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From page 6... ... 6 This chapter provides an overview of technical and regulatory issues, site-specific factors to consider, and a generally applicable methodology for developing an effective deicing runoff control program for airport operators. Aircraft and Airfield Requirements for Deicing Safety Issues Aircraft deicing is required to ensure flight safety. Read the entire page →
From page 7... ... Guidelines for Developing Integrated Deicing Runoff Management Systems 7 within FAA standards, deicing facilities at terminals, on apron areas and taxiways, and near departure runways. Aircraft deicing facilities are recommended at airports where icing conditions are expected, including airports that serve aircraft that can develop frost or ice on critical surfaces even if the airport itself does not experience ground-icing conditions. Read the entire page →
From page 8... ... 8 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems SAE International Deicing Standards SAE International's Technical Standards Development Program publishes the following documents describing specifications, standards, and requirements for virtually every aspect of aircraft and airfield deicing: • AMS1424 Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluid, Aircraft SAE Type 1 • AMS1428 Fluid, Aircraft Deicing/Anti-Icing, Non-Newtonian (Pseudoplastic) , SAE Types II, III, and IV • ARP1971 Aircraft Deicing Vehicle – Self-Propelled • ARP5058 Enclosed Operator's Cabin for Aircraft Ground Deicing Equipment • AS5116 Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Ground Ice Detection Systems • ARP5660 Deicing Facility Operational Procedures • AS5681 Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Remote On-Ground Ice Detection Systems • AS5900 Standard Test Method for Aerodynamic Acceptance of AMS1424 and AMS1428 Aircraft Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids • AIR6232 Aircraft Surface Coating Interaction with Aircraft Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids • AIR6284 Forced Air or Forced Air/Fluid Equipment for Removal of Frozen Contaminants • AS6285 Aircraft Ground Deicing/Anti-Icing Processes • AS6286 Training and Qualification Program for Deicing/Anti-icing of Aircraft on the Ground • AS6286/1 Processes Including Methods • AS6286/2 Equipment • AS6286/4 Weather • AS6286/5 Health, Safety and First Aid • AS9968 Laboratory Viscosity Measurement of Thickened Aircraft Deicing/Anti-icing Fluids with the Brookfield LV Viscometer These documents are available from SAE International: www.sae.org. Read the entire page →
From page 9... ... Guidelines for Developing Integrated Deicing Runoff Management Systems 9 There are several SAE types of aircraft fluid, categorized on the basis of their use and properties: • Type I fluids are typically diluted with water and heated before application to remove frost, ice, and snow from aircraft. Type I fluids are relatively thin-bodied and may provide some nominal anti-icing protection, depending on the ambient weather conditions. Read the entire page →
From page 10... ... 10 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems Table 2-1. Summary of available information regarding the environmental characteristics of aircraft deicing and anti-icing fluids (circa 2018) Read the entire page →
From page 11... ... Guidelines for Developing Integrated Deicing Runoff Management Systems 11 Aquatic Ecotoxicity Notes Acute Toxicity to Fish Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Inverts Toxicity to Aquatic Plants Toxicity to Microorg. Chronic Toxicity to Fish Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Inverts Sheepshead Minnow Fathead Minnow Salmon Rainbow Trout Daphnia magna Ceriodaphnia dubia Saltwater Mysid Freshwater Algae Marine Algae -- LC50 6,350 mg/l -- -- LC50 6,825 mg/l -- -- -- -- -- -- -- (a) Read the entire page →
From page 12... ... 12 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems Table 2-1. (Continued) Read the entire page →
From page 13... ... Guidelines for Developing Integrated Deicing Runoff Management Systems 13 Aquatic Ecotoxicity Notes Acute Toxicity to Fish Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Inverts Toxicity to Aquatic Plants Toxicity to Microorg. Chronic Toxicity to Fish Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Inverts Sheepshead Minnow Fathead Minnow Salmon Rainbow Trout Daphnia magna Ceriodaphnia dubia Saltwater Mysid Freshwater Algae Marine Algae -- LC50/96 HR 6,900 mg/l -- LC50/96 HR 20,900 mg/l EC50/48 HR 19,200 mg/l EC50/48 HR 4,300 mg/l -- -- -- -- -- -- (a) Read the entire page →
From page 14... ... 14 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems Nondeicing Runoff Pollutants Stormwater runoff from deicing operations is regulated pursuant to federal and state industrial stormwater permitting programs. Other airport operations may contribute additional pollutants to these stormwater discharges, including fuels, suspended solids, dissolved solids, and oils/greases. Read the entire page →
From page 15... ... Guidelines for Developing Integrated Deicing Runoff Management Systems 15 control measures, including facilitating segregation of stormwater by deicer concentrations, monitoring effluent from control measures to assess performance or identify when maintenance is needed, and metering influent stormwater to treatment system processes. Effective use of monitoring to support these purposes requires the selection of appropriate monitoring parameters (e.g., chemical oxygen demand [COD] Read the entire page →
From page 16... ... 16 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems potential for adverse impacts to aquatic organisms. Conducting WET testing at airports can present unique challenges due to the variability in deicer application, stormwater discharge volumes, and receiving stream flow and assimilative capacity. Read the entire page →
From page 17... ... Guidelines for Developing Integrated Deicing Runoff Management Systems 17 biological treatment, such as disposal through a municipal wastewater treatment plant, would be considered a Scope 3 indirect emission. The differentiating factor among the biological processes in terms of volume of greenhouse gas emissions is the energy use. Read the entire page →
From page 18... ... 18 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems Regulatory Drivers This section provides an overview of the environmental regulations and permitting programs that authorize discharges associated with airport deicing and anti-icing operations. Although the emphasis is on regulations that affect U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 19... ... Guidelines for Developing Integrated Deicing Runoff Management Systems 19 Either general permits or individual permits may allow airports to include major tenants as co-permittees. EPA's Multi-Sector General Permit (MSGP) Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... 20 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems Beyond the CWA and CERCLA requirements already discussed, certain projects, including expansion and large capital projects that use federal-funding mechanisms, may trigger compliance obligations with other federal environmental laws, including the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) , the Endangered Species Act (ESA) Read the entire page →
From page 21... ... Guidelines for Developing Integrated Deicing Runoff Management Systems 21 for discharges to surface waters to protect human health and the environment. The CEPA 1999 requires that the Airport Operator and Aircraft Deicing Service Provider develop a Glycol Management Plan detailing deicing operation and methods used to prevent environmental damage from the deicing operation, and annual monitoring reports be prepared. Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... 22 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems to permitted deicing discharges will generally fall into the following categories, although these are not necessarily present in every permit: • Narrative/qualitative. These requirements typically involve implementing practices such as handling and storing materials, selecting deicing products (for example, prohibiting urea) Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... Guidelines for Developing Integrated Deicing Runoff Management Systems 23 understand the drainage patterns at the airport. The second is to identify and inventory deicing activities that contribute to runoff. Read the entire page →
From page 24... ... 24 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems Available data on discharges of deicing runoff to stormwater outfalls and treatment systems should be compiled. The critical information here will be flow and volume measurements and associated concentrations of deicing-relevant parameters (glycols, BOD, COD, total organic carbon, ammonia, acetates, formates, etc.) Read the entire page →
From page 25... ... Guidelines for Developing Integrated Deicing Runoff Management Systems 25 safety, as well as operational and cost requirements and objectives. As discussed previously, practices for controlling deicing runoff can be arranged in three categories: • Source reduction; • Containment/collection; and • Discharge/treatment/recycling. Read the entire page →
From page 26... ... 26 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems that may have a significant and direct impact on aircraft operations. The importance of this involvement applies throughout the process of developing and implementing a deicing runoff management strategy. Read the entire page →
From page 27... ... Guidelines for Developing Integrated Deicing Runoff Management Systems 27 and runoff volumes that the practices must handle. Hydrologic, hydraulic, or water quality models are used to estimate these quantities from data on weather, aircraft, and pavement deicer use, flight operations, basin surface characteristics, and storm sewer system features. Read the entire page →
From page 28... ... 28 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems • Strategies for addressing performance deficiencies; and • Procedures for recordkeeping. These elements can be defined in a stand-alone document or folded into the airport's SWPPP. Read the entire page →
From page 29... ... Guidelines for Developing Integrated Deicing Runoff Management Systems 29 Revise Deicing Runoff Management Plan At most airports, the airport's SWPPP will be reviewed annually as part of compliance with its NPDES industrial stormwater permit. This is an opportunity to review the deicing runoff management plan and identify the infrastructure modifications and maintenance activities that will be accomplished during the coming year. Read the entire page →
From page 30... ... 30 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems Precipitation-runoff models may be designed to evaluate the response to individual events or simulate long periods of weather. Single-event models are useful in sizing of conveyance and treatment infrastructure under an assumed "design" event condition. Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... Guidelines for Developing Integrated Deicing Runoff Management Systems 31 Process Approach Hydrology Runoff generation Several commercial and public-domain models are available to simulate the generation of runoff from rainfall (e.g., SWMM,a TR-55,b HEC-HMSc) Read the entire page →
From page 32... ... 32 Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems Process Approach Pollutant decay Many pollutants undergo a series of physical, chemical, and biological processes that begin as soon as they come in contact with the environment. The BOD in deicers begins to degrade on pavement surfaces, and degradation continues as deicing runoff travels through the stormwater conveyance system (Revitt and Worrall 2003; Revitt et al. Read the entire page →

From page 6...

... 6 This chapter provides an overview of technical and regulatory issues, site-specific factors to consider, and a generally applicable methodology for developing an effective deicing runoff control program for airport operators. Aircraft and Airfield Requirements for Deicing Safety Issues Aircraft deicing is required to ensure flight safety.