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From page 50... ... 50 C H A P T E R 9 Sustainable Construction Practices Project Delivery Level 9.1 Project Delivery Method Overview The project delivery method defines the process and contractual arrangement by which a project is designed, constructed, and (sometimes) financed, operated, and maintained. Read the entire page →
From page 51... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 51 Effort (time and cost) : 1.9 Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: 3.0 Environmental Benefit: 3.3 Cost Savings: 2.5 4.7 Effort (time and cost) Read the entire page →
From page 52... ... 52 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Summary Multiple project delivery methods can provide contractor input on the design phase. The most appropriate one depends upon project context. Read the entire page →
From page 53... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 53 9.2 Financing Overview Funding for highway construction has been traditionally provided by public sources. However, some agencies are using a variety of private financing mechanisms to meet growing funding needs for which there is insufficient political will to address through taxes and other more traditional public funding sources. Read the entire page →
From page 54... ... 54 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook While the public sector usually retains ownership in the facility or system, the private party will be given additional decision rights in determining how the project or task will be completed." A PPP represents a different way of financing than the traditional 100% government-financed project. Because private sector financing partners are included, PPPs can alter traditional highway construction goals to ones that may be more sustainable. Read the entire page →
From page 55... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 55 Sustainability Construction Workers Project Delivery Method Work Zone Traffic Control Neighbors and Stakeholders Financing Materials Users Procurement Safety Pollution Contracting Employment Local Ecosystem and Habitat Scheduling Training Consumption Estimating Community Outreach Climate Project Controls/Administration Noise Project Budget Earthwork Lighting Maintenance and Operations Drainage/Sewer/Water Constructability/Deconstruction Economic Development/Employment Aesthetics Quality Walls Equipment Bridges Utilities Pavement Landscaping Business Opportunity X Project Requirement X Goodwill Motivations Principal Guidance, Assistance, and Tools Molenaar, K., C Harper, and I Read the entire page →
From page 56... ... 56 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Key References Scott, S., K Read the entire page →
From page 57... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 57 Summary Traditionally, highway project cost estimation focuses on initial construction and related costs (preliminary engineering, right-of-way, and construction administration) only. Read the entire page →
From page 58... ... 58 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Effort (time and cost) : 2.2 Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: 2.7 Environmental Benefit: 3.1 Cost Savings: 1.7 3.4 Key References FHWA. Read the entire page →
From page 59... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 59 Sustainability Construction Workers Project Delivery Method Work Zone Traffic Control Neighbors and Stakeholders Financing Materials Users Procurement Safety Pollution Contracting Employment Local Ecosystem and Habitat Scheduling Training Consumption Estimating Community Outreach Climate Project Controls/Administration Noise Project Budget Earthwork Lighting Maintenance and Operations Drainage/Sewer/Water Constructability/Deconstruction Economic Development/Employment Aesthetics Quality Walls Equipment Bridges Utilities Pavement Landscaping Business Opportunity X Project Requirement X Goodwill 9.4 Contracting Overview Contracting is the process of establishing a legally enforceable agreement expressing the expectations, responsibilities, and protections of each party for services and materials. This agreement and the process for developing it can be used to allow, require, or incentivize sustainable highway construction practices. Read the entire page →
From page 60... ... 60 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Muench, S Read the entire page →
From page 61... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 61 Effort (time and cost) : 2.3 Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: 0.5 Environmental Benefit: 0.5 Cost Savings: 1.0 0.9 9.4.2 Use of a Sustainability Rating System Effort (time and cost) Read the entire page →
From page 62... ... 62 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Key References Gransberg, D Read the entire page →
From page 63... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 63 Project Level 9.5 Scheduling Overview A construction schedule provides a plan for completing a project accounting for space, time, and resource constraints, and dependencies between constriction activities. Shorter and more efficient construction schedules may reduce user costs and environmental impacts, while more flexible schedules can maximize contractor efficiencies. Read the entire page →
From page 64... ... 64 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Summary This process accelerates a construction schedule to reduce overall user delay. User delay can be a major contributor to overall project financial impact, especially in congested urban areas where the cost of work zone user delays can be high. Read the entire page →
From page 65... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 65 Key References Fick, G., E Read the entire page →
From page 66... ... 66 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Summary Fully closing a highway (one or both directions) for rehabilitation or maintenance eliminates the direct exposure of motorists to the work zone and workers to live traffic. Read the entire page →
From page 67... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 67 9.6 Estimating Overview Estimating is the prediction of construction costs. In this section, estimating addresses the general process by which construction costs are estimated and what might be considered in an estimate. Read the entire page →
From page 68... ... 68 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.6.1 Model-Based Estimation Effort (time and cost) : 2.9 Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: 0.5 Environmental Benefit: 0.9 Cost Savings: 2.8 1.4 Summary Conventional estimation techniques heavily rely on manual approaches and can be prone to inaccuracies. Read the entire page →
From page 69... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 69 Key References Walls III, J., and M Read the entire page →
From page 70... ... 70 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.7 Project Controls/Administration Overview Project controls and administration are processes used to ensure a timely and on-budget project delivery and allow key personnel to make informed decisions using the most current data available. This usually constitutes an information management system and personnel that provide input to and run the system. Read the entire page →
From page 71... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 71 Summary Enhanced IT includes the adoption of multimedia tools, messaging services, voice-based tools, and mobile or wearable devices. e-Construction, a joint FHWA–AASHTO effort, aims to promote ". Read the entire page →
From page 72... ... 72 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Key References Olsen, M Read the entire page →
From page 73... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 73 9.8 Drainage/Sewer/Water Overview Drainage, sewer, and water all address water infrastructure on the project. Regulatory requirements addressing these topics are extensive. Read the entire page →
From page 74... ... 74 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.9 Earthwork Overview Most roadway construction involves some earthwork (moving of soil mass from one location to another) Read the entire page →
From page 75... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 75 Summary Balancing cut and fill within a project generally reduces hauling operations because no material needs to be imported or removed from the job site. Projects that involve substantial earthwork can benefit greatly from balanced earthwork. Read the entire page →
From page 76... ... 76 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.9.3 Trenchless Drainage Renewal Key References FHWA. Read the entire page →
From page 77... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 77 9.10 Aesthetics Overview Aesthetics are a set of principles addressing the nature and appreciation of beauty. Aesthetics produce measurable physical and psychological benefit in humans. Read the entire page →
From page 78... ... 78 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.10.1 Economical Aesthetic Wall Design Effort (time and cost) : 2.3 Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: 2.9 Environmental Benefit: 1.1 Cost Savings: 1.5 2.4 Summary Some owners and trade organizations provide guidance on how to create desirable aesthetics in an economical manner. Read the entire page →
From page 79... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 79 Summary FHWA Federal Lands Highway Division has written about and extensively uses "contextsensitive rock slope design," that is, rock slopes constructed such that they are consistent with the project's surroundings, either natural, environmental, or relating to a historical setting or community. Existing excavation techniques for rock slopes often use blasting techniques originally designed for the mining industry, which tend to prioritize productivity and volume over aesthetics and environment (Andrew et al., 2011) Read the entire page →
From page 80... ... 80 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.11 Walls Overview Highway walls are primarily used to manage changes in elevation, user/neighbor safety, and noise abatement. Choices between the many different types of walls possible (for example gravity, cantilever, mechanically stabilized earth, secant, sheet pile, gabion, soldier pile, and soil nail) Read the entire page →
From page 81... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 81 9.12 Bridges Overview Bridges in highway construction can range from large signature span multi-lane highway bridges to short single span roadway girder bridges to a variety of pedestrian and even wildlife bridges. This section addresses only the construction of highway bridges and the design as it relates to constructability. Read the entire page →
From page 82... ... 82 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.12.1 Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) Effort (time and cost) Read the entire page →
From page 83... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 83 9.12.2 Segmental Concrete Key References HNTB Corporation. Read the entire page →
From page 84... ... 84 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.12.3 Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil-Integrated Bridge Systems (GRS-IBS) Effort (time and cost) Read the entire page →
From page 85... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 85 9.13 Pavement Overview Pavement, the durable surfacing of a roadway and its supporting structure, constitutes about 70% of annual state and local roadway expenditures in the United States (U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 86... ... 86 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Related Categories Sustainability Construction Workers Project Delivery Method Work Zone Traffic Control Neighbors and Stakeholders Financing Materials Users Procurement Safety Pollution Contracting Employment Local Ecosystem and Habitat Scheduling Training Consumption Estimating Community Outreach Climate Project Controls/Administration Noise Project Budget Earthwork Lighting Maintenance and Operations Drainage/Sewer/Water Constructability/Deconstruction Economic Development/Employment Aesthetics Quality Walls Equipment Bridges Utilities Pavement Landscaping Business Opportunity X Project Requirement X Goodwill Motivations Sustainable Construction Practices • General pavement – Smoothness specification. Specify pavement smoothness because smoother pavements can result in reduced vehicle operating costs and emissions, and may be more durable. Read the entire page →
From page 87... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 87 9.13.1 Smoothness Specification Effort (time and cost) : 2.1 Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: 2.4 Environmental Benefit: 2.1 Cost Savings: 1.4 2.9 Summary Smoothness is a defining quality characteristic for pavement. Read the entire page →
From page 88... ... 88 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.13.3 On-Site Recycling/Reuse Key Reference Scott, S., T Ferragut, M Read the entire page →
From page 89... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 89 CIR material must cure in place in good weather for several days to 2 weeks (depending upon materials and weather conditions) before it can be overlaid (Dunn and Cross, 2015) Read the entire page →
From page 90... ... 90 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook • Intelligent compaction. Intelligent compaction (IC) Read the entire page →
From page 91... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 91 9.13.5 Longitudinal Joints Aschenbrener, T., E Read the entire page →
From page 92... ... 92 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.13.6 Eliminate Segregation Effort (time and cost) : 2.0 Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: 1.3 Environmental Benefit: 1.6 Cost Savings: 1.7 2.3 Effort (time and cost) Read the entire page →
From page 93... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 93 9.13.8 Tack Coat Application Effort (time and cost) : 1.6 Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: 0.9 Environmental Benefit: 1.6 Cost Savings: 2.1 3.0 Summary Tack coat is the application of an asphalt material to an existing pavement surface intended to aid in bonding a new pavement surface to the existing surface. Read the entire page →
From page 94... ... 94 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Summary In jointed concrete pavement, dowel bars are typically used to provide load transfer across transverse joints. Ideally, dowel bars should be aligned parallel to the surface and centerline of the concrete slab and centered on the joint. Read the entire page →
From page 95... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 95 Summary Potable water is allowed as concrete mixing water without testing. However, ASTM C1602/ C1602M (Standard Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete) Read the entire page →
From page 96... ... 96 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.14 Work Zone Traffic Control Overview Work zone traffic control refers to the temporary procedure enacted in a work zone to ensure continuity of movement of motor vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians. It also accounts for the safety of workers and drivers, as well as accommodates efficient construction and resolution of traffic incidents. Read the entire page →
From page 97... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 97 Key References Datta, T., K Schattler, P Read the entire page →
From page 98... ... 98 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Beacher, A Read the entire page →
From page 99... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 99 9.14.3 Driver Information Systems Effort (time and cost) : 2.3 Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: 3.4 Environmental Benefit: 0.9 Cost Savings: 1.1 2.4 Effort (time and cost) Read the entire page →
From page 100... ... 100 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.14.5 Construction Vehicle Entering/Exiting Key Reference American Traffic Safety Services Association. Read the entire page →
From page 101... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 101 9.15 Materials Overview A multitude of materials are used in highway construction, but aggregate, asphalt cement, portland cement, and steel make up the majority by weight and volume. Materials extraction and production can be resource intensive and is usually the highest contributor (by a good margin) Read the entire page →
From page 102... ... 102 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Related Categories Sustainability Construction Workers Project Delivery Method Work Zone Traffic Control Neighbors and Stakeholders Financing Materials Users Procurement Safety Pollution Contracting Employment Local Ecosystem and Habitat Scheduling Training Consumption Estimating Community Outreach Climate Project Controls/Administration Noise Project Budget Earthwork Lighting Maintenance and Operations Drainage/Sewer/Water Constructability/Deconstruction Economic Development/Employment Aesthetics Quality Walls Equipment Bridges Utilities Pavement Landscaping Business Opportunity X Project Requirement X Goodwill Motivations Sustainable Construction Practices • Reduce materials use. Design structures and features can be altered to produce equal or better function but with less materials use. Read the entire page →
From page 103... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 103 9.15.1 Reduce Materials Use Effort (time and cost) : Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: Environmental Benefit: Cost Savings: Not Rated This SCP split out as a separate practice after the rating process was complete, so it is not rated. Read the entire page →
From page 104... ... 104 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.15.3 Recycle Highway Materials Effort (time and cost) : 2.0 Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: 2.2 Environmental Benefit: 4.2 Cost Savings: 2.7 4.5 Summary The scarcity of quality aggregates, budget constraints, enhanced emissions, and disposal problems have contributed to increased use of recycled materials for both asphalt and concrete pavements. Read the entire page →
From page 105... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 105 9.15.4 Use Co-Products and Waste Materials from Other Industries Key References Van Dam, T Read the entire page →
From page 106... ... 106 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.15.5 Use Alternate or Improved Materials Effort (time and cost) : 2.4 Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: 1.8 Environmental Benefit: 3.4 Cost Savings: 2.2 3.1 Summary This section discusses improvements in the material production process as well as use of alternative materials. Read the entire page →
From page 107... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 107 of RAP from source to plant. Hence, wherever possible it is advisable to use locally available materials. Read the entire page →
From page 108... ... 108 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook ISO 21930. Read the entire page →
From page 109... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 109 9.16 Safety Overview Safety is the condition of being protected from risk, danger, and injury which directly affect human health and life. Construction safety is regulated by federal and state agencies, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Read the entire page →
From page 110... ... 110 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Summary The Sustainable Construction Safety and Health (SCSH) rating system is a construction worker safety and health rating tool. Read the entire page →
From page 111... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 111 9.16.3 Automated Flagger Assistance Devices Effort (time and cost) : 1.7 Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: 3.1 Environmental Benefit: 0.2 Cost Savings: 1.5 2.7 Summary Automated flagger assistance devices (AFADs) Read the entire page →
From page 112... ... 112 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.16.5 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Inspection Summary Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones) are aircraft operated without humans on board; they are controlled either autonomously or remotely. Read the entire page →
From page 113... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 113 9.17 Employment Overview Employment is an important impact that projects and participating organizations have on their communities. While there are many standard employment regulations, there are many more potential goals for organizations and projects that might include employee training time, employee turnover rates, parental leave policies, diversity, income equality, non-discrimination standards, freedom of association and collective bargaining, and local community participation. Read the entire page →
From page 114... ... 114 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Summary The intention to meet or exceed the stated disadvantaged business enterprise (DBE) goal for a project should include women-owned and veteran-owned businesses. Read the entire page →
From page 115... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 115 • Development agreement (DA) Read the entire page →
From page 116... ... 116 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.18 Training Overview Knowledge is a vital organizational asset. A way to grow that asset is an investment in a valuable commodity that produces high returns. Read the entire page →
From page 117... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 117 9.18.1 Sustainability Training Effort (time and cost) : Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: Environmental Benefit: Cost Savings: Not RatedNot Rated This SCP was added after the rating process was complete, so it is not rated. Read the entire page →
From page 118... ... 118 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.19 Community Outreach Overview An owner or a contractor needs to communicate and inform the stakeholders about the adverse effects of construction, as and when applicable, through multiple communication channels and platforms, including but not limited to direct outreach, community participation, and social media applications. Communication plays an important role in ensuring traffic/road user safety and worker/job site safety, and in informing the surrounding community. Read the entire page →
From page 119... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 119 Summary Public outreach for highway construction projects is standard practice and can be a large factor in the public's general attitude toward the project, owner, and contractors. Most large owners have public outreach policies and manuals that outline their approach. Read the entire page →
From page 120... ... 120 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.20 Noise Overview Noise is unwanted sound. Construction noise affects human health through stress, hearing loss, sleep loss, fatigue, and interruptions, and it may also similarly affect wildlife. Read the entire page →
From page 121... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 121 Effort (time and cost) : 2.6 Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: 1.9 Environmental Benefit: 3.0 Cost Savings: 0.7 2.1 Summary While noise is usually treated as a human health concern, scientific research indicates it is also detrimental to wildlife and ecosystems (Shannon, et al., 2016) Read the entire page →
From page 122... ... 122 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook completed on time. Without proper noise abatement strategies, complaints and possible legal issues may slow down project delivery. Read the entire page →
From page 123... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 123 Summary Hearing loss is the top injury reported by highway construction workers. Additionally, noise is a major complaint by construction site neighbors. Read the entire page →
From page 124... ... 124 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.21 Lighting Overview The International Dark-Sky Association (2017) defines light pollution as the ". Read the entire page →
From page 125... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 125 Effort (time and cost) : 1.9 Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: 3.2 Environmental Benefit: 1.7 Cost Savings: 1.2 3.2 Summary The MUTCD, NCHRP Report 498 (Ellis, Amos, and Kumar 2003) Read the entire page →
From page 126... ... 126 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Effort (time and cost) : 2.5 Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: 3.2 Environmental Benefit: 1.2 Cost Savings: 1.1 2.2 • Mount conventional lights higher and aim them downward (Hassan et al., 2011) Read the entire page →
From page 127... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 127 9.22 Constructability/Deconstruction Overview Design for constructability (DfC) and design for deconstruction (DfD) Read the entire page →
From page 128... ... 128 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Summary The review process usually occurs during the design phase and is intended to ensure that (1) the design can be constructed using standard materials and techniques, (2) Read the entire page →
From page 129... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 129 9.22.3 Adaptive Reuse of Structures Effort (time and cost) : 3.1 Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: 2.0 Environmental Benefit: 3.5 Cost Savings: 2.1 2.5 Summary Reusing structures for a different purpose (for example, converting an industrial warehouse into loft apartments) Read the entire page →
From page 130... ... 130 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Summary Deconstruction is the selective dismantling of infrastructure with the intention to reuse, repurpose, and recycle all or part of the deconstructed item. Washington State DOT's SR 520 floating bridge across Lake Washington was decommissioned from 2016 to 2017 using a combined deconstruction/demolition process. Read the entire page →
From page 131... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 131 9.23 Quality Overview In the simplest of terms, quality is fitness for use. In construction, this means what is built must meet the requirements (specifications) Read the entire page →
From page 132... ... 132 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Summary A quality management plan is intended to document the structure, responsibilities, and procedures to effectively manage construction quality. Urban Engineers (2012) Read the entire page →
From page 133... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 133 Motivations Business Opportunity X Project Requirement X Goodwill Sustainable Construction Practices • Tier 4 engines. Use Tier 4 diesel engines because of their reduced nitrous oxide and particulate exhaust emissions. Read the entire page →
From page 134... ... 134 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook 9.24.1 Tier 4 Engines Effort (time and cost) : 2.3 Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: 2.7 Environmental Benefit: 3.2 Cost Savings: 1.0 3.0 9.24.2 Alternative Fuels Effort (time and cost) Read the entire page →
From page 135... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 135 9.24.3 Automated Grade Control Effort (time and cost) : 2.0 Impact/Effort Ratio Human Welfare: 0.9 Environmental Benefit: 1.6 Cost Savings: 2.0 2.3 Summary Hybrid laser-GPS systems are capable of tightly controlling paving and milling grades to high-level accuracy. Read the entire page →
From page 136... ... 136 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Key References EPA. Read the entire page →
From page 137... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 137 9.25 Utilities Overview Utility issues are a major cause of construction delays, and half of all highway construction projects eligible for federal funding involve utility relocation (Ellis et al. Read the entire page →
From page 138... ... 138 Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook Summary Highway utility issues are largely viewed as a coordination problem that is largely solved in a project's planning, administration, and design. However, AASHTO (2004) Read the entire page →
From page 139... ... Sustainable Construction Practices 139 Sustainable Construction Practices No viable SCPs were identified in this area. Related Categories Sustainability Construction Workers Project Delivery Method Work Zone Traffic Control Neighbors and Stakeholders Financing Materials Users Procurement Safety Pollution Contracting Employment Local Ecosystem and Habitat Scheduling Training Consumption Estimating Community Outreach Climate Project Controls/Administration Noise Project Budget Earthwork Lighting Maintenance and Operations Drainage/Sewer/Water Constructability/Deconstruction Economic Development/Employment Aesthetics Quality Walls Equipment Bridges Utilities Pavement Landscaping Motivations Business Opportunity Project Requirement X Goodwill 9.26 Landscaping Overview Landscaping, also known as roadside vegetation management, refers to any activity related to the protection, restoration, and rehabilitation of vegetation damaged or compromised by landscaping during transportation improvements, or simply to the enhancement of aesthetics in the corridors through landscaping. Read the entire page →
From page 141... ... Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) Read the entire page →
From page 142... ... TRA N SPO RTATIO N RESEA RCH BO A RD 500 Fifth Street, N W W ashington, D C 20001 A D D RESS SERV ICE REQ U ESTED ISBN 978-0-309-48095-6 9 7 8 0 3 0 9 4 8 0 9 5 6 9 0 0 0 0 N O N -PR O FIT O R G . Read the entire page →

From page 50...

... 50 C H A P T E R 9 Sustainable Construction Practices Project Delivery Level 9.1 Project Delivery Method Overview The project delivery method defines the process and contractual arrangement by which a project is designed, constructed, and (sometimes) financed, operated, and maintained.