Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization Status and Research Needs (2019) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 15-26
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From page 15... ...
More recently, strategies that pair carbon capture with utilization have been receiving increased attention from researchers and policy makers as an alternative path for captured carbon dioxide or methane. Carbon utilization is based on the concept that gaseous carbon waste streams can have value as feedstocks for producing fuels, construction materials, plastics, or other useful m aterials.
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From page 16... ...
emissions is and will be an important goal for many who are exploring carbon utilization technology development and implementation. There are many scenarios for mitigating GHG emissions to the atmosphere, ranging from decarbonization of energy and other economic sectors to carbon capture with sequestration and/or utilization.
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From page 17... ...
Different products and processes will have different resulting mitigation impacts, and carbon waste stream utilization may be pursued for reasons other than long-term carbon mitigation. Currently, capture of carbon waste gases is limited, with 45 large-scale carbon dioxide capture projects operating with a total capture capacity of 80 million tons per annum, globally (Global CCS Institute, 2015)
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From page 18... ...
Emissions from biofuel use Emissions from biofuel use 2050 11.8 Gt 2070 15.1 Gt Net emissions Photosynthesis 18.4 Gt Photosynthesis 13.6 Gt 21.6 Gt 1.8 Gt 1.8Gt 6.5 Gt 0.1 Gt 0.4 Gt 5.0 Gt 5.0Gt 6.5 Gt 3.3 Gt 1.7 Gt 3.4 Gt 6.1 Gt 16.5 Gt 28.6 Gt Geological storage of CO2 Fossil fuels Geological storage of CO2 Fossil fuels Note: The numbers do not add up exactly in 2070 owing to rounding up of data. In Sky, in 2050, the storage of CO2 is rapidly scaling up.
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From page 19... ...
3. Analyze the factors associated with making technologies viable at a commercial scale, in cluding carbon waste stream availability, economics, market capacity, energy and life-cycle requirements, scale, and other factors.
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The Committee on Developing a Research Agenda for Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration assessed the benefits, risks, and"sustainable scale potential"for atmospheric carbon dioxide removal and sequestration approaches and defined the essential components of a research and development program, including estimates of the program's cost and potential impact. The Committee on Developing a Research Agenda for Utilization of Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams developed a research agenda for conversion of concentrated waste gas streams of carbon dioxide, methane, and biogas as a feedstock into commercially valuable products.
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From page 21... ...
CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION A wide variety of potential uses have been identified for carbon dioxide waste, as illustrated in Figure 1-3. Carbon dioxide has been used for decades in enhanced oil recovery, as a refrigerant, as an extractive solvent, and as an additive in food and beverage products; as technologically mature processes that do not involve chemical transformations, these uses were outside the study scope.3 Instead, the committee focused on emerging carbon dioxide utilization waste stream technologies that offer the promise of a net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, including the mineral carbonation to produce construction materials and the chemical or biological conversion of carbon dioxide to fuels and chemicals.
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From page 22... ...
GASEOUS CARBON WASTE STREAMS UTILIZATION Liquid Fuels Fertilizer Polymers Secondary Chemicals Mineral Chemical Conversion Biological Conversion Carbonation • Alcohols • Green Algae • Carbonates • Acids • Cyanobacteria • Hydrocarbons • Chemolithotrophs • Polymer Precursors • Bio-electrochemical • Carbon Nanotubes systems • Carbon Monoxide Captured CO2 Extractant Refrigerant Food/Products Fire Suppression • Flavors/Fragrances • Refrigeration • Carbonated • Fire Extinguishers • Decaffeination • Dry Ice Beverages Enhanced Fuel Inerting Agent Miscellaneous Recovery • Blanket products • Injected into metal castings • EOR • Protect carbon powder • Added to medical O2 as a • EGR • Shield gas in welding respiratory stimulant • ECBM • Aerosol can propellant • Dry ice pellets used for sand blasting Oil • Red mud carbonation Gas FIGURE 1-3 Schematic illustrating the variety of potential uses for carbon dioxide after it has been captured. Green lines and boxes indicate the committee's areas of focus.
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From page 23... ...
Direct use of methane from waste gases, without chemical modification, is a relatively mature technology and was considered by the committee only in the context of improved gas cleaning operations that would make these energy recovery processes more economical. In addition to direct use as fuel, methane in waste gases can be used as a feedstock in chemical 23
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From page 24... ...
are relatively mature technologies and were l outside the study scope. Instead, the committee focused on pathways for using methane to produce fuels and chemicals that are at an earlier stage of research and development.
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From page 25... ...
, discussed in Chapter 8, is a critical tool to evaluate the total energy requirements and environmental impacts involved in producing chemicals, fuels, construction materials, and polymers from waste carbon feedstocks. LCA is particularly relevant for evaluating carbon utilization technologies when a goal of the technology is to achieve a net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
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From page 26... ...
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 1990-2016. Available at https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and sinks-1990-2016 (accessed October 10, 2018)
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