Guidance to Improve Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety at Intersections (2020) / Chapter Skim
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From page 46... ...
46 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Chapter 4: Identify Treatment Options for Creating Safer Intersections This chapter presents key principles for identifying an initial list of potential countermeasures to address specific crash types or safety performance objectives identified in the data analyses (Chapter 3)
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From page 47... ...
47 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Assume people will bicycle and walk. Creating safe pedestrian and bicycling environments requires an assumption that people will bicycle and walk at the location.
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From page 48... ...
48 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Control speeds and minimize speed differentials at conflict points. Where there is potential for conflicts with motorists, the speed differential between motorists turning or merging across the path of bicyclists or pedestrians should be minimized to the greatest extent practical.
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From page 49... ...
49 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS In addition to the BIKESAFE and PEDSAFE online countermeasure selection systems, these additional resources may be helpful to identify potential countermeasures: • FHWA Guide for Improving Pedestrian Safety at Uncontrolled Crossing Locations • AASHTO Guide for Development of Bicycle Facilities • AASHTO Guide for the Planning and Design and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities • NCHRP Report 562: Improving Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings • NCHRP Report 500: Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan • NCHRP Report 893: Systemic Pedestrian Safety Analysis Additional NCHRP resources were in development at the time of writing, including a Guide for Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety at Alternative Intersections and Interchanges (NCHRP Project 07-25, forthcoming)
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From page 50... ...
50 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Identifying Potential Countermeasures Based on Crash Type Once the traffic context tier has been identified, the next step is to identify potential countermeasures that address specific crash or conflict types. Table 15 through Table 18 list countermeasures demonstrated to be effective for addressing the top five pedestrian crash types, while Table 19 through Table 24 list countermeasures demonstrated to be effective for addressing the top seven bicycle crash types.
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From page 51... ...
51 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN & BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Table 15. Potential Countermeasures for Motorist Failed to Yield to Pedestrian Effectiveness Tier 1: Supports motorist yielding Tier 2: Requires intervention to induce motorist yielding Tier 3: Separate modes or require motorists to stop High Advance stop/yield lines Continuous raised median Crossing islands Gateway treatments High-visibility crosswalk markings In-street pedestrian crossing signs Lighting Parking restrictions/daylighting Rectangular rapid flash beacon Road diet/rechannelization Roundabout Signal timing* All-walk phase Continuous raised medians Crossing islands High-visibility crosswalk markings Pedestrian hybrid beacon Raised crossings Roundabout Lighting Parking restrictions/daylighting Road diet/rechannelization Signal timing*
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From page 52... ...
52 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN & BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Table 16. Recommended Countermeasures for Pedestrian Failed to Yield and Pedestrian Dash Effectiveness Tier 1: Supports motorist yielding Tier 2: Requires intervention to induce motorist yielding Tier 3: Separate modes or require motorists to stop High Advance stop/yield lines Continuous raised median Crossing islands Gateway treatments High-visibility crosswalk markings In-street pedestrian crossing signs Lighting Parking restrictions/daylighting Pedestrian countdown signal* Rectangular rapid flash beacon Road diet/rechannelization Roundabout Signal timing*
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From page 53... ...
53 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN & BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Table 17. Recommended Countermeasures for Motorist Left Turn into Pedestrian – Parallel Paths Effectiveness Tier 1: Supports motorist yielding Tier 2: Requires intervention to induce motorist yielding Tier 3: Separate modes or require motorists to stop High Continuous raised median Crossing islands Hardened centerline High-visibility crosswalk markings Leading bicycle interval* Leading pedestrian interval*
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From page 54... ...
54 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN & BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Table 18. Recommended Countermeasures Motorist Right Turn into Pedestrian – Parallel Paths Effectiveness Tier 1: Supports motorist yielding Tier 2: Requires intervention to induce motorist yielding Tier 3: Separate modes or require motorists to stop High High-visibility crosswalk markings Leading bicycle interval* Leading pedestrian interval*
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From page 55... ...
55 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN & BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Table 19. Recommended Countermeasures for Bicyclist Crossing Paths with Uncontrolled Motorist Effectiveness Tier 1: Supports motorist yielding Tier 2: Requires intervention to induce motorist yielding Tier 3: Separate modes or require motorists to stop High Advance stop/yield lines Crossing islands Gateway treatments High-visibility crosswalk markings In-street pedestrian crossing signs Signal timing* Lighting Parking restrictions /daylighting Continuous raised median Road diet/rechannelization Rectangular rapid flash beacon Roundabout Continuous raised median Crossing islands High-visibility crosswalk markings Lighting Parking restrictions/daylighting Pedestrian hybrid beacon Raised crossings Road diet/rechannelization Roundabout Signal timing*
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From page 56... ...
56 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN & BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Table 20. Recommended Countermeasures for Bicyclist Ride Through/Out – Sign-Controlled Intersection Effectiveness Tier 1: Supports motorist yielding Tier 2: Requires intervention to induce motorist yielding Tier 3: Separate modes or require motorists to stop High Advance stop/yield lines Crossing islands Continuous raised median High-visibility crosswalk markings In-street pedestrian crossing signs Lighting Parking restrictions/daylighting Road diet/rechannelization Roundabout Continuous raised median Crossing islands High-visibility crosswalk markings Lighting Parking restrictions/daylighting Pedestrian hybrid beacon Raised crossings Road diet/rechannelization Roundabout Continuous raised median Crossing islands Grade-separated crossing Lighting Parking restrictions/daylighting Pedestrian hybrid beacon Raised crossings Road diet/rechannelization Roundabout Moderate Active warning beacon Curb extensions Mini-traffic circles Pedestrian hybrid beacon Raised crossings Active warning beacon Advance stop/yield lines Curb extensions Grade-separated crossing In-street pedestrian crossing signs Mini-traffic circles Curb extensions Mini-traffic circles Figure 31. Bicyclist Ride Through/Out – Sign-Controlled Intersection Source: PBCAT
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From page 57... ...
57 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN & BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Table 21. Recommended Countermeasures for Motorist Drive Out into Bicyclist – Sign-Controlled Intersection Effectiveness Tier 1: Supports motorist yielding Tier 2: Requires intervention to induce motorist yielding Tier 3: Separate modes or require motorists to stop High High-visibility crosswalk markings Lighting Parking restrictions/daylighting Road diet/rechannelization Roundabout High-visibility crosswalk markings Lighting Parking restrictions/daylighting Raised crossings Road diet/rechannelization Roundabout Grade-separated crossing High-visibility crosswalk markings Lighting Parking restrictions/daylighting Raised crossings Road diet/rechannelization Roundabout Moderate Bicycle lane extension through intersections Mini- traffic circles Raised crossings Curb extensions Curb extensions Grade-separated crossing Mini- traffic circles Curb extensions Mini- traffic circles Figure 32. Motorist Drive Out into Bicyclist - Sign-Controlled Source: PBCAT
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From page 58... ...
58 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN & BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Table 22. Recommended Countermeasures for Bicyclist Ride Through – Signalized Intersection Effectiveness Tier 1: Supports motorist yielding Tier 2: Requires intervention to induce motorist yielding Tier 3: Separate modes or require motorists to stop High Continuous raised median Crossing islands Lighting Parking restrictions/daylighting Passive bicycle signal detection* Protected intersections Road diet/rechannelization Roundabout Signal timing*
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From page 59... ...
59 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN & BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Table 23. Recommended Countermeasures for Motorist Left Turn into Bicyclist – Opposite Direction Effectiveness Tier 1: Supports motorist yielding Tier 2: Requires intervention to induce motorist yielding Tier 3: Separate modes or require motorists to stop High Continuous raised median Crossing islands Hardened centerline High-visibility crosswalk markings Leading bicycle interval* Leading pedestrian interval*
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From page 60... ...
60 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN & BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Table 24. Recommended Countermeasures for Motorist Right Turn into Bicyclist – Same Direction Effectiveness Tier 1: Supports motorist yielding Tier 2: Requires intervention to induce motorist yielding Tier 3: Separate modes or require motorists to stop High High-visibility crosswalk markings Leading bicycle interval* Leading pedestrian interval*
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From page 61... ...
61 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Table 25 provides a high-level summary of the effectiveness, public process needs, and applicability to specific crash types of the countermeasures listed in Table 15 through Table 24. For the purposes of this table, "effectiveness" is listed as low (L)
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From page 62... ...
62 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Countermeasure Effectiveness Public Process Motorist Traveling Straight Motorist Turning Tier 1: Supports Motorist Yielding Tier 2: Requires Intervention to Induce Motorist Yielding Tier 3: Separates Modes or Requires Motorists to Stop 1 to 5 Scale: 1 = No Public Process and 5 = Extensive Public Process M ot or is t F ai le d to Y ie ld to Pe de st ria n Pe de st ria n Fa ile d to Y ie ld Pe de st ria n Da sh Bi ke C ro ss in g Pa th s W ith Un co nt ro lle d M ot or is t Bi ke R id es T hr ou gh /O ut -- ST OP s ig n M ot or is t D riv es O ut In to Bi ke -- St op C on tr ol le d Bi ke R id es T hr ou gh /O ut -- Si gn al iz ed In te rs ec tio n M ot or is t l ef t T ur ni ng In to Pe de st ria n Pa ra lle l P at h M ot or is t R ig ht T ur ni ng in to Pe de st ria n Pa ra lle l P at h M ot or is t R ig ht T ur ni ng in to Bi ke -- Sa m e Di re ct io n M ot or is t L ef t T ur ni ng in to Bi ke -- Op po si te D ire ct io n Curb radius reduction M M M 1 Gateway treatments (R1-6 signs) H M L 1 Grade-separated crossings L M H 5 High-visibility crosswalk markings H H H 1 In-street pedestrian crossing signs H M L 1 Leading bicycle interval H H H 1 Leading pedestrian interval H H H 1 Lighting H H H 4 Mini-traffic circles M M M 4 Mixing zone treatments M L L 3 No turn on red signs H H H 1 Parking restrictions at crossing locations/ daylighting H H H 2 Passive bicycle signal detection H H H 1 Pedestrian countdown signals H H H 1
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From page 63... ...
63 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Countermeasure Effectiveness Public Process Motorist Traveling Straight Motorist Turning Tier 1: Supports Motorist Yielding Tier 2: Requires Intervention to Induce Motorist Yielding Tier 3: Separates Modes or Requires Motorists to Stop 1 to 5 Scale: 1 = No Public Process and 5 = Extensive Public Process M ot or is t F ai le d to Y ie ld to Pe de st ria n Pe de st ria n Fa ile d to Y ie ld Pe de st ria n Da sh Bi ke C ro ss in g Pa th s W ith Un co nt ro lle d M ot or is t Bi ke R id es T hr ou gh /O ut -- ST OP s ig n M ot or is t D riv es O ut In to Bi ke -- St op C on tr ol le d Bi ke R id es T hr ou gh /O ut -- Si gn al iz ed In te rs ec tio n M ot or is t l ef t T ur ni ng In to Pe de st ria n Pa ra lle l P at h M ot or is t R ig ht T ur ni ng in to Pe de st ria n Pa ra lle l P at h M ot or is t R ig ht T ur ni ng in to Bi ke -- Sa m e Di re ct io n M ot or is t L ef t T ur ni ng in to Bi ke -- Op po si te D ire ct io n Pedestrian hybrid beacon M H H 1 Protected intersections H H H 3 Protected phases M H H 4 Raised crossings M H H 3 Rectangular rapid flash beacon H M L 1 Road diet/rechannelization H H H 5 Roundabout H H H 5 Signal timing H H H 3 Traffic signals M M M 3 Two-stage bicycle turn queue boxes M M M 1
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From page 64... ...
64 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Learning More About Specific Countermeasures The Appendix provides a Countermeasure Glossary that defines each countermeasure listed above and provides supplemental information that will be useful when refining the countermeasures under consideration, following the process described in Chapters 5 and 6. The countermeasures provided in the glossary include traffic signs, pavement markings, traffic signals, lighting, signal timing changes, detection treatments, and geometric treatments, thus providing a diversity of options to treat safety issues.
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