Socioeconomic Impacts of Automated and Connected Vehicles (2018) / Chapter Skim
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25 APPENDIX A: WHITE PAPER Synthesis of the Socioeconomic Impacts of Connected and Automated Vehicles and Shared Mobility Johanna P Zmud, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, USA Nick Reed, Bosch, United Kingdom ing, computing, or other digital technologies, leading to increased privacy risk.
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2 6 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S caused traffic crashes. In terms of the former, shared mobility operations could provide alternatives to driving for some at-risk drivers; in terms of the latter, increased congestion at the curbside due to proliferating pick-ups and deliveries increases potential for crashes among vehicles as well as other road users.
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A P P E N D I X A : W H I T E P A P E R 27 as the three technologies integrate in emerging applications, such as CAVs and shared automated vehicles (SAVs)
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2 8 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S toward carsharing. The convergence of C&AD and shared mobility is known as SAV, and there are various small-scale pilots in the United States and in EU Member States as discussed later in this paper.
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A P P E N D I X A : W H I T E P A P E R 29 states have recently updated their legislation to remove requirements that a human driver should be behind the wheel at all times. The legislation has been state-specific with no attempt at coordination across states, prompting the congressional action discussed previously that attempts to provide a national policy framework.
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3 0 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S • Under a broader digitalization initiative, in 2017, Estonia made it legal to test self-driven vehicles on all national and local roads in the country. • Germany has no specific legal framework for the testing of automated vehicles, but testing in traffic is allowed with special permission.
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A P P E N D I X A : W H I T E P A P E R 31 data PrIvacy and acceSS for color identification; lane departure, read collision, and pedestrian alerts; and a lidar sensor on the roof used for generating a 3D map of the environment (Bloom et al.
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3 2 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S collected, maintained, and disseminated in accordance with the fair information practices (in the United States) or according to regulations (in Europe)
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A P P E N D I X A : W H I T E P A P E R 33 et al.
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3 4 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S • Data subjects have the right to obtain confirmation as to whether personal data concerning them is being processed, where and for what purpose, as well as a copy of their personal data that is provided free of charge and in electronic format. They can also request that their data be erased and that processing of it cease.
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A P P E N D I X A : W H I T E P A P E R 35 incurred, due to a privacy problem may not always be straightforward to quantify. A data action that leads to financial losses such as credit card fraud, can be quantified in monetary terms.
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3 6 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S Data-sharing issues will only grow in importance as new transportation service models grow in stature. Again, drawing on the ridesourcing example, how does a local government in the United States adequately regulate this new industry without working with the same data as the regulated firm?
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A P P E N D I X A : W H I T E P A P E R 37 This chapter discusses two inter-related cross-cutting issues: safety and security. Safety often refers to road traffic safety, which is defined as the reduction in harm (deaths, injuries, and property damage)
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3 8 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S • Performance errors include overcompensation, poor directional control, etc. • Sleep (or drowsy driving)
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A P P E N D I X A : W H I T E P A P E R 39 side infrastructure and information flows among vehicles equipped with cooperative systems (see http:// www.itsinternational.com/categories/networkingcommunication-systems/features/tri-nation-cooperation- on-c-its-corridor/)
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4 0 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S braking (AEB) technology in current model passenger vehicles)
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A P P E N D I X A : W H I T E P A P E R 41 in a connected environment, enabling the emergence of connected ecosystems supported by open technologies and platforms. The 5GCar started in June 2017 as a large research and innovation project developing the 5G connectivity technologies for automated cars and will evaluate the existing and future spectrum usage for that purpose and contribute to the standardization efforts in the field (see https://cordis.europa.eu/ project/rcn/206508_en.html)
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4 2 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S Trust in AV technology is a barrier to acceptance and use. So a question of interest is what is the influence of the absence of a driver in autonomous ride-hailing vehicles?
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A P P E N D I X A : W H I T E P A P E R 43 States as operators of essential services have to take appropriate security measures and notify relevant national authorities of serious incidents. Also key digital service providers (search engines, cloud computing services and online marketplaces)
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4 4 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S benefits. The prerequisite is that these services are attractive and accessible enough to be used.
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A P P E N D I X A : W H I T E P A P E R 45 efficiency. While the AV manages driving for long stretches of the highway, the human driver can engage in other administrative tasks or relax.
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4 6 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S areas commonly tend to exhibit a traveling time-distance radius (or travel time budget) of 45 minutes (Muller 1995)
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A P P E N D I X A : W H I T E P A P E R 47 automated vehicle services such as Waymo, Ford, GM and Daimler/Bosch. This significantly changes the style of operations for a ridesourcing service, shifting more toward the maintenance and management of an AV fleet rather than relying on driver/owners to maintain vehicles appropriate for taxi operations.
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4 8 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S data will establish the relative risk of collision for AVs compared to human-driven vehicles. If AVs are proven to be statistically safer, fleet managers may be obliged to require employees to use automated vehicle services rather than drive for themselves, not just for reasons of productivity but under their duty of care responsibilities.
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A P P E N D I X A : W H I T E P A P E R 49 Impacts on Land Use Values While uncertain, CAVSM has the potential to significantly impact land use values. For example, the shift toward the convenience of online shopping and the easy parking in out of town shopping malls presents a challenge to city center retail zones (Jones and Livingstone 2018)
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5 0 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S we consider equity in terms of the distribution of socioeconomic outcomes associated with CAVSM that serve to reduce inequality, deliver a fairer and more just society and that provide more options (in mobility and in life) to those that have fewer at present.
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A P P E N D I X A : W H I T E P A P E R 51 Improved mobility could mitigate the negative consequences of food deserts. The term ‘food desert' was first used by a resident of a public sector housing scheme in Scotland in the 1990s to capture the experience of living in a deprived neighborhood where food was expensive and relatively unobtainable (Cummins 2014)
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5 2 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S then, mobility services which depend fundamentally on a smartphone would not be accessible to more than 30% of these populations. In high-income European countries and the United States, around 93% of individuals aged over 15 years have bank accounts; however, in lower-income European countries, this figure falls to around 60% (Demirguc-Kunt et al.
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A P P E N D I X A : W H I T E P A P E R 53 facilitated by CAVSM technologies since the duty cycle for an urban transportation vehicle can be comfortably fulfilled by an electric vehicle. Cities can potentiate this change by adopting regulations that encourage the use of lower emission vehicles.
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5 4 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S from automation mean that this should not be used to delay its introduction. However, consideration as to how this transition is to be managed will be important.
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A P P E N D I X A : W H I T E P A P E R 55 (CCAM) in Europe.
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5 6 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S Inclusion around the World and the Fintech Revolution. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.
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A P P E N D I X A : W H I T E P A P E R 57 real-world rear-end crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol.
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5 8 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S Application. Report DOT HS 812 014.
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A P P E N D I X A : W H I T E P A P E R 59 Markey, E
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6 0 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S Retrieved April 2018 from https://www.enotrans.org/ article/ahead-curb-case-shared-use-mobility-sum-zones/. Rosiers, F
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A P P E N D I X A : W H I T E P A P E R 61 Europe%E2%80%99s-leading-reefer-haulier-highlightsdriver-shortage/71128.htm#.Ws_miCjwaUk. Toffler, A., and T
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