Solid-State Roadway Lighting Design Guide: Volume 1: Guidance (2020) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Chapter 10 - Operations and Maintenance Considerations
Chapter 10 - Operations and Maintenance Considerations
Pages 42-54
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 42... ...
Determination of Light Loss Factor Because an LED luminaire degrades differently than an HID luminaire and the LED will likely continue operating but at a steadily decreasing lumen output, the light loss factor (LLF) is determined in several different ways.
|
From page 43... ...
Figure 31. TM-21 worksheet.
|
From page 44... ...
Most municipally owned roadway lights in North America are supplied power on an unmetered (flat rate) basis, with power charges based on the hourly energy consumption
|
From page 45... ...
Operations and Maintenance Considerations 45 Figure 32. Map example. Figure 33. Example of energy usage.
|
From page 46... ...
Even if not acceptable to the local utility, smart metering can be used for usage comparisons with flat rate utility billing and to track power costs. Comparing Lighting System Costs Costs can be broken down into capital, operating, and life-cycle costs.
|
From page 47... ...
Life-cycle costing includes the capital cost, as defined above, as well as the operating costs over the estimated life of the system. Operating costs should include power and preventative maintenance costs, which are also calculated over the life of the system (typically 30 years, although this will vary depending on the grade of the equipment used)
|
From page 48... ...
With this DOE spreadsheet, users can input data for their particular application -- such as the incumbent technology, quantities, phase-in period, prevailing electricity and labor rates, sales tax, installation cost, loan interest rate, and rebates -- and receive a detailed analysis that includes annualized energy cost savings, maintenance savings, greenhouse gas reductions, and a simple payback period. This information is useful for planning, budgeting, and applying for financing.
|
From page 49... ...
. Figure 35. Example of calculation of life-cycle costs for davit lighting.
|
From page 50... ...
More simplified financial assessment methods, such as payback and return on investment, are described in the following section. Operational Costs. For the retrofit of existing roadway lighting systems and new lighting systems, operational costs include power and maintenance costs.
|
From page 51... ...
This amount is based on the following calculations: existing lighting = 4,400 hours luminaire operation per year × $0.10 per kW-h utility rate × 0.2 kW luminaire consumption × 1,000 luminaires = $88,000 where luminaire consumption = 200W/1,000. proposed lighting = 4,400 hours luminaire operation per year × $0.10 per kW-h utility rate × 0.075 kW luminaire consumption × 1,000 luminaires = $33,000 where luminaire consumption = 75W/1,000.
|
From page 52... ...
at $95.00 each = $190 × 1,000 luminaires = $190,000 10% product failures = 1,000 luminaires × 10% failure rate = 100 luminaires × $300 repair/replacement costs = $30,000 total costs for existing lighting = $190,000 relamping + $30,000 repair/replacement = $220,000 Proposed Lighting 10-year cleaning by power wash = $20 per luminaire × 1,000 luminaires = $20,000 Under Warranty Period. Assume 5% product failures and labor only during the first 10 years (10-year warranty)
|
From page 53... ...
Simple payback for LED lighting is calculated as follows: simple payback = cost of investment (supply and installation) /gain from investment (annual power and maintenance costs)
|
From page 54... ...
• Consider an adaptive lighting system as a means of reducing costs for overall control and for operation and maintenance as well as an asset management tool. • Use benefit–cost analysis to help determine the best design approach for a proposed lighting system.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.