Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems, second edition (2020) / Chapter Skim
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From page 33... ...
33 This section provides an overview of the range of practices currently available to address airport deicing stormwater management needs and guidance for the review, interpretation, and use of the fact sheets. Overview and Screening Process for Deicing Practices Assessing the Need for Practices Factors that would prompt an airport to pursue the implementation of new or additional practices include the following: • Concerns arise regarding potential impacts of deicing discharges on receiving-water quality, such as reduced dissolved oxygen, aquatic toxicity, nuisance odors, bacterial growth, or other evidence of possible impairment.
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From page 34... ...
34 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems Deicing Practice Categories After an airport has determined that deicing practices are needed, it will need to assess the type(s) of practice(s)
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From page 35... ...
Guidelines for Selecting Individual Practices 35 Screening Approach for Selecting Individual Deicing Practices Practices should be assessed within the context of the development of an overall integrated deicing management strategy. An important step in this process is the initial screening of individual practices for applicability to a particular airport.
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From page 36... ...
36 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems this category generally require modifications to an airport's deicer application protocols and equipment, which may not be practicable for some aircraft operators. Thus, only partial implementation of source reduction practices may be possible at any given airport.
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From page 37... ...
Guidelines for Selecting Individual Practices 37 Factors for Evaluating Practices A variety of factors should be considered during the initial screening to identify potentially applicable practices for meeting an airport's long-term deicing runoff management needs. Table 3-1 summarizes these key characteristics (other than performance, which is addressed separately)
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From page 38... ...
38 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems Table 3-1. Summary of characteristics of BMPs for runoff from aircraft and airfield deicing and anti-icing operations.
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From page 39... ...
Guidelines for Selecting Individual Practices 39 (continued on next page) Advantages, Constraints, and Requisite Factors for Success Costs and Savings Advantages Constraints Keys to Success Relative Costs Potential Savings No special equipment requirements May offer opportunity to reduce toxicity Must conform with FAA-approved deicing plan Limited choice of products Gaining aircraft operator acceptance -- -- Addresses sources outside of containment areas Saves money on wasted product Depends on adoption of practice by carrier and FBO staff Incorporation of practices into Standard Operating Procedures Education of employees who handle deicers 4 2 Reduces delays Reduces Type I use under certain weather conditions May require extra deicing crew shift Must be incorporated into FAAapproved deicing plan Suitable climate Accurate weather forecasting Suitable flight schedule 4 3 Optimizes use of aircraft deicers Reduces overall Type I use with certain weather conditions Logistically complicated for FBOs serving multiple carriers with different FAA-approved deicing plans May require specialized equipment May undermine recycling efforts Predominance of milder temperatures where lower glycol ratios can be used Ready source of water for blending Deicing equipment designed to facilitate blending Effective training and quality assurance 2–4 3–4 Potentially significant reductions in ADF use Reduced effectiveness with ice and heavy wet snow Specialized and extensive training required Equipment is more complex than conventional trucks May reduce amounts of recyclable glycol Significantly higher capital cost than conventional trucks Extensive operator training and skill development Operator understanding of effectiveness under different conditions Climate that is suited to the technology's strengths Procurement as part of regular deicing truck replacement schedule 2–3 3–5 Labor Requirements 5 No additional labor Relative Capital Costs 5 Negligible (During Deicing Periods)
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From page 40... ...
40 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems Table 3-1. (Continued)
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From page 41... ...
Guidelines for Selecting Individual Practices 41 Advantages, Constraints, and Requisite Factors for Success Costs and Savings Advantages Constraints Keys to Success Relative Costs Potential Savings Reduces the need for glycol under some weather conditions (i.e., frost) Requires suitable climate No holdover protection against refreezing May require anti-icing Suitable climate 5 2–3 Protects operator from spray Allows closer proximity of application to aircraft Facilitates greater attention to optimum deicing by operator Requires purchase of new equipment Procurement as part of regular deicing truck replacement schedule 2–3 2–3 Supports optimized use of deicers Coordination efforts can require substantial effort Potential for error based on timing of delivery of information to the applicators Availability of service 4 2–3 Supports optimized use of deicers Improves accuracy of holdover time determination Ensures that aircraft are deiced consistent with actual conditions Still in the R&D phase Commercial availability Acceptance and financial commitment by airport and carriers -- -- Relative Capital Costs 5 Negligible 4 < $100,000 3 $100,000–$1,000,000 2 $1,000,000–$10,000,000 1 >$10,000,000 -- Unknown Potential Savings 5 Significant savings 3 Modest savings 1 No savings -- Unknown Labor Requirements 5 No additional labor (During Deicing Periods)
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From page 42... ...
42 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems BMP (Fact Sheet #) Proven and Demonstrated Application Implementation and Operational Requirements Emerging Technology Industry Application Responsibility for Implementation Responsibility for Operation Ease of Implementation Labor Requirements Training Requirements Airfield Pavement Deicing Product selection (#16)
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From page 43... ...
Guidelines for Selecting Individual Practices 43 Advantages, Constraints, and Requisite Factors for Success Costs and Savings Advantages Constraints Keys to Success Relative Costs Potential Savings May offer opportunity to reduce toxicity Must conform with FAA-approved deicing plan Limited choice of products Concerns with catalytic oxidation, cadmium corrosion, airfield infrastructure complicate selection of acceptable deicers New application equipment may be required Acceptance by airfield maintenance staff Acceptance by aircraft operators Acceptance of new operating procedures 3–4 3–5 Saves money on wasted product Addresses sources outside of containment areas New handling and storage equipment may be required Education of front line staff who handle deicers 5 2 Labor Requirements 5 No additional labor Relative Capital Costs 5 Negligible (During Deicing Periods) 4 <1 day per week 4 < $100,000 3 2–3 days per week 3 $100,000–$1,000,000 2 1 FTE 2 $1,000,000–$10,000,000 1 >2 FTEs 1 >$10,000,000 -- Unknown -- Unknown Training Requirements 5 No additional training Potential Savings 5 Significant savings 4 Basic orientation 3 Modest savings 3 Short training session 1 No savings 2 Multiple training sessions -- Unknown 1 Extensive training -- Unknown Optimizes deicer use and airfield friction Requires specialized application equipment and instrumentation Equipment investment may not be worthwhile at small airports Accurate and timely data on airfield pavement conditions Adoption of the process by airfield maintenance 2–3 3–4 Theoretically eliminates pavement deicer use Still in R&D phase Demonstration at an operational level.
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From page 44... ...
44 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems Glycol collection vehicles (#23) N 2 Airport, carriers, or FBOs Airport, carriers, or FBOs 3 1 1 BMP (Fact Sheet #)
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From page 45... ...
Guidelines for Selecting Individual Practices 45 Advantages, Constraints, and Requisite Factors for Success Costs and Savings Advantages Constraints Keys to Success Relative Costs Potential Savings Highest reported performance of available glycol collection practices Improves availability of gates Opportunity to collect relatively high concentration runoff Reduces volumes of deicing runoff that must be stored and treated. Eliminates deicing impacts on loading operations Removes deicer traffic from terminal and ramp areas.
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From page 46... ...
46 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems BMP (Fact Sheet #) Proven and Demonstrated Application Implementation and Operational Requirements Emerging Technology Industry Application Responsibility for Implementation Responsibility for Operation Ease of Implementation Labor Requirements Training Requirements Block-and-pump systems (#24)
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From page 47... ...
Guidelines for Selecting Individual Practices 47 Advantages, Constraints, and Requisite Factors for Success Costs and Savings Advantages Constraints Keys to Success Relative Costs Potential Savings Adaptable to existing deicing locations and operations Simple to implement using sewer balloons May be used to supplement other collection BMPs Layout of storm sewers must be suitable May require storm sewer system modifications May not work well where integrity of storm sewers is poor May require large storage capacity for collected runoff Must have equipment to pump out blocked sewers Must have adequate pumping and hauling capacity to prevent flooding Collected runoff must be hauled to storage and treatment Suitable storm sewer serving deicing areas Availability of adequate storage Availability of adequate treatment capacity for dilute runoff 3–4 1 Potential opportunity to reduce fugitive deicing runoff loads May provide reduction in some nondeicing runoff pollutants Typically only practical as an element of an airfield construction project Must be consistent with all FAA requirements for airfield design Opportunities depend on local facility layout and drainage patterns Consideration of possibilities early in the planning and design phase of airfield projects 1–3 -- Improves collection/containment performance Reduced transport of deicers out of containment areas Increases complexity of snow plowing and management operations Requires separate area for deicerladen snow storage May require snow melters where space is limited Requires change to Airport Snow Management Plan Acceptance and adoption of practices by airfield maintenance staff Suitable area for storage of deicerladen snow Capacity for treating deicer-laden snowmelt from storage area 2–3 1 Small footprint Storage can be placed where it is needed Can be mobilized on short notice Additional storage can be readily added as needed Height restrictions may limit acceptable locations Tanks are typically limited to ~20,000 gallons Storage requirements can be met with small units 4 1 Can be sized to meet needs Less expensive than permanent tanks Construction time is relatively short Height restrictions may limit acceptable locations May require covers Suitable location required Suitable location 3 1 Relative Capital Costs 5 Negligible 4 < $100,000 3 $100,000–$1,000,000 2 $1,000,000–$10,000,000 1 >$10,000,000 -- Unknown Potential Savings 5 Significant savings 3 Modest savings 1 No savings -- Unknown Labor Requirements 5 No additional labor (During Deicing Periods) 4 <1 day per week 3 2–3 days per week 2 1 FTE 1 >2 FTEs -- Unknown Training Requirements 5 No additional training 4 Basic orientation 3 Short training session 2 Multiple training sessions 1 Extensive training -- Unknown (continued on next page)
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From page 48... ...
48 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems Permanent tanks (#30) N 2 Airport Airport 1 5 4 Manual diversion valves (#31)
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From page 49... ...
Guidelines for Selecting Individual Practices 49 No odor issues No wildlife attraction issues Reduced potential for dilution from precipitation Contents may be mixed for uniform discharge concentrations Lower maintenance than ponds Most costly form of non-portable storage Land requirements Height restrictions Geotechnical restrictions More difficult to remove solids than open storage Suitable land available Accurate sizing Evaluating potential process advantages of multiple tanks Provisions for mixing contents 2–3 1 Simple operation and maintenance Requires operator during potentially busy periods Appropriate valve selection Reliable and effective valve seals Well-defined standard operating procedures 2–3 1 Reduced manpower requirements Can be integrated into SCADA system for centralized operation of diversions throughout system Increased complexity Capital costs can be high for large pipe diameters Appropriate valve selection Reliable and effective valve seals Cost-benefit analysis for capital versus operating cost 3–4 1 Provides real-time information on TOC, or other surrogate parameters Can be interfaced with automated diversion valves to achieve fine-scale separation of higher and lower concentration flows Allows operation of collection, diversion, or treatment when facility is not staffed May reduce storage and treatment requirements Recording capabilities provides finescale data record of runoff characteristics, including flows and loads Instrumentation is sophisticated Installations require protective housing and utilities Use for compliance monitoring requires gaining acceptance by regulators Clear need to detect deicing constituents in real time Experienced or trainable operator with troubleshooting skill Clearly defined operating conditions and ranges Clear understanding of instrument accuracy Regular maintenance and calibration 3–4 3–4 Relative Capital Costs 5 Negligible 4 < $100,000 3 $100,000–$1,000,000 2 $1,000,000–$10,000,000 1 >$10,000,000 -- Unknown Potential Savings 5 Significant savings 3 Modest savings 1 No savings -- Unknown Labor Requirements 5 No additional labor (During Deicing Periods) 4 <1 day per week 3 2–3 days per week 2 1 FTE 1 >2 FTEs -- Unknown Training Requirements 5 No additional training 4 Basic orientation 3 Short training session 2 Multiple training sessions 1 Extensive training -- Unknown Advantages, Constraints, and Requisite Factors for Success Costs and Savings Advantages Constraints Keys to Success Relative Costs Potential Savings Relatively cost-effective storage Can also serve stormwater detention function Land requirements FAA discourages open water features near airfields Odors may be an issue Can pose wildlife attraction hazard Subject to storage volume increases and dilution from direct precipitation Suitable land available Wildlife attraction issues fully addressed Address FAA concerns Appropriate site-specific containment to address groundwater infiltration and deicer exfiltration Provisions for period maintenance (solids removal)
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From page 50... ...
50 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems BMP (Fact Sheet #) Proven and Demonstrated Application Implementation and Operational Requirements Emerging Technology Industry Application Responsibility for Implementation Responsibility for Operation Ease of Implementation Labor Requirements Training Requirements Catch basin inserts/valves (#33)
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From page 51... ...
Guidelines for Selecting Individual Practices 51 Advantages, Constraints, and Requisite Factors for Success Costs and Savings Advantages Constraints Keys to Success Relative Costs Potential Savings Prevent deicer-laden runoff from entering storm sewers prior to be picked up by glycol collection vehicles Must be custom fabricated for each catch basin Depend on manual operation Can promote flooding on the apron if not operated correctly Requires catch basin structures be in good condition Requires adequate collection and hauling capacity Well-defined drainage patterns in deicing areas Proper sizing to suit catch basin and drainage area Effective operator training Incorporation of practices into Standard Operating Procedures 3–4 1 Overcomes limitations of gravity flow (must follow hydraulic gradient) Reduce the size and depth of conveyance pipe Can be used to control the rate of discharge Requires potentially large electrical service May require emergency generator for backup power Proper sizing of pump capacity Proper maintenance and monitoring of pumps and control equipment Design consideration for runoff events that exceed the design capacity of the pumping system 2–4 3 Simplest treatment alternative Relatively low capital cost Requires POTW with adequate available treatment capacity Requires separate industrial discharge permit Likely to require onsite storage and metering of discharges to sewer Annual discharge fees may be high Long-term cost effectiveness dependent upon projected increases in discharge fees Discharge authorization may be rescinded in the future POTW with adequate available treatment capacity Address all POTW operator concerns regarding treatability of deicing runoff POTW operating problems may cause reduction or elimination of discharge authorization Understanding POTW's projected long-term increases in discharge fees 3–4 1 Labor Requirements 5 No additional labor Relative Capital Costs 5 Negligible (During Deicing Periods)
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From page 52... ...
52 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems BMP (Fact Sheet #) Proven and Demonstrated Application Implementation and Operational Requirements Emerging Technology Industry Application Responsibility for Implementation Responsibility for Operation Ease of Implementation Labor Requirements Training Requirements Aerated gravel bed treatment (#36)
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From page 53... ...
Guidelines for Selecting Individual Practices 53 Relative Capital Costs 5 Negligible 4 < $100,000 3 $100,000–$1,000,000 2 $1,000,000–$10,000,000 1 >$10,000,000 -- Unknown Potential Savings 5 Significant savings 3 Modest savings 1 No savings -- Unknown Labor Requirements 5 No additional labor (During Deicing Periods) 4 <1 day per week 3 2–3 days per week 2 1 FTE 1 >2 FTEs -- Unknown Training Requirements 5 No additional training 4 Basic orientation 3 Short training session 2 Multiple training sessions 1 Extensive training -- Unknown Advantages, Constraints, and Requisite Factors for Success Costs and Savings Advantages Constraints Keys to Success Relative Costs Potential Savings Low effluent BOD concentrations Can operate at ambient temperatures No biosolids processing or disposal typically required Relatively straightforward operational requirements Independence from outside market forces or costs Large footprint Efficiency depends on operating within limited ranges of water temperature and influent BOD concentrations and loadings Requirement for high level of treatment Available land Moderate winter temperatures Experienced or trainable operator Clearly defined operating conditions and ranges prior to design considering deicer use and weather conditions 1–2 1 Effluent BOD is 20 mg/L or less Well-suited for treatment in cold temperatures Relatively small footprint Independence from outside market forces or costs Relatively high operating costs Requires oxygen inputs and sludge disposal No systems in operation solely managing airport runoff Requirement for high level of treatment Best suited for steady BOD load, but accommodates variable influent loads Experienced or trainable operator Clearly defined operating conditions and ranges prior to design considering deicer use and weather conditions 2 1 Well-understood process with readily available operator pool Effluent BOD is 30 mg/L or less Independence from outside market forces or costs Relatively high operating costs Requires oxygen inputs Requires sludge disposal Requires reseeding of bacteria every season Requirement for high level of treatment Best suited to situations with steady long-term BOD load Experienced or trainable operator Clearly defined operating conditions and ranges prior to design considering deicer use and weather conditions 1–2 1 Low maintenance Lower operating costs and energy requirements than other treatment systems No routine biosolids processing Straightforward operating requirements Can operate at ambient temperatures Independence from outside market forces or costs Significant land requirements To avoid pumping, location must be down-gradient from sources of runoff to be treated May pose wildlife attraction hazard Not well suited to high influent BOD concentrations Performance may be highly variable Available land Best suited to low strength runoff Pilot testing Minimize wildlife attraction through proper design and choice of vegetation Experienced or trainable operator Clearly defined operating conditions and ranges prior to design considering deicer use and weather conditions 2–3 1 (continued on next page)
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From page 54... ...
54 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems BMP (Fact Sheet #) Proven and Demonstrated Application Implementation and Operational Requirements Emerging Technology Industry Application Responsibility for Implementation Responsibility for Operation Ease of Implementation Labor Requirements Training Requirements Key: Emerging Technology N Proven technology at airports D Demonstrated outside of the airports industry R In research & development phase Industry Application 5 Standard practice 4 Widespread 3 Common 2 Limited 1 Rare -- Unknown Ease of Implementation 5 Immediate 2 Infrastructure required 4 Administrative requirements 1 Major infrastructure required 3 Capital equipment required -- Unknown Glycol recovery (#41)
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From page 55... ...
Guidelines for Selecting Individual Practices 55 Relative Capital Costs 5 Negligible 4 < $100,000 3 $100,000–$1,000,000 2 $1,000,000–$10,000,000 1 >$10,000,000 -- Unknown Potential Savings 5 Significant savings 3 Modest savings 1 No savings -- Unknown Labor Requirements 5 No additional labor (During Deicing Periods) 4 <1 day per week 3 2–3 days per week 2 1 FTE 1 >2 FTEs -- Unknown Training Requirements 5 No additional training 4 Basic orientation 3 Short training session 2 Multiple training sessions 1 Extensive training -- Unknown Advantages, Constraints, and Requisite Factors for Success Costs and Savings Advantages Constraints Keys to Success Relative Costs Potential Savings Productive use of spent glycol Value of recovered glycol can help offset collection program costs Typically contracted out to specialty provider Potential single source provider of equipment and system operation Requires collection of runoff containing only PG-based ADF Cost-effectiveness generally requires glycol concentrations greater than 3–5% Cost-effectiveness requires some minimum glycol use May require onsite processing to facilitate economics of offsite transport Requires access to ultimate processing/reuse facility May require pretreatment and solids disposal May require heating of stormwater Use of PG-based aircraft deicing fluids in collection areas targeted for recycling Consistent volume of runoff with 3–5% glycol concentration.
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From page 56... ...
56 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems Practice (Fact Sheet #) Performancea Comments Source Controls % Load Reduction Aircraft Deicing Product selectionb (#1)
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From page 57... ...
Guidelines for Selecting Individual Practices 57 Practice (Fact Sheet #) Influent Concentrations (COD mg/L)
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From page 58... ...
58 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems The accuracy of performance characterizations is limited by a variety of factors, including the inherent variability in the conditions surrounding the deicing process. In many cases, available data is representative of an airport's deicing stormwater management system as a whole, rather than of a single component of the system.
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From page 59... ...
Guidelines for Selecting Individual Practices 59 consideration and screening. The information included within these fact sheets was compiled from a variety of sources, including published literature and research, unpublished "gray- literature," surveys from a cross-section of airports and vendors, and the research team's collective experience in developing and implementing deicing runoff management systems.
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From page 60... ...
60 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems Interpretation of the Fact Sheets An outline of the general fact sheet format is provided below, with a description of the information provided in the fact sheet and guidance for interpretation of that information.
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From page 61... ...
Guidelines for Selecting Individual Practices 61 reader as sense of the magnitude of costs. These cost numbers should not be used for planning purposes without verifying current local costs.
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