Sustainable Highway Construction (2019) / Chapter Skim
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16 instance, a project can identify sustainability objectives using the sustainability framework categories and can then choose relevant highway construction practices by using TABLE 9 to determine which highway construction categories of practices address the identified sustainability priorities.
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17 3.2 PURPOSE The literature review purpose is to discover existing or experimental practices that could be considered SCPs. 3.3 SCOPE Literature reviewed includes: Referred journal articles.
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18 3.4 ORGANIZATION OF THIS LITERATURE REVIEW This literature review was conducted before the original sustainability (TABLE 3) construction frameworks (TABLE 6)
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19 Grounding their work in institutional theory, Jennings and Zandbergen (1995) argued the usefulness of this theory to promote ecologically sustainable organizations by explaining how organizations can build consensus around the meaning of sustainability and how sustainable practices are developed and diffused.
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20 3.5.3 Policy/Program (Implementing Sustainability) 3.5.3.1 Relationship to Sustainability Dimension Category Indicator Human Wellbeing Health & Happiness Safety Personal & Social Development Good Governance Environmental Wellbeing Nature & Environment Clean Air Clean Water Clean Land Ecological Resources Climate & Energy Renewable Energy Economic Wellbeing External Economy Employment 3.5.3.2 Discussion Bossink (2002)
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21 framework and only outlines generic claims of guidance "for contractors to develop their sustainability policy, strategy and practice for meeting the increasing requirement for sustainable development in construction." TABLE 11. Sustainable Construction Practices (Tan et al.
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22 an example of institutionalizing a strategy and show executive support is the sustainability management plan (SMP) developed by the Greater Orlando Aviation Authority (GOAA)
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23 2006; pp.
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24 o Construction cost is fixed at contract award. o Creates competition for low price among bidders, but may incentive bidders to omit items in order to decrease bid amount only to recover those costs in change orders later.
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25 study. The study revealed that counterfactual analysis can be used to deliver a sustainable construction project.
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26 In 2011, Swarup et al initiated work to evaluate the "influence of project delivery attributes, such as owner commitment, team integration, and contractual relationships" on project sustainability goals (pp.
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27 3.6.3.2 Relationship to Sustainability Dimension Category Indicator Human Wellbeing Personal & Social Development Education Equality Income Distribution Good Governance Economic Wellbeing Project Economy Cost-Benefit 3.6.3.3 Innovative Practices Specifying sustainability. Previous studies have suggested that team integration and early contractor involvement are crucial to sustainable outcomes.
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28 Selecting a firm based on their expected performance does not guarantee the achievement of the project objectives in term of sustainability. Therefore, developing a contract that clearly conveys rights and expectations is as crucial as selecting the right firm.
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29 3. Mallela et al.
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30 Cost-benefit by design. Design of a facility is one of potential sources to cost savings.
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31 machines or equipment to execute cost estimates when estimates using unit price is not available. Consequently, for such project features, historical data might be used or estimation intuition is required to calculate cost of such projects.
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32 structural models, topographical maps and volumetric measurements. The UAVs are resourceful in conducting traffic surveys which helps analyze traffic systems in an upcoming project area.
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33 in cost and time savings of at least 50 percent. Even though this technology may not completely replace photogrammetric data in the final design of alignment, it still yields significant value.
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34 Project control systems are generally comprised of an information management system and personnel who collect and process information into the system (CII – RS6-5)
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35 an FNR. The initial process of the workflow involves field inspectors collecting project inspection observations to determine the following: Basic contract and project information Bid item number and the associated description and unit of measurement Supporting calculations showing the arithmetic used to arrive at the final quantity value FIGURE 1.
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36 FIGURE 1. WSDOT field note record workflow process (Yamaura and Katara, 2016)
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37 An effective project control method relies on the project stakeholder's ability to obtain timely and accurate information in regard to project cost and schedule performance. Research in this field has led to advancements in information technology and project management strategies to improve the timeliness and accuracy of construction information dissemination (Grau and Abbaszadegan, 2015)
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38 Enhanced Information Technology (IT)
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39 concluded that geospatial technologies are suitable for tracking material location in real time. For example, Maryland State Highway Administration (MDSHA)
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40 FIGURE 5. Visualized monitoring report (Golparvar-Fard et al., 2009)
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41 3.7.5.3 Innovative Practices Studies by M
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42 7. Western Federal Lands diverted about 75% of the construction waste using formal construction and waste demolition plan from going into the landfill for the North Park Road (Sustainablehighways.org, 2017)
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43 Each of these methods led to cost savings, and improved environmental outcomes through lower use of equipment resources. 3.7.7 Drainage/Sewer/Water 3.7.7.1 Definition The main objective of the drainage design during highway construction is to reduce or eliminate the energy generated by flowing water.
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44 3.7.8.2 Relationship to Sustainability Dimension Category Indicator Human Wellbeing Health & Happiness Culture and History Aesthetics Humans place value on what they can see and its quality so the aesthetics of a particular community or location contribute to the human wellbeing component of sustainability. This is both through pure visual pleasure and how aesthetics represents the culture and history of the community.
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45 FIGURE 7. American flag on an asphalt paver, an example of construction site aesthetics.
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46 Align expansion and weakened plane joints with footing step locations. Wall footing step heights must be in 1, 2, or 4-foot increments to facilitate gang form system construction and provide for the alignment of horizontal seams.
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47 FIGURE 8. Aesthetic wall treatment on I-5 in Tacoma, WA.
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48 FIGURE 9. Forming a natural-looking rock slope near Fernan Lake, Idaho on a Federal Lands Highway project.
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49 Sustainability in bridge construction is measured by three dimensions; economic, environmental, and human dimensions. Through the research work, it was found that sustainability in bridge construction is mainly related to cost-benefit indicator in the economic dimension, consumption in the environmental dimension, and safety and aesthetics in the human dimension.
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50 piling activities. In addition, the system is easy to design and can be built in variable weather conditions.
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51 It is worth to mention that the production of mass of stainless steel have higher CO2 emissions and energy consumption than carbon steels. However, this is compensated by the fact that less duplex stainless steel production is needed than carbon steels.
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52 FIGURE 10. Total U.S.
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53 the prolonged time on the road and increase in fuel costs. In many cases, traffic diversions drive decreased revenue for local businesses impacted by the construction.
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54 control and apply materials during the pavement construction sequence. These recommendations will environmentally enhance the project by lengthening the pavement's life span and ensuring employment of effective material placement.
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55 3.7.12 Work Zone Traffic Control 3.7.12.1 Definition "Work zone traffic control" refers to the temporary procedure enacted in a work zone in order to ensure continuity of movement of motor vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians. It must also account for safety of workers and drivers, as well as accommodate efficient construction and resolution of traffic incidents.
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56 devices, and crash mitigation devices (e.g., crash cushions)
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57 3.7.14 Materials 3.7.14.1 Definition Naturally occurring materials such as clay, rock, and wood are used for construction activities. Apart from these, man-made materials such as asphalt, concrete and steel are commonly used in highway construction.
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58 Mallela (2013) , also reveal that WMA saves 15% of cost as compared to HMA.
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59 Other Materials. Some studies have looked to estimate and reduce the emissions produced by the use of steel, wood, and rock.
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60 practices offer opportunities to benefit from both a short and long-term perspective at a fraction of the upfront cost. According to OSHA, nonfatal injuries, sicknesses and fatalities produce an annual cost of about $170 billion (2017)
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61 FIGURE 11. Sustainable Construction Safety and Healthy Rating System (SCSH, 2016)
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62 12. Safety accountability and performance measurement 13.
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63 has not yet fully embraced the SCSH rating system, it remains a promising, pragmatic strategy to implement sustainable construction practices for highway construction projects. Aside from OSHA's attempt to quantify the benefits of enhanced safety programs, the literature mostly captures qualitative impacts.
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64 Federal agencies have a high interest in the level of participation local businesses and the various categories of small businesses contribute to government funded work. Subsequently, a great deal of analytic driven scrutiny dictates who and how contractors are hired for local and federal government projects.
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65 The EIS did not address the construction employment considerations directly resulting from the project. 3.7.16.4 Innovative Practices The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT)
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66 FIGURE 14. Number of Cases with Report Positive Direction of Economic Impact (Economic Development Research Group, 2012)
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67 highly-skilled workforce" (2017)
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68 Washington's apprenticeship training for a construction equipment operator must include at least 6,000 hours of on-the-job (Washington 2015)
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69 just below half of construction project safety training programs have adopted the robust methods described above (Namian et al., 2016)
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70 Safety. Public outreach plays an important role in the safety of traffic/road users and worker/jobsite safety.
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71 These two are required by law and thus determine the minimum standard at every construction site. The subsequent five most commonly used tools are: 1.
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72 FIGURE 17. Effectiveness versus frequency of usage of public outreach tools (Minooei, 2016)
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73 The data in the last 10 years suggest that real time data availability to the public produces costs savings and encourages traffic avoidance as well as increases driver's awareness. Despite the data trends, transportation agencies have been slow to embrace the usage of mobile applications.
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74 unable to hear natural cues and other animals' signals (EPA, 1978)
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75 noise (Freimund and Nicholas, 2009)
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76 Light pollution affects human health and safety as well as ecological systems. Though light has obvious benefits to human society, excess light and light pollution can have negative human health impacts.
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77 3.7.20.4 Innovative Practices Work zone glare reduction: Glare can be reduced through planning, light positioning, and certain types of lighting equipment. Algorithms, such as CONLIGHT, can be used to model and design work zone lighting to allow for ideal placement to maximize illuminance and uniformity while minimizing glare and lighting costs (El-Rayes and Hyari, 2005)
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78 Although the list of case studies establishing DfD practices in the highway industry are few, existing practices focusing on life-cycle engineering, material selection/reuse/recycling, and landfill avoidance all align with the core intents of DfD principles. Most attempts to define DfC refer to a paradigm of extending the useful life of material in a closed-loop system throughout its life-cycle, avoiding the need for material production from virgin materials (entering the loop)
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79 TABLE 13. Design for Constructability: Frequently Cited Practices and their Perceived Benefits Design for Adaptive Reuse (DfAR)
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80 construction costs, embodied energy, and carbon emissions from material processing or production (Hosseini et al.
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81 major obstacle preventing wider adoption of DfC practices within the building industry (Iacovidou and Purnell 2016)
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82 experience with (de) construction techniques, availability of tools for implementing deconstruction specifically, not incorporating DfC principles into initial design, and variation in quality were the most cited barriers to implementing DfC practices for materials (2016)
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83 70-year design life however, the researchers estimated that the perpetual pavement yielded a net present value only 4% higher than conventional designs. The perpetual pavement was about 67% thicker, consisted of recycled materials and more durable materials like stone matrix asphalt, and required roughly 25% fewer maintenance activities.
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