Guidance to Improve Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety at Intersections (2020) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 35-45
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From page 35... ...
35 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Chapter 3: Analyze Intersection Safety and Identify Issues This chapter focuses on the third step of the process: helping practitioners understand and identify safety issues at intersections. The intent of this section is not to detail safety analysis methods, which are covered in many other manuals (see Table 1 on page 9 in the introduction)
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From page 36... ...
36 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS to plot pedestrian or bicyclist crashes separately from motor vehicle crashes to determine where there are potential safety issues for nonmotorized road users, because a map of total crashes may not identify locations where pedestrian or bicyclist safety improvements are needed. Additionally, in areas with large enough crash numbers, it can be helpful to map certain crash types (e.g., left turns, as in Figure 10 in Chapter 2)
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From page 37... ...
37 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS NCHRP Research Report 893 provides a guidebook for a systemic approach to pedestrian safety, defining a systemic approach as "a data‐driven, network‐wide (or system‐level) approach to identifying and treating high‐risk roadway features correlated with specific or severe crash types.
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From page 38... ...
38 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Unfortunately, there is currently no similar systemic safety guide for bicycle safety. However, Table 12 lists factors identified in prior research in North America that have been found to affect bicyclist safety.
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From page 39... ...
39 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS 3.2 Using Crash Typing to Identify Treatment Options If pedestrian- and bicycle-specific crash typing is available, countermeasures can be selected specific to the crash types observed, using resources such as those listed below. For example, potential countermeasures for the "motorist left turn–parallel paths" crash type include: • Signs and signal modifications -- pedestrian signal timing, leading pedestrian interval, left-turn phasing • Intersection design changes -- smaller curb radius, curb extension, raised pedestrian crossing, roadway lighting • Traffic control device additions -- medians, rectangular rapid flash beacons • Other measures -- pedestrian and driver education, police enforcement These potential countermeasures are a starting point in the process of figuring out how to address safety issues.
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From page 40... ...
40 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS HSM are expected to improve methods for estimating the number of bicycle and pedestrian crashes. CMFs are another resource for exploring the safety effect of intersection characteristics.
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From page 41... ...
41 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS • Bus stop/bus route features study. Because many pedestrian crashes involve people going to or from transit stops, it is important to closely observe features at and near these stops.
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From page 42... ...
42 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Various tools have been developed that rate an intersection or road based on the level of stress or comfort that a pedestrian or bicyclist experiences while interacting with motorists. These tools primarily provide a comfort rating based on the roadway's characteristics, such as the roadway's lane configuration, and the proximity and speed of motor vehicles.
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From page 43... ...
43 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Table 13. Data Needs of Selected Rating Systems for Bicyclist Level of Stress and Comfort Attribute BCI BAM BSS MM BLOS WisDOT LTS LTS v2 Travel lane width Bike lane width Shoulder width On-street parking Presence of curb Vehicle volume Vehicle LOS Number of lanes Vehicle speeds Functional class Heavy vehicles Pavement condition Driveways Land use Turn lanes Type of bicycle facility Medians Traffic signals Nonmotorized user volumes Passing restrictions Transportation demand management Notes: • An outlined box indicates availability in Open Street Map data. • BCI (Harkey et al.
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From page 44... ...
44 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Figure 24. Example intersection diagram from Pedestrian and Bicycle Intersection Safety Index. These types of stress or comfort metrics are usually not validated in terms of how they increase walking or bicycling or how they relate to actual safety.
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From page 45... ...
45 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS pedestrians when assessing the overall safety of an intersection for bicycling and walking. Some tools have been developed that relate intersection characteristics more directly to safety measures.
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