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From page 59... ... II-5 This chapter describes the characteristics of the transformational technologies selected as the focus of the research described in Part I of this report. The following elements are discussed, with most of the elements covered for each technology: • Description. Read the entire page →
From page 60... ... II-6 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation towers and topographical obstructions, such as mountains and tall buildings, can interfere with cell phone transmissions and GPS satellite communications. Similarly, cell phone coverage and GPS communications may be limited inside large buildings unless there is also an accessible wireless network. Read the entire page →
From page 61... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-7 in 2019 to selected customers within those cities. Tree-lined streets were expected to present a significant challenge at the start. Read the entire page →
From page 62... ... II-8 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation 2.2 Active Transportation Technologies In this Desk Reference, the phrase "active transportation technologies" applies to single- person vehicles. Potentially transformative emerging technologies in this category include electric bicycles (e-bikes) Read the entire page →
From page 63... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-9 purchase anywhere in the United States. Numerous cities also have providers of shared e-bike and shared e-scooter services. Read the entire page →
From page 64... ... II-10 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation 2.2.5 Implications for Highway/Roadway Infrastructure As usage of e-bikes and e-scooters increases, it may be desirable to incorporate into roadway designs special travel lanes for light vehicles that typically travel at speeds greater than conventional bicycles and pedestrians but slower than most automobiles and trucks. Greater use of bicycles and scooters (both electric and manual) Read the entire page →
From page 65... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-11 The Desk Reference discusses each technology separately in order to highlight their specific impacts. It is anticipated that the cumulative impacts of these technologies will have a magnifying effect on the transformation of travel and land use. Read the entire page →
From page 66... ... II-12 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation According to the World LPG Association, LPG as a fuel is used today in the following basic engine technologies, which can also be combined with hybrid electric powertrain technologies (World LPG Association 2018) : – Spark-ignition (Otto cycle) Read the entire page →
From page 67... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-13 Currently, alternative fuel vehicles are generally more expensive to purchase than conventionally fueled vehicles. Maintenance and fuel may be cheaper in some cases, but given the specialized nature of the required maintenance and the limited number of refueling stations, potential purchasers may perceive owning and operating an alternative fuel vehicle as riskier than owning and operating conventionally fueled vehicles. Read the entire page →
From page 68... ... II-14 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation 2.4.7 Policy and Planning Challenges Alternative fuel vehicles have the potential to significantly reduce pollutant emissions and reduce dependence on oil. The policy and planning challenge is to identify the desired mix of alternative fuel vehicles, EVs, and conventionally powered vehicles in the future vehicle fleet, and then to identify the appropriate mix of regulations and incentives to promote achievement of that mix. Read the entire page →
From page 69... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-15 2.5 EVs EVs use electricity to provide the motive power for the vehicle. The electricity may be provided by overhead wire, a third rail, a battery, solar cells, fuel cells, or an internal combustion engine. Read the entire page →
From page 70... ... II-16 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation • Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) Read the entire page →
From page 71... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-17 Besides the cost of the vehicle, significant constraints on further market penetration of BEVs are: • Their limited range (compared to conventionally powered vehicles) , • Their lengthy recharging times, and • The comparative rarity of recharging stations, especially outside of major urban areas. Read the entire page →
From page 72... ... II-18 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation stations in the entire United States (compared to 160,000 gasoline stations in the United States) Read the entire page →
From page 73... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-19 The California Air Resources Board recently adopted a regulation requiring emission- free buses (electric or hydrogen fueled) Read the entire page →
From page 74... ... II-20 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation 2.5.5 Implications for Highway/Roadway Infrastructure No design modifications are anticipated to be needed for EVs in the short term. The inclusion of power strips on the highway to run EVs is a long-term possibility, particularly as fully autonomous electric AVs and EVs used for hauling freight become a larger part of the vehicle mix. Read the entire page →
From page 75... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-21 • Parking Enforcement. Limited charging locations and increasing EV demand require enforcement to ensure that vehicles are parked at chargers only when actively charging. Read the entire page →
From page 76... ... II-22 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation 2.6 CVs Various connective technologies are currently available that can assist human drivers (e.g., by "sensing" nearby objects of features) or allow vehicles to communicate with other vehicles or with technology built into the roadside infrastructure. Read the entire page →
From page 77... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-23 can detect the proximity of all vehicles and objects, not just those equipped with V2V transponders. CVs can only talk to other compatibly equipped CVs or roadside units. Read the entire page →
From page 78... ... II-24 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation warning, red-light running violation warnings, and intersection movement assist (to warn drivers of potential intersection conflict crashes) Read the entire page →
From page 79... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-25 areas and lightly traveled roads with few facility management challenges may be the last to see roadside DSRC units installed. 2.6.3 Implications for Personal Travel Demand CVs are expected to reduce the frequency of crashes, thereby reducing unexpected delays due to crashes. Read the entire page →
From page 80... ... II-26 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation 2.6.7 Policy and Planning Challenges Steve Kuciemba, chair of the Institute of Transportation Engineers' Connected Vehicle/ Automated Vehicle Steering Committee, identified six steps for agencies to prepare for CVs and AVs (Kuciemba 2018) Read the entire page →
From page 81... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-27 2.7 AVs (Self-Driving Vehicles) This section includes some technical information that can help readers distinguish among the levels of automation currently in play in AV technology and the contexts in which they may be used. Read the entire page →
From page 82... ... II-28 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation Even the Waymo self-driving car (aka the "Google car") is still being tested and is constantly monitored by backup safety operators who step in to help the car learn how to respond in challenging situations. Read the entire page →
From page 83... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-29 to the deployment of AVs will be getting the costs down so that AV prices are competitive with the prices of conventional human-driven vehicles. • Developing State and Federal Safety Standards. Read the entire page →
From page 84... ... II-30 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation Litman (2018) has projected that AVs may constitute around 50 percent of new car sales and constitute anywhere from 20 percent to 40 percent of the vehicle fleet on the road in the United States by the 2040s. Read the entire page →
From page 85... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-31 Mode split could shift away from large transit vehicles toward smaller AVs, especially for people who have been dependent on transit because they are not allowed to drive. If the reduced labor costs of AVs result in lower per-trip costs, people may be willing to make more trips, which will increase travel demand. Read the entire page →
From page 86... ... II-32 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation in an urban area. However, cost is not the only consideration. Read the entire page →
From page 87... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-33 No regulations currently require close vehicle following distances for CAVs, so the greater capacities would only occur if manufacturers and/or vehicle operators voluntarily selected closer car following distances for their CV-equipped AVs. Some states, such as Florida, do specify minimum following distance requirements: Florida currently requires a minimum 300-ft following distance for commercial trucks. Read the entire page →
From page 88... ... II-34 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation savings also would come from the fuel savings associated with truck platooning, wherein one or more AV trucks closely draft a lead truck. These cost savings could attract longer haul freight to CAV trucks and away from alternative modes like rail. Read the entire page →
From page 89... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-35 • Employment. AVs will significantly reduce the availability of jobs in an employment category that does not require a college degree (e.g., Uber/Lyft drivers, taxi drivers, limousine drivers, chauffeurs, truck drivers, and bus drivers) Read the entire page →
From page 90... ... II-36 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation • County and city agencies will be concerned with establishing local zoning, parking, and taxation regulations for AVs as they become more prevalent. • MPOs will be concerned with assisting cities and counties in coordinating local regulations and securing federal funding for their activities. Read the entire page →
From page 91... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-37 technology, opinion surveys, and modeling exercises related to maximizing the benefits of AVs (Kockelman, Boyles, Sturgeon, and Claudel 2018) Read the entire page →
From page 92... ... II-38 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation • Update existing vehicle registration databases with information about the automation capabilities of every vehicle so that police can readily distinguish between AVs and conventional vehicles; • Coordinate with national authorities on V2V and V2I communications so that this infrastructure is available to those developers who wish to use it; • Encourage automation by preparing government agencies, infrastructure, leveraging procurement, and advocating for safety mandates; • Encourage the deployment of robust wireless communications networks so that developers of automated systems can more reliably share data and updates with these systems after they have been deployed; • Make existing congestion management tools (including managed lanes) available for automation-related applications to encourage these applications; and • Emphasize neighborhood designs that are consistent with low vehicle speeds to provide roadway environments conducive to early driverless systems. Read the entire page →
From page 93... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-39 Truck platooning on freeways (wherein CAV trucks follow each other at 1-second headways) will work best if the connected trucks can operate in exclusive lanes without mixing with human-driven vehicles. Read the entire page →
From page 94... ... II-40 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation Commercially available aerial drones can fly up to an altitude of 2,000 feet, have a range of around 1 mile, and can carry loads weighing between 1 pound and 15 pounds. The higher capacity drones have eight rotors and tend to be gasoline-powered. Read the entire page →
From page 95... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-41 2.8.4 Implications for Transportation and Land Use UAVs may affect the location choices for freight distribution centers. Building designs may be altered to provide drone ports and UAV- or droid-accessible "smart lockers" for temporarily storing delivered goods onsite until the consignees can pick them up. Read the entire page →
From page 96... ... II-42 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation • I-5, I-90, and SR-520 freeway corridor projects in Seattle, Washington; • I-35W and I-94 freeway projects in Minneapolis, Minnesota; • I-66 freeway project in Arlington, Virginia; and • US-75 ICM project in Dallas, Texas. 2.9.1 Description The emerging highway system technologies can be divided between field sensors, control devices, and informational devices. Read the entire page →
From page 97... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-43 that take advantage of V2I communications capabilities. One example, the University of Arizona's MMITSS, implements traffic-adaptive control signals with CV capabilities (Head 2016) Read the entire page →
From page 98... ... II-44 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation 2.9.2 Deployment Status and Challenges The cost of installing and maintaining field infrastructure is the largest single impediment to further deployment of advanced traffic detection, control, and information technologies. Consequently, early deployments have been limited to the most critical sections of the highway infrastructure: heavily congested freeways, generally in large urban areas. Read the entire page →
From page 99... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-45 2.9.5 Implications for Highway/Roadway Infrastructure Advanced technologies in the field, combined with advanced traffic management practices, have the potential to improve reliability and decrease delays. In the absence of smarter CVs and AVs, the effects will generally be marginal, on the order of 1 percent capacity improvement (Alexiadis 2016) Read the entire page →
From page 100... ... II-46 Foreseeing the Impact of Transformational Technologies on Land Use and Transportation dashboard. Examples of parking system technologies in current use include SpotHero; SFpark in San Francisco, California; and the online parking reservation system offered through the DowntownLA Website in Los Angeles, California (SpotHero 2019, SFpark 2019, and DTLA 2019) Read the entire page →
From page 101... ... Characteristics of New Technologies II-47 the increased use of vehicles. Parking technologies that require the traveler to use payment methods other than cash to park the car (e.g., to use a cell phone and a credit card number) Read the entire page →

From page 59...

... II-5 This chapter describes the characteristics of the transformational technologies selected as the focus of the research described in Part I of this report. The following elements are discussed, with most of the elements covered for each technology: • Description.