Health-Focused Public–Private Partnerships in the Urban Context Proceedings of a Workshop (2020) / Chapter Skim
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3 Evidence and Challenges for Urban Health Initiatives in International Development
3 Evidence and Challenges for Urban Health Initiatives in International Development
Pages 29-42
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From page 29... ...
. • Car-based urban infrastructures lead to cities with heavy car usage, which causes higher air pollution and noise levels, a larger heat island effect, more stress, and reduced social contact and physical activity.
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From page 30... ...
THE CONTEMPORARY URBAN MOMENT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR GLOBAL HEALTH Susan Parnell (University of Bristol and University of Cape Town) noted that today is a useful time to stop and think about urban health because cities are primary; the planetary population is increasingly urbanized; and planetary constraints demand a shift in global health ideas, practices, and partnerships.
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From page 31... ...
She noted that for many urban scientists, the idea of designing systems for change is particularly foreign. For Parnell, one needed change is not only to look at local evidence that speaks to a particular intervention's effectiveness but also to aggregate results to identify strategic trends based on new types of global urban health data and data science innovation.
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From page 32... ...
Knowing where and how to make changes in the urban context will require harnessing scientific, medical, and operational expertise and reinvigorating the voice of public health officials in urban development plans. Parnell said, "We have a moment to resurrect the question of health and the relationship between the city and health." Instead of focusing merely on water and sanitation, future discussions will need to focus also on energy, fertility, and pollution.
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From page 33... ...
In turn, such usage leads to higher air pollution and noise levels, a larger heat island effect, more stress, and reduced social contact and physical activity. Taken together, the result is increased morbidity and mortality among urban residents.
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From page 34... ...
Barcelona, he explained, was originally designed in the 1800s with human health in mind, and it relied on wide streets with green spaces in the middle of blocks. Unfortunately, he said, these streets started filling with cars in the 1960s, and the green spaces became garages or other structures.
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From page 35... ...
The United Kingdom's Vision 2030 Walking and Cycling Project,2 which examined the effect of different street designs on human health, found that redesigning urban transport to rely more on active transportation options -- biking and walking -- and adding more green spaces would save between 8,000 and 9,000 DALYs per 1 million people (Woodcock et al., 2013)
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From page 36... ...
Public crowdsourcing raised 200,000 euros to support the project's planning stage, and project leaders involved locals by having 2,000 residents collect air samples to determine pollution levels. These residents were also invited to planning sessions devoted to discuss FIGURE 3-3 Bicycle usage versus distance of available cycling lanes for European cities.
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From page 37... ...
This model considers the entire public space, from active sidewalks and roadways, to dedicated bike lanes, safe crosswalks, planting strips, and green spaces. Other public spaces in a regional context include green spaces to protect water and food supplies as well as wetlands and coastal areas to protect against flooding.
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From page 38... ...
For instance, people have called for soccer fields and cricket pitches in place of football fields. Furthermore, the current New York City Department of Parks & Recreation Commissioner, Mitchell Silver, the first city planner to administer the Department of Parks & Recreation, successfully lobbied for budget increases to prioritize the city's capital expenditures in immigrant and/or low-income communities.
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. Birch concluded by suggesting more research is needed to firmly establish the key benefits of public space and health.
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From page 40... ...
Nieuwenhuijsen replied that creating environments that would enable city residents to increase their physical activity would have the biggest positive effect on health. Doing so, however, would first require eroding silos that prevent public health experts from working with urban and transport planners on a common agenda.
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From page 41... ...
Nieuwenhuijsen noted that cities that are adding more green spaces are also encountering environmental gentrification, a situation that makes equity worse instead of better and provides strong evidence for including community organizations in planning processes. Katherine Taylor from the University of Notre Dame commented that making the types of changes panelists addressed requires longterm planning and large investments.
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From page 42... ...
Also helpful, said Parnell, is identifying ways of incentivizing different constituencies to come to the table to discuss urban health issues. Charlotte Marchandise-Franquet noted that public opinion can drive the public sector's involvement in a project.
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