discussions as part of the community identification process, some studies also sought to identify other disadvantaged populations. Other disadvantaged populations included persons with limited English proficiency, Foreign‐Born populations, and person with disabilities reported by the U.S. Census. Other data sources were occasionally referenced – for example, low‐ and moderate‐income housing developments, drawing upon local housing agency data, or data maintained by social service providers (e.g., special needs, employment) or educational institutions (e.g., free and reduced price lunches) Read the entire page →
From page 83... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 83 travel patterns of all Bay Area residents on a typical weekday and to estimate the traffic flow on every major roadway in the region.  The selection of geographic units of analysis varies widely among the reviewed technical studies, ranging from high level county or MSA statistics used for EJ community identification to very granular at the census block level. Some studies elect to employ travel analysis zones used for travel demand modeling by the MPO. The geographic unit selection also has an impact on the study area definition. Some studies elect to include census geographic units that intersect a buffered area of the corridor. Others use only those units that are mostly or entirely within the buffered area.  Most studies identified the thresholds that were used to determine what constituted an "EJ community" or community of concern. There is no uniform method for establishing the census geography or criteria for making this threshold determination. In several cases, the criteria used to identify small area census geography (e.g., census blocks, block groups, or tracts) Read the entire page →
From page 84... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 84 3.2.6 Surveys, Focus Groups, and Interviews Implementation of surveys, focus groups, and interviews also spanned a broad spectrum. On occasion, informal or convenience surveys were administered during public involvement events to solicit input and feedback. Often these reports indicated that participants were provided comment cards to offer feedback. In a few of the report documents that were reviewed, there were discussions of some targeted efforts to provide information and solicit feedback from EJ communities. Staffing tables at supermarkets in EJ communities or targeted interviews with EJ community leaders or members were undertaken to solicit feedback directly from impacted communities. Some report documents highlighted the creation of small focus groups of stakeholders, community members, or other key parties to provide insight on the potential impacts of the proposed tolling facilities/projects. A few report documents also indicated that interviews were conducted. 3.2.7 Data Sources, Analytical Methods, and Regional Travel‐Related Measures and Metrics The data sources, analytical methods, and regional travel‐related measures and metrics covered by the report documents reviewed by the Research Team varied broadly. As the focus of each report document is unique for its community and project type, the data sources and analysis methods are quite specific in each instance.  Several reports lacked analytical rigor in making their assessment of EJ impacts, doing little more than identifying and mapping the location of low‐income and minority populations. The data sources and methods presented for these reports is generally census information overlaid with project boundaries and defining thresholds for poverty and minority status determination. These reports did not include much travel‐related information.  Those report documents that had not identified pricing and other toll implementation attributes in particular did not include information on travel‐related measures perhaps due to a lack of information at an early stage in the planning effort, or perhaps because adverse effects have been categorically dismissed as an issue through reference to other studies (particularly on "partial pricing" or managed lane) corridors.  Some reports did make reference to the use of the MPO's travel demand models, which were used to model trips, mode choice, and route assignment. There is very little information contained in the reviewed EJ section or discipline reports explaining how the models may have been refined, if at all, to assess the travel‐related impacts to EJ communities.  While not an explicit modeling example, the Metro ExpressLanes Project: Draft Final Low‐Income Assessment was among the more unique of the report documents examined, by incorporating data from the region's MPO on income distribution of HOV lane users to map origins and destinations of EJ communities. Some documents – for example, Texas, Louisville‐Kentucky Ohio River Bridges and Washington State – examined the user costs, or financial burden presented by tolling on low‐income commuting households, but this was not a typical reported metric of many planning and environmental studies, although it perhaps should be.  Beyond assessing travel user impact effects, some of the EJ reports were more comprehensive or thorough than others in assessing and mapping the social, economic and natural environmental effects of the project corridor's physical improvements or changes. Thus, some of the reports assessed the full range of environmental topics (e.g., land displacement, air quality, noise) Read the entire page →
From page 85... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 85 a report that used impact information to gauge impacts in EJ communities. This report also used low‐income housing development data, in addition to census data, to identify specific neighborhoods that could be impacted.  Although many EJ evaluations were not comprehensive, a few planning and project level technical reports of EJ analysis did appear to do a complete or comprehensive EJ analysis in that it was very clear how the technical analyses and evaluation of the performance measures led to the final evaluation of EJ impacts. Several of these projects benefited from the fact that the proposed project was adding so much additional capacity via HOT lanes and/or transit improvements that in the future, both the tolled and non‐tolled lanes offered better service than the no build condition (Texas regional or project level analyses) .  The EJ analysis within the Washington State DOT Environmental Justice Discipline Report for SR 520 (2009) Read the entire page →
From page 86... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 86  Little attention was given to the household financial burden of a traveler based upon the proportion of income spent in travel.  Several EJ analyses appeared to share a deficiency in that they provided only limited specificity as to toll schedules (i.e., pricing levels) and toll account management policies and features (e.g., deposit, purchase, monthly fee, minimum balance, replenishment options) Read the entire page →
From page 87... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 87 3.3 State‐of‐Practice Interviews: Perceived Gaps and Needs for Guidance The Research Team conducted interviews with agencies and practitioners from state DOTs, MPOs, tolling agencies, consulting organizations, advocacy‐based organizations and academic researchers to supplement the literature review and the content review assessments. The interviews were intended to probe the practitioners' perspectives garnered from prior work related to EJ and tolling as well as to identify the primary needs and tools for inclusion within a guidebook and toolbox. The screening questions, interview guides and protocols are consolidated in Appendix C. Key observations that emerged from the interviews illuminated perceived gaps and concerns from practitioners and toll facility administrators, professionals, and academics. The section below briefly paraphrases the concerns that were voiced in the interview process, and organizes them by theme. Five major themes were consistently identified during this stage and are described below. Theme #1 – More Federal Guidance Theme #2 – Continuing Challenges with Inclusive Public Outreach Theme #3 – Need for Modeling and Analysis Tools that Can Address EJ and Equity Theme #4 – Convey How Pricing Can Support More Equitable Transportation Systems Theme #5 – Maintain Database of Examples for Analysis and Mitigation 3.3.1 Theme #1: More Federal Guidance  Need for Development of a Standard. There is a need for a standardized process to determine the economic impact, also known as financial burden impacts, of tolling projects on low‐income populations.  Additional Guidance from FHWA. While not a newly expressed concern, several interviewees would find it helpful if EJ thresholds were set from a Federal level in terms of the identification of low‐income and minority populations.  Consistent Application of Federal Guidance Criteria. Interviewees expressed concern that Federal oversight was inconsistently applied on the scope or level of effort needed as well as the rationale applied to EJ determinations. Read the entire page →
From page 88... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 88 at income, car ownership or something else? Once it is determined what to look at, how does an agency make a determination of what is disproportionate? Read the entire page →
From page 89... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 89 3.3.4 Theme #4: Convey How Pricing Can Support More Equitable Transportation Systems  Faith in Differential Pricing. Differential pricing based on distance of travel, time of day, and ability to pay is a simple and straightforward way of applying tolls more fairly.  Greater Emphasis on the Transportation System as a Whole. Equity is not just looking at how a single roadway affects a low‐income community. Mitigation could be more comprehensive. Agencies in some states, such as MnDOT, use revenue sharing with transit, enhanced transit service, free service for carpoolers, and no tolls in off‐peak hours. Read the entire page →
From page 90... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 90 3.4 Summary of Travel Behavior and Attitudes Survey Analysis The Research Team reviewed the content of travel‐related surveys conducted to assess attitudes and measure travel behavior effects of tolling facilities and managed lanes (see Appendix D) . In particular, the content review examined whether surveys were designed and analyzed to consider how attitudes and behavior may differ by user groups and how findings were reported in publicly available reports, particularly the needs, concerns and impacts to low‐income and minority populations. The content review performed here is intended to expand on earlier publications that have collected evidence from multiple surveys about how tolling impacts equity considerations (e.g., income, modal, geographic) Read the entire page →
From page 91... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 91 14. Survey findings reported by income: This section reproduces content in the project reports that describes the survey findings for different income groups. Read the entire page →
From page 92... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 92 Brief Summary. The content review of travel surveys documents how toll plans and pricing initiatives have been viewed by its potential users. The surveys seek to capture the attitudes of respondents about the fairness of toll projects and/or solicit the respondents' view of the presumed or actual travel behavior effects of the toll plan or pricing options. Table 1 (see Appendix D) presents a summary of key findings from the individual toll‐related travel surveys and explores the topics of transponder usage, opinions or attitudes toward tolling, and actual or predicted use of toll facilities. The compiled toll‐related travel surveys are intended to be a resource for comparing the reported similarities and differences by income and race factors on several topics. Toward the objective of advancing the use of surveys for pre‐and/or post‐implementation monitoring of travel behavior in support of comprehensive and thorough EJ assessments, the table reveals disappointing gaps in the current practice in the consistent reporting of race and income patterns in comparison to the general populations or non‐EJ populations. To support the practice of environmental justice assessments, toll survey sampling plans must be sufficiently robust to capture the views of low‐income and minority segments, the analysis plan and report findings must be designed to comprehensively assess how the benefits and burdens of these initiatives may be perceived and borne by low‐income and minority populations in comparison to the broader general population (i.e., the non‐EJ populations) Read the entire page →
From page 93... ... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate ChangesPage Page 93 during environmental review approval phases for specific project regions or corridors, or as a condition for making grant commitments.  Making a commitment to preparing sampling plans that seek greater representation of low‐ income and minority populations could be advanced in several ways. For example, the license plate mail in and back method should directly target surveys to addresses within low‐income and minority census blocks. Greater attention to surnames in random digit dialing phone lists would increase Hispanic household participation. The online survey method could send links to companies within industries whose workers typically are working class or low‐income and to businesses and companies with many minority employees. Both the license plate mail in and back and online survey method should allow adequate time for participants to complete the survey to ensure sample size. The in‐person intercept survey method should place interviewers in strategic locations in low‐income and minority communities, for example, at shopping locations that accept Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT) cards. Read the entire page →

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... NCHRP 08‐100: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes Page 6 3.0 Research Results 3.1 Summary of Literature Review During Task 1, the Research Team conducted a multi‐pronged literature review, examining the existing academic literature, policy reports, project specific documents, resource guides, case studies, and effective practices on issues relevant to consideration of equity and environmental justice on toll implementation and rate change studies. The review of existing literature and ongoing research has further informed the Research Team's understanding of the current state‐of‐the‐practice, allowed the research ream to further identify resources and tools for reference purposes (e.g., bibliography and literature review) , and provided opportunities to inventory approaches and tools for possible further research as part of the interview plan (Task 4)