Open Science by Design Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research (2018) / Chapter Skim
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5 Transitioning to Open Science by Design
5 Transitioning to Open Science by Design
Pages 121-148
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From page 121... ...
principles, and other research products also available. Additional funding, mandates, and community initiatives can be deployed to push towards open science, but careful planning of stakeholder buy-in will be needed to avoid unintended negative consequences and disruptions.
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From page 122... ...
While some subscription publishers have begun to offer researchers some forms of access for text and data mining and other productive reuses, their terms of access usually impose some restrictions on reuse. Another important aspect of the transition to open science relates to the availability of data, code, and other research products under FAIR principles.
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From page 123... ...
Copyright Copyright law is the most salient form of intellectual property for this report because it applies automatically to most informational outputs of scientific research, including journal articles, less formal research reports, the organization of datasets, and software. In the United States, federal copyright protection has been granted automatically since 1978, and the requirement that publications carry a copyright notice to maintain protection stopped in 1989.
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From page 124... ...
Sui Generis Database Rights -- Europe and South Korea In the EU, certain candidate countries in Eastern Europe, and South Korea, research data may also be subject to a special database right. As frustrating as this may be to a globalized research community, this right could apply to a substantial amount of computerized data downloaded in Europe or South Korea, but not elsewhere.
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Types of Licenses Rights of use can be shared or granted by several types of licenses. The broadest is the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)
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Copyright protection can also be permanently removed in most parts of the world if the owner of the rights publicly states the intention to relinquish the rights. Creative Commons provides a tool called CC0 (CC Zero)
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Unlike CC0, the six licenses, including Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) , Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)
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to set up a working group that would coordinate federal science agency research and policies related to the dissemination and long-term stewardship of the results of unclassified research. The material covered includes digital data and peer-reviewed scholarly publications, supported wholly or in part by funding from U.S.
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with proper tagging of metadata, (2) published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Generic License (CC-BY 4.0)
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Some publishers (e.g., BioMed Central, F1000, PeerJ) have membership programs through which institutions pay part of all of the APCs for affiliated authors, some institutions provide discretionary funds for author APCs, and some funders also cover fees for publishing in OA journals.
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From page 131... ...
Paying for Open Science Open publication is a complicated mélange of traditional subscription journals, green and gold open access journals, hybrid models, archiving services, and others. In discussing open publishing, we must consider not only relevant costs, sources of funds, policies, and appropriate business models for open publishing, but also how to transition from the current mixed closed-open environment to a model that fully supports open publications.
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From page 132... ...
As long as universities and funders rely heavily on the signals provided by journals with the highest JIFs, which overwhelmingly tend to be subscription-based, those journals will continue to dominate high-quality submissions, and their publishers will continue to have considerable leverage in negotiating access agreements with research libraries. TABLE 5-2 Costs to the Research Community in Subscription-Based and Open Access Scholarly Communication Systems Basis of the system Cost Types Subscriptions-based • Subscriptions to journals • Subscriptions to regularly published conference proceedings • Library handling costs, e.g., managing subscriptions, negotiating purchasing packages, etc.
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The current system of prepublication peer review has challenges, such as lack of transparency, bias, and exclusivity, that open peer review actually has the potential to improve. Although the scientific community has a long tradition of peer review of journal articles, there is no culture for peer review of other digital research objects, such as metadata for experimental datasets.
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New services and capabilities enabled by open science will require additional resources. The costs of other services associated with open science dissemination, particularly those related to data and the associated software code, may not be covered under current business models.
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Embargo periods work against these principles. Even short embargo periods mean that results are available only to paying subscribers, not to the public, nor to researchers outside a specialty field, nor to search engines, nor to companies, artificially inhibiting progress in an era when scientific progress is accelerating and can in principle be made available immediately.
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As discussed above, research funders increasingly recognize that communication of the result is integral to the research process. Without communication, funder investment in research is of no value.
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The economic issues around data are very different from those around publishing, largely because there is already a mature publishing industry with established funding sources and business models in play that evolved over centuries, whereas data services are not well developed nor funded in many fields. Most data in repositories today are not available under FAIR principles, and the complexities of realizing this will entail significant costs.
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From page 138... ...
, completely new funding sources, business models, and even businesses will be needed to support not only storage, discovery, access, and delivery of data, but also new solutions that could entail curation, replication tools and services, and the like. The premise of open science by design is that scholarly articles and associated datasets should be open and available for others without paywall barriers, and that the agencies and universities that support and perform this research should consider the cost and curation of these results to be part of the cost of performing research.
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. In addition, commercial publishers are acquiring important pieces of the scholarly communications infrastructure, such as preprint servers and institutional repositories, and expanding data archiving and analytics services associated with their journals (Posada and Chen, 2017; Schonfeld, 2017)
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Researchers would be encouraged to use available tools, such as author addenda, to retain rights to research outputs. The University of California's University Committee on Library and Scholarly Communication issued a Declaration of Rights and Principles to Transform Scholarly Communication, which is one example of a supportive institutional approach (UCOLASC, 2018)
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Possible Long-Term Actions Depending upon the degree of progress made in taking some of the shortterm actions outlined above, a more significant set of steps might be explored by stakeholders. Such an approach might combine more far-reaching mandates and other coordinated policy changes, a defined transition period, and a "burst" of funding to cover costs associated with the transition, including those associated with both transitioning to open publishing (e.g., with a temporary hybrid period)
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; and (3) discretionary waiving of APC costs -- there is a need to account for authors without support whose papers merit publication in important journals with an APC-based open science business models.
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Develop Concepts for Transitional Funding As discussed above, there is currently significant debate over the desired future state of scholarly communication, with some assuming that the future will be dominated by open access and hybrid journals that charge APCs, and others resistant to a future where APCs are the primary mechanism for financing scholarly communication. Whichever approach is ultimately pursued, a burst of transitional funding might be provided to support researchers and institutions that lack the resources necessary to cover APCs or other costs, to support societies that rely on subscription income from their journals to support general society functions, and to launch a new scholarly communications infrastructure that does not rely on APCs.
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. Cover New Service Costs While traditional funding sources can help support publishing in an open science model, additional costs will be needed for new services, particularly those of data storage and analysis.
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But for the majority of research projects, across virtually all fields, the practice of data stewardship is not supported, and significant funds to cover additional data services, both disciplinary and interdisciplinary, will be needed. For new areas required to support open science, the three main funding sources -- government agencies (e.g., NSF, NIH)
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, libraries, and universities to examine principles and business models around open science, focusing on models for open access publishing and paths to transition from the current system to one that supports broad open access publishing. These meetings culminated in the outlines of a voluntary open science model called the enabling environment.
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With these assumptions, the market could enable publishers to switch to APC business models, provided the way that the funders support the publication charges of their scholars successfully establishes a functioning market be tween publishers and authors. Access by scholars to APC support could be regulated by just two requirements: • Co-payment: The author can claim most but not necessarily all of the cost of the article charge from the funder's central publication fund; the rest -- the co-payment -- is expected to come from other research monies available to the author that could be spent in other ways.
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