Current Landscape of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Airports (2019) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Pages 17-43
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 17... ...
17 C H A P T E R 3 The current available literature on UAS is enormous. New articles and blogs posts are daily being written about this dynamic segment of the aviation industry.
|
From page 18... ...
18 Current Landscape of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Airports To measure the impact of UAS operations, the FAA regularly tracks various data points related to their use. The high degree of interest in UAS is reflected in the number of remote pilot certificates issued, number of LAANC airspace requests, number of waivers and authorizations, and number of UA registered (Table 2)
|
From page 19... ...
Literature Review 19 Low Altitude Authorization and Notification Capability The FAA LAANC program began in November 2017. Structured within the FAA UAS Data Exchange umbrella, LAANC is a collaboration between the FAA and industry, directly supporting integration of UAS into the NAS.
|
From page 20... ...
20 Current Landscape of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Airports and efficiency of data collection in certain fields (Marshall et al.
|
From page 21... ...
Literature Review 21 Traditionally, bridges were inspected manually, requiring temporary closure of the bridge, or one directional side at a time. An inspector with hard hat and vest would visually inspect the bridge, recording discrepancies as appropriate.
|
From page 22... ...
22 Current Landscape of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Airports • Various services. Traditional surveying is made more efficient and robust with lidar-equipped UAs.
|
From page 23... ...
Literature Review 23 • Crash simulation -- With 3-D simulation, models of car accident scenes can be recreated, allowing officials to more accurately determine the cause of the accident. Outdoor crime scenes may also be recreated with the help of UAS.
|
From page 24... ...
24 Current Landscape of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Airports Physical Interactions with Substances, Materials, and Objects Although the previously discussed applications involve the process of remotely sensing, collecting airborne samples, or intercepting signals, UAS can also be used in applications that require the UA to physically interact with a substance, material, or object. This creates a unique set of challenges, but UAS users are known to overcome challenges.
|
From page 25... ...
Literature Review 25 • Under training and crew qualifications, successful programs – Establish and maintain initial and recurrent training needs for proficiency; – Tailor training needs to the varied applications of UAS; – Identify expectations of UAS operations with management; – Use training to educate users on alternative methods of compliance for UAS operations such as night operations, flight over people, or complex airspace; and – Recognize that meeting Part 107 minimum requirements is not a guarantee of the UAS expertise needed in surface transportation UAS applications. • Under public relations, successful programs – Have a plan that identifies and addresses target audiences -- internal (legislators, executive and technical staff, state employees)
|
From page 26... ...
26 Current Landscape of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Airports • Construction. Airports are benefiting from UAS aerial video and still imagery both during and upon completion of various construction projects.
|
From page 27... ...
Literature Review 27 • Training. UAS can capture aerial images and videos that are useful in employee training.
|
From page 28... ...
28 Current Landscape of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Airports For airports considering the integration of UAS into normal operations but not sure how this would affect the airport's Part 139 certificate, for example, Neubauer et al.
|
From page 29... ...
Literature Review 29 pilot makes this difficult. There is a move toward sense and avoid (SAA)
|
From page 30... ...
30 Current Landscape of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Airports camera, a processor, and computer vision software to see the airspace in proximity to the UA, allowing the UA to see as a manned pilot would and enabling beyond-visual-line-of-sight operations. According to the press release, "The system acts as a high-level supervisor to the UA's autopilot, instructing it to execute automated avoidance maneuvers where necessary and informing the remote pilot in command of emergency situations" (sUAS News 2018)
|
From page 31... ...
Literature Review 31 • Safety of ground operations. If the UAS operation requires access to runways or taxiways for launch and recovery, this must be coordinated with airport operations and the air traffic control tower (ATCT)
|
From page 32... ...
32 Current Landscape of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Airports FAA Efforts The FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 (Pub.
|
From page 33... ...
Literature Review 33 the mathematical intersection of multiple hyperbolas based on difference between arrival times of a transponder's signal at multiple sensors" (Young and Brenton 2016, p.
|
From page 34... ...
34 Current Landscape of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Airports • FAA test sites were extended until 2023 (FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018; National Conference of State Legislatures 2018)
|
From page 35... ...
Literature Review 35 In February 2019, the FAA issued three rulemaking documents. They were • NPRM -- Operation of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems over People (FAA 2019a)
|
From page 36... ...
36 Current Landscape of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Airports problems. With remote ID, every UA will be identified and matched to an operator.
|
From page 37... ...
Literature Review 37 in this area, the FAA recently incorporated UAS UTM as part of the ANPRM -- Safe and Secure Operations of Small UAS. National Institute of Standards and Technology The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
|
From page 38... ...
38 Current Landscape of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Airports • TOP Level Three "would address flights in ‘safety critical' environments, such as near chemical, oil, gas, nuclear, or mining facilities" (Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International 2018)
|
From page 39... ...
Literature Review 39 Regardless of the path chosen, operators will find useful information to ensure safe UA operations and avoid potential conflicts by downloading the B4UFLY Mobile App and visiting http://knowbeforeyoufly.org. Operators might consider purchasing insurance coverage for the commercial-use UAS.
|
From page 40... ...
40 Current Landscape of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Airports Path 3: Fly Under Statutory Requirements for Public Aircraft and Operate with a Certificate of Waiver or Authorization Yet, a fourth path, which is much more involved but may be necessary to enable the airport operator to conduct UAS missions as intended, is to request a COA from the FAA to become a public aircraft operator. This would allow the public agency to self-certify pilots and UA for flights to perform governmental functions.
|
From page 41... ...
Literature Review 41 • Input -- "Measures that describe the resources the airport has (not a true measure of performance) ," such as the number of UA owned by the airport.
|
From page 42... ...
42 Current Landscape of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Airports Step 7: Submit Declaration Letter The first step in applying for a COA requires the public entity to declare as a public entity to the FAA. A "declaration letter" must be submitted from the agency's city, county, or state attorney's office to the FAA via physical mail.
|
From page 43... ...
Literature Review 43 at an added expense. Airports and state DOTs active in the UAS area are often more than willing to share their expertise with an airport operator desiring to acquire and operate UAS (Figure 17)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.