Comprehensive Bus Network Redesigns (2019) / Chapter Skim
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From page 9... ...
9 2.1 Overview A national and international literature review was conducted using articles and documents to assess the current state of the industry regarding comprehensive bus network redesigns. The literature review focused on both peer-reviewed and self-published articles in the following topic areas: • Case study research about bus network redesigns, including studies of ridership impacts, customer perceptions, and approaches to network planning.
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10 Synthesis on Comprehensive Bus Network Redesigns restructurings would likely constitute network redesigns under this study. The following are examples: • In the late 1970s, Boston, Massachusetts, made significant changes to its bus network by providing more direct service to the Downtown Crossing area and to new rapid transit stations instead of running into downtown.
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Overall Framework: A Review of Existing Research 11 three new rail lines in 2013 and 2014, was one of the largest one-day service changes ever enacted by a transit agency in the United States (Houston METRO 2014)
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12 Synthesis on Comprehensive Bus Network Redesigns Several redesigns sought to improve riders' experiences by better matching the transit network to both current and forecasted travel patterns being changed by shifting land-use and development (Bhattacharya et al. 2014, Dallas Area Rapid Transit 2016, Houston METRO 2014, Jacksonville Transportation Authority 2016, NYCT MTA 2017a, Vock 2017)
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Overall Framework: A Review of Existing Research 13 types. In addition to the network design, bus networks can also have tiers of bus services, for example, high-frequency core routes, low-frequency coverage routes, express routes, circulators, feeders, and even peak-period commuter routes.
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14 Synthesis on Comprehensive Bus Network Redesigns proportion of resources allocated toward high-ridership services in Halifax was vague (Halifax Transit 2016a) , Houston set its goal at 80% of resources devoted to high ridership routes and 20% for coverage (Houston METRO 2014)
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Overall Framework: A Review of Existing Research 15 • A unique example of a network measure is found in the Staten Island express bus redesign, in which NYCT calculated the reduction in on-street mileage of bus routes, the reduction in turns at intersections, and the increase in non-stop running time as positive outcomes to help improve bus reliability (NYCT 2017)
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16 Synthesis on Comprehensive Bus Network Redesigns Lastly, for those bus network redesigns that implemented high-frequency bus networks, transit agencies typically measured the number of people and destinations (e.g., jobs, hospitals, or schools) that had access to frequent transit routes before and after the network redesign (Central Ohio Transit Authority 2016, Houston METRO 2014, and Maryland Transit Administration 2017 and 2018)
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Overall Framework: A Review of Existing Research 17 Transit agencies identified in the literature that have implemented their service changes in one day are listed in Table 1. The remaining transit agencies that took a phased implementation approach are listed in Table 2.
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18 Synthesis on Comprehensive Bus Network Redesigns changes. The sheer number of changes -- sometimes involving every single route in the system -- means that engagement is more complex and more important.
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Overall Framework: A Review of Existing Research 19 Public Meetings and Focused Public Engagement All bus network redesigns had one engagement strategy in common: all involved the public at least at the point when the network design was finalized for public comments. However, in the case of Greensboro, North Carolina, waiting to engage the public until the network design was done ultimately undermined the implementation of the changes (Boyle and Rey 2012)
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20 Synthesis on Comprehensive Bus Network Redesigns website; however, only a few transit agencies specifically featured their online engagement in the available literature. For example, NYCT accepted public feedback through its regular online customer feedback system and through a special email address set up for the study (NYCT 2017)
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Overall Framework: A Review of Existing Research 21 network changes the same way (Bhattacharya et al. 2014, Brown et al.
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22 Synthesis on Comprehensive Bus Network Redesigns redesign before they start -- such as whether such a huge undertaking is needed, or whether the goal is to reduce costs or increase ridership. Although many of the transit agencies that converted their centralized radial systems into grid or hub-and-spoke networks saw ridership increases after implementation (Pratt and Evans 2004)
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Overall Framework: A Review of Existing Research 23 within the last decade, likely a result of increased access to data and a broader approach to communication and information sharing than ever before. Bus network redesigns can range in scale from small to large; they can be implemented in stages or all at once; and they may require fewer, the same, or more operating and capital resources.
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