U.S.-Iran Discussion on Environmental Trends Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief (2018) / Chapter Skim
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U.S.-Iran Discussion on Environmental Trends: Proceedings of a Workshop - in Brief
U.S.-Iran Discussion on Environmental Trends: Proceedings of a Workshop - in Brief
Pages 1-11
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THE WATER, ENERGY, CLIMATE, AND FOOD NEXUS Michael Clegg, Professor Emeritus of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Irvine, discussed, The Water, Energy, Climate Nexus and Food Security in the Americas. Clegg contextualized the water, energy, climate, and food nexus by presenting the United Nations' projection of a 9.8 billion global population by 2050, almost a 30 percent increase from the 7.6 billion population in 2017 (Nexus is defined herein as the conglomeration of overlapping environmental stresses from human activities undertaken to improve economic and social conditions)
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He concluded by summarizing key vulnerabilities of the food-related nexus, identifying key information required to properly respond to impending challenges, and emphasizing the importance of cooperative policy and international response. Figure 2 addresses impacts of agriculture.
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Particularly, he identified reliance on soil organic carbon as a strong approach to sequester atmospheric carbon, mitigate growing climate change, and increase soil productivity for food. He further explained how the use of pesticides in agriculture can negatively impact the environment, particularly through bioaccumulation.
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Hamid Reza Khalesifard, Professor of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, discussed Dust Activities over the Iran Plateau. He began by introducing the group to the Northern Hemisphere "dust belt." The dust belt runs from Northwest Africa through Iran to East Asia.
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Much of the ensuing discussion focused on specific data issues and definitions B5: and on the impact of dust storms on health. WATER ISSUES Farid Moore, Professor of Earth Sciences, Shiraz University, addressed Impacts of Environmental Pollution on the Persian Gulf Ecosystem.
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The presentation concluded with a focus on the pollution challenges in the Persian Gulf. Major wars in the Gulf region, ongoing oil and natural gas activities, evaporation and increased water salinity, untreated urban and industrial discharges into the water, and disturbed water circulation are among the key contributors to pollution challenges in the Gulf.
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Neither precipitation nor river flows in headwater streams in the Salt Lake basin have shown any long-term decline over the past 160 years. He argued that water-use in the basin for industry, human consumption, and particularly agriculture has played a greater role in the 39 percent decrease in water Figure 7 Saline lakes are in trouble worldwide.
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Figure 8 compares desalination approaches in the Middle East. While desalination alleviates some pressure on growing water needs, the process may create severe problems on future marine life and other water sources associated with the disposal of high concentrate water or solid-salt and low-salt concentration water.
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Inland areas relying on brackish water require low energy levels for the desalination due to the lower initial salt concentrate. However, the desalination high-concentrate byproduct is often returned to local streams and waterways, rapidly increasing the salinity levels in a less diluted area while quickly endangering marine and local plant life.
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2014 United Nations Climate Change Secretariat, UNFCCC. CONCLUDING GROUP DISCUSSIONS During the final discussion, the participants addressed graduate student exchanges.
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PLANING COMMITTEE: Michael Clegg (Chair) , University of California, Irvine; Yousef Sobouti, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences; Donald Wuebbles, University of Illinois.
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